化妆品中地塞米松检测能力验证研究

目的：设计组织化妆品中地塞米松测定能力验证项目,评价实验室检测化妆品中地塞米松的技术能力和水平,促进各参加实验室对该类测试项目检测能力的提高。方法：通过实施能力验证计划,获得各参加实验室化妆品中地塞米松含量的测定结果,对结果进行稳健统计分析,通过Z比分数评价实验室检测能力。结果：样品通过分析,在P<0.05显著水平,制备的300瓶样品均匀性符合要求且在整个计划周期内保持稳定,满足能力验证计划要求。40家参加能力验证的实验室中39家结果为满意结果,满意率为97.5%。结论：多数参加实验室检测能力评价为满意,表明化妆品中地塞米松检测水平总体良好。实验操作误差是造成个别实验室结果离群的主要原因。     

塑料薄膜氧气透过量测定能力验证研究

目的：组织实施塑料薄膜氧气透过量测定能力验证项目,评价检验机构对氧气透过量的检测能力。方法：制备单一水平样品,采用单因素方差分析对样品均匀性进行检验。对能力验证结果进行统计分析,以z比分数评价实验室检测能力。结果：样品均匀性符合要求,满足能力验证计划要求。38家实验室参加塑料薄膜氧气透过量能力验证项目,满意数为34家,满意率为89.5%。结论：多数实验室检测结果满意,部分实验室检测能力有待提高。     

人血白蛋白的蛋白质含量测定能力验证结果与分析

目的：对全国血液制品批签发授权药检机构及相关生产企业或单位实验室的人血白蛋白蛋白质含量检测能力进行评价。方法：选择符合要求的人血白蛋白产品作为原料进行合并、除菌、分装。制备后按照《中国药典》2015年版三部蛋白质含量（凯式定氮）测定,组织协作标定后确立指定值。均一性和稳定性监测合格后按能力验证要求发放样品。以多中心协作标定结果作为评价参加者能力验证结果的依据。结果：能力验证样品确立的指定值及其参考范围为（193.30±5.08） g·L^-1,参加本次能力验证的药检机构或企业实验室共13家,10家实验室结果为优秀,1家实验室为合格,2家实验室为不满意。整体满意率为84.6%,优秀率76.9%,不合格率15.4%。结论：国内血液制品的7家批签发授权药检机构能力验证结果均为优秀,部分企业实验室能力验证结果为满意,但也有个别实验室测定结果出现偏差,参加者应调查并改进。     

奶粉中四环素检测能力验证研究

目的：设计并实施奶粉中四环素检测能力验证计划,评价实验室检测奶粉中四环素的技术能力和水平,促进各参加实验室对该类测试项目检测能力的提高。方法：参照CNAS-GL02,对参加该计划的21家食品药品检验实验室及第三方实验室的21份奶粉中的四环素测定结果进行稳健统计分析,用Z比分数评价实验室检测能力,并对离群数据从实验仪器、操作步骤、原始记录等方面进行技术分析。结果：在P<0.05显著水平,制备的300瓶样品均匀性符合要求且在整个计划周期内保持稳定,满足能力验证计划要求。21家参加验证的实验室中20家结果为满意结果,满意率为95.2%。结论：多数参加实验室检测能力评价为满意,表明奶粉中四环素检测水平总体良好。实验操作误差是造成个别实验室结果离群的主要原因。     

药品中核磁共振检测定性能力验证样品制备与评价结果分析

目的：评价参与药品中核磁共振检测定性能力验证实验室的检测能力。方法：制备高纯阿魏酸纯度标准物质;参照国家标准物质研制技术规范采用单因素方差分析考察样品均匀性;采用t检验考察样品分别在高温和光照下储藏7天、14天的运输稳定性,采用标准曲线法考察样品在常温放置12个月的长期稳定性;按照CNAS规定的程序实施本次能力验证。结果：阿魏酸纯度标准物质在均匀性、稳定性方面均能满足药品中核磁共振检测定性能力验证使用的要求。在13家实验室16台仪器的反馈结果中,12家15台仪器的测定结果评定为合格,1家实验室的1台仪器结果为不合格,合格率为93.75%。结论：本次能力验证可以真实地反映参试单位的检测水平,绝大多数参加能力验证的实验室具备了药品中核磁共振检测定性能力。     

六味安消胶囊含量测定的能力验证研究

目的：设计组织六味安消胶囊含量测定的能力验证项目,评价药品检验机构对中成药指标成分含量检测的能力。方法：对参加实验室"总大黄素和总大黄酚的总量"游离大黄素和游离大黄酚的总量"测定结果进行稳健统计分析,以Z比分数评价实验室检测能力。结果：242家实验室反馈了实验结果,满意结果数为190家,满意率78.51%。针对不满意和可疑数据,结合原始记录进行技术分析,并给出建议。结论：多数参加实验室对六味安消胶囊指标成分的检测结果满意,不满意实验室应回顾操作过程,结合自身情况查找原因并进行整改。     

实验小鼠肾匀浆中肽酶-3能力验证结果评价

目的：通过实验小鼠肾匀浆中肽酶-3检测能力验证计划，了解实验动物检测机构检验能力，提高实验动物质量检测水平。方法：按照CNAS批准的能力验证方案，通过样品制备，经过稳定性和均匀性检验合格，作为能力验证样品。采用随机编号，发样给参加单位，并附作业指导书。在规定时限提交检验报告和原始记录复印件，其结果与样品标准结果一致的判为满意结果，不一致或未能提交结果的判为不满意结果。结果：共有11个实验室参加本次能力验证项目，其中提交满意结果的实验室有9个，占总参加机构的81.8%，不满意的实验室有2个，占18.2%。结论：实验动物质量检测机构在实验小鼠肾匀浆中肽酶-3的检测能力较高，实施能力验证计划能够反映实验室的检测水平。     

川贝母PCR-RFLP法鉴别检验能力验证活动分析

目的：考察相关实验室执行《中华人民共和国药典》川贝母PCR-RFLP法鉴别检验项目的技术能力,促进分子生物学技术在中药检定中的广泛应用。方法：测试样品为粉末,对样品的均匀性和稳定性进行评价,样品种类分为阳性和阴性两种,采用随机单盲方式分配至参与能力验证的实验室。各实验室按照作业指导书进行检测,并以规定格式书写原始记录。检测结果与样品性质一致的实验室为满意。对各实验室的反馈结果进行汇总和分析。结果：最终报名参加的实验室总计50家,能力验证结果为满意的26家,占52%,不满意24家,占48%。其中3家试验室未按要求返回结果,判定为不满意。分别统计不同类型参加实验室的满意率,地市级食药检机构满意率最高,为70.6%。结论：总体满意率偏低,川贝母PCR-RFLP法鉴别检验项目的整体技术水平有待提高。     

苯甲醇含量测定能力验证研究

目的：评价参与药用辅料苯甲醇含量测定的实验室的能力。方法：依据CNAS-RL02《能力验证规则》和ISO/IEC 17043《合格评定能力验证的通用要求》实施实验室能力验证活动。通过研究,制备了均匀性和稳定性均符合能力验证要求的测试样品,根据CNAS-GL03《能力验证样品均匀性和稳定性评价指南》,对检测结果进行单因子方差分析和t检验分析,结果显示样品均匀性和稳定性均符合要求。以结果的中位值作为测试样品含量的指定值,以整体标准差作为能力评判标准差,根据GB/T 28043-2011/ISO13528：2005,利用稳健统计分析,用Z比分数进行结果判定,对190家参加实验室的报告结果进行评价。结果与结论：190家实验室中有4家实验室的检测结果可疑,4家实验室结果不满意,整体满意率95.8%;通过本次能力验证数据分析和研究,多数参加能力验证苯甲醇含量测定的检测结果满意,不满意结果有仪器、称量、人员等方面引入的误差,并要求相关实验室结合自身情况查找原因进行整改。     

电位滴定法测定尼美舒利含量能力验证结果分析

目的：设计组织尼美舒利含量测定的能力验证项目（编号NIFDC-PT093）,评价药品检测机构电位滴定法的测定能力。方法：对参加实验室的测定结果进行稳健统计分析,用Z比分数评价实验室检测能力。结果：共153家实验室反馈了结果,其中33个参加实验室（占21.6%）的结果可疑或不满意。省级以上食品药品检验机构的满意率（占92.6%）高于其他机构。结论：本次能力验证项目检测结果主要受滴定液、电极、电位滴定仪、空白试验和溶剂的影响,建议离群者可采取调整滴定液浓度、选择合适电极和滴定参数等措施以保证结果的准确。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.