放疗对直肠癌的治疗作用

直肠癌的治疗仍坚持以手术为主,综合应用放、化疗等辅助手段,以降低直肠癌的局部复发率,提高生存率。术前放疗主要是增加保肛、降低分期和增加手术切除的几率;术中放疗与常规放疗及手术结合,可降低直肠癌的局部复发率,改善患者的生活质量;术后放疗是在术中观察和术中病理分析后,作出的最佳选择;对于直肠癌术后复发或晚期不能手术的直肠癌患者,放疗已经成为其治疗的重要手段,可明显缓解因肿瘤压迫盆腔神经引起的疼痛,减少或治愈直肠出血。     

三维适形放射治疗在胸中段食管癌术后放疗后纵隔淋巴结复发二程放疗中的应用

目前手术和放射治疗是食管癌的主要治疗方法, 而局部复发是食管癌治疗失败的主要原因。术后放疗可提高食管癌根治术后的局部控制率和生存率, 降低放疗部位淋巴结转移率和吻合口的复发率。但术后放疗后纵隔淋巴结复发者,临床上并不少见, 而再程放疗因受脊髓耐受量的影响, 常规放疗难以实施。近年来随着三维适形放疗技术的应用, 使食管癌术后放疗后纵隔淋巴结复发的二程放疗可以实行。     

三维适形放射治疗在胸中段食管癌术后放疗后纵隔淋巴结复发二程放疗中的应用

目前手术和放射治疗是食管癌的主要治疗方法,而局部复发是食管癌治疗失败的主要原因.术后放疗可提高食管癌根治术后的局部控制率和生存率,降低放疗部位淋巴结转移率和吻合口的复发率.但术后放疗后纵隔淋巴结复发者,临床上并不少见,而再程放疗因受脊髓耐受量的影响,常规放疗难以实施.近年来随着三维适形放疗技术的应用,使食管癌术后放疗后纵隔淋巴结复发的二程放疗可以实行.     

三维适形放射治疗在胸中段食管癌术后放疗后纵隔淋巴结复发二程放疗中的应用

目前手术和放射治疗是食管癌的主要治疗方法,而局部复发是食管癌治疗失败的主要原因.术后放疗可提高食管癌根治术后的局部控制率和生存率,降低放疗部位淋巴结转移率和吻合口的复发率.但术后放疗后纵隔淋巴结复发者,临床上并不少见,而再程放疗因受脊髓耐受量的影响,常规放疗难以实施.近年来随着三维适形放疗技术的应用,使食管癌术后放疗后纵隔淋巴结复发的二程放疗可以实行.     

原发性肝癌术前放疗及免疫治疗的研究进展

我国是肝癌大国, 近年来肝癌治疗方式越来越趋于综合性的治疗, 主要包括手术、消融、介入栓塞、放疗、化疗、靶向、免疫、肝移植等治疗。目前, 肝癌手术切除率低是影响预后主要因素之一, 肝癌术前新辅助治疗或转化治疗可以最大程度的提高手术切除率, 改善预后。随着放疗和免疫治疗在肝癌综合治疗中的快速发展, 肝癌术前放疗及免疫独特的治疗效果逐渐被证实改善患者预后。故本文通过搜索国内外相关文献报道, 综述了肝癌术前放疗及免疫治疗的研究进展。     

射频消融联合其他介入综合技术治疗原发性肝癌研究进展

原发性肝癌（HCC）死亡率居全球第三位,而中国肝癌患者的年发病及死亡病例数均超过全球总数的50%。目前,手术仍是唯一有可能治愈HCC的首选方法,但绝大多数患者发现时已为肝癌中晚期,失去了手术机会。近年来介入微创治疗已成为不可手术切除肝癌治疗的研究热点之一,主要包括：肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）、局部消融治疗、放射性粒子组织间近距离放疗及体外高能聚焦超声波等。由于介入微创治疗方式多样,如何合理有序的联合应用仍是当前的研究热点。本文重点综述以射频消融为基础的各种介入综合技术手段联合应用治疗肝癌的新进展。     

乳腺切除术后的放疗

可手术乳癌切除术后辅助放疗的作用依然存在争议。多数前瞻性随机研究表明放疗能降低局部复发率,但是未能减少远位转移或明显改善生存期。对镜下转移病灶可用有效的辅助化疗或化疗与内分泌联合治疗,这对术后放疗是一个新的挑战。腋淋巴结阳性部分患者用这些方案治疗降低了术后局部复发;而另外一部分则好处很少或未见好处。剂量加强方案并与自体骨髓支持作用,对腋淋巴结10个或10个以上的高危病人并没有减少局部区域复发     

乳腺癌术后放疗与全身系统治疗的顺序选择

乳腺癌术后辅助治疗的作用是毋庸置疑的,合理布局术后放疗与辅助系统治疗既可以降低局部区域复发率,又可以提高患者生存率。部分系统治疗与放疗的最佳时序已经证实,但仍有方案需要进一步明确。特别是新辅助化疗者术后巩固化疗与术后放疗同步治疗的安全性、HER-2阳性患者术后双靶治疗与术后放疗同步治疗的安全性、小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂同步放疗的安全性等有待于进一步明确。本文对乳腺癌术后放疗与术后辅助系统治疗的顺序选择相关文献进行了综述。     

肝癌的放射性核素治疗

肝癌的首选治疗方法是手术切除。由于肝癌起病隐匿．大多数肝癌患者被发现时已属中晚期，再加上合并肝硬化及术后复发率高等享种因素，手术切除率较低，一般不超过20％。对于不能接受手术的肝癌患者，如不进行特殊治疗，平均生存期仅1．5个月。全身化疗的治疗效果不够理想，全身化疗的1年生存率仅5．4％。外照射放疗治疗肝癌的根治剂量为60Gy以上，而在吸收剂量为30Gy时即可引起放射性肝炎．这一严重的副作用也大大限制了该疗法的临床应用。     

磁共振成像在预测肝细胞癌术后早期复发中的研究

肝细胞癌(HCC)是肝脏最常见的原发恶性肿瘤,根治性切除手术是临床首选治疗方案,但术后高复发率严重威胁患者预后生存.MRI在预测肿瘤生物行为、术后复发等方面发挥重要作用.本文对术前MRI成像参数在预测HCC术后早期复发中的应用做一综述.     

术后放疗在瘢痕疙瘩治疗中的研究进展

瘢痕疙瘩是一种临床中常见的良性皮肤肿瘤,伴有疼痛和瘙痒等症状,严重影响患者的身心健康和生活质量。目前,临床中治疗瘢痕疙瘩的方法有手术切除和激素治疗等,但由于其复发率较高,单一治疗手段的疗效均不理想。术后放疗是目前治疗瘢痕疙瘩最有效的方法,其在很大程度上降低了疾病的复发率。笔者就术后放疗在瘢痕疙瘩治疗中的研究进展进行综述。     

呼唤规范化的肝癌介入治疗

介入方法治疗肝癌效果较好,已被公认为肝癌的非手术治疗首选方法.但肝癌介入治疗后的复发、转移问题,影响其远期生存率.规范肝癌的介入治疗十分必要,其中包括严格掌握肝癌介入治疗适应证;精细介入手术操作;对患者实施优化的"个体化"方案;制定疗效观察、分析的客观指标和方案.采用综合性治疗措施,包括经动脉化疗栓塞联合热消融治疗,放射治疗,联合抗肿瘤血管生成,细胞因子和基因治疗,联合介入后二期外科手术切除和肝肿瘤切除术后的预防性介入治疗等.     

Ist die Axilladissektion beim klinisch nodal negativen Mammakarzinom weiter indiziert?

Background

In the treatment of breast cancer, the indication for adjuvant systemic treatment was extended also to nodal negative tumor stages in the last years. For that reason, the indicator status of axillary dissection lost some of its importance. Therefore, in node negative patients, the necessity of axillary dissection and the use of definitive axillary radiotherapy, which causes less morbidity, may be reconsidered.

Methods

In a review of the related literature, we present international treatment experiences related to axillary dissection, axillary radiotherapy and ?sentinel node dissection” (SLND). In addition, our long-term experiences in 19 patients with clinically negative axillary nodes treated by conservative surgery without axillary dissection but axillary radiotherapy, are reported.

Results

The median rate of axillary recurrences with axillary radiotherapy is 2.0%, the regional (supraclavicular and retrosternal) recurrence rate 2.7%. With axillary dissection, axillary recurrences occur in 1 to 2%, in nodal negative stages in 0 to 1%, the median regional recurrence rate is 2.2%. A meta-analysis presented in 1995 by the Early Breast Cancer Study Group showed no significant difference in the regional recurrence rate or the overall survival between axillary dissection and axillary radiotherapy. With SLND, usually only one axillary node is excised. With the help of molecular and immunhistochemical methods, SLNA may predict axillary involvement with high precision.

Conclusions

Definitive radiotherapy of the axilla is a valid treatment option for patients without palpable axillary nodes with the potential advantage of being less cost intensive and better tolerated. If the indication for systemic therapy is no more dependent on the axillary status, axillary dissection may be replaced by axillary radiotherapy. In small tumors without risk factors and without indication for systemic therapy, SLND seems to be the best treatment option.     

Staging of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer: value of imaging studies

Imaging methods assist in the pre-treatment planning of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal neoplasms, by better defining the local extension of infiltrating tumours and by detecting subclinical neck adenopathies. Imaging has also an important role in excluding or detecting distant metastasis. Furthermore, there is evidence that several imaging-derived parameters can be used as predictors of locoregional control after radiotherapy, and this independently from the TN classification. Such prognostic information is helpful in determining the relative value of surgery and radiation therapy, in selecting patients who may benefit from adjuvant treatment, and in identifying patients at high risk for recurrence to be followed up more closely.     

Chemotherapy of the ovarian carcinoma (author's transl)]

Ovarian carcinomas are highly sensitive to chemotherapy. The alkylating agents were most extensively investigated. With these drugs remissions can be obtained in about 50% of the patients. Some early results seem to show a higher response rate and a longer duration of remission after combination chemotherapy. In ovarian carcinoma it has to be the aim of the chemotherapy to obtain a complete remission. The indications for chemotherapy are not yet well defined. Treatment is definitely indicated in stage IV (FIGO) or in recurrent disease after radiotherapy. This treatment has to be given as a long-term therapy over a long period of time. In stage III and II b disease a combined treatment plan has to be developed by the radio- and chemotherapist. At the present time no data are available which prove or disprove the value of an adjuvant chemotherapy in the early stages of ovarian carcinoma. Remembering the somewhat promising results of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer, it is conceivable that prophylactic chemotherapy will prove to be indicated in early stages of ovarian carcinoma.     

CT evaluations of focal liver reactions following stereotactic body radiotherapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis: relationship between imaging appearance and baseline liver function

This study aimed to assess the imaging appearances of focal liver reactions following stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to examine relationships between imaging appearance and baseline liver function. We retrospectively studied 50 lesions in 47 patients treated with SBRT (30-40 Gy in 5 fractions) for HCC, who were followed up for more than 6 months. After SBRT, all patients underwent regular follow-ups with blood tests and dynamic CT scans. At a median follow-up of 18.1 months (range 6.2-43.7 months), all lesions but one were controlled. 3 density patterns describing focal normal liver reactions around HCC tumours were identified in pre-contrast, arterial and portal-venous phase scans: iso/iso/iso in 4 patients (Type A), low/iso/iso in 8 patients (Type B) and low/iso (or high)/high in 38 patients (Type C). Imaging changes in the normal liver surrounding the treated HCC began at a median of 3 months after SBRT, peaked at a median of 6 months and disappeared 9 months later. Liver function, as assessed by the Child-Pugh classification, was the only factor that differed significantly between reactions to treatment showing "non-enhanced" (Type A and B) and "enhanced" (Type C) appearances in CT. Hence, liver tissue with preserved function is more likely to be well enhanced in the delayed phase of a dynamic contrast-enhanced CT scan. The CT appearances of normal liver seen in reaction to the treatment of an HCC by SBRT were therefore related to background liver function and should not be misread as recurrence of HCC.     

DTC患者经 131I治疗后唾液腺损伤的评价及预防

131I治疗是分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）患者术后常规的辅助治疗,可有效降低疾病的复发率,延长患者的生存期,并对预后起到积极作用。但 131I在治疗原发病灶的同时,也会对人体的局部正常组织（如唾液腺）造成损伤,影响患者的生活质量。目前,DTC患者经 131I治疗后的唾液腺损伤已经引起了临床上的广泛关注,...     

进展期肝癌肝移植术后采用奥沙利铂联合氟尿嘧啶-甲酰四氢叶酸钙辅助化疗的安全性

目的探讨进展期肝癌肝移植术后采用＂奥沙利铂（Oxaliplatin,OXA/L-OHP）＋氟尿嘧啶（5-Fu）＋甲酰四氢叶酸钙（CF）＂辅助化疗的临床安全性分析。方法分析我院施行了原位肝移植手术的58例进展期原发性肝癌（HCC）伴肝硬化患者,其中治疗组为26例不符合米兰标准的肝癌患者,术后进行辅助化疗;其余32例行单纯手术治疗。采用＂OXA/L-OHP＋5-Fu＋CF＂化疗方案,每次化疗间隔21 d,共6个周期。治疗期间及治疗后记录患者的不良反应和生存情况。结果化疗患者术后3年的生存率为78.8%;未化疗患者术后3年的生存率为53.6%。化疗不良反应以骨髓抑制为主。27例出现骨髓抑制的患者中,24例出现白细胞减少,其中12例接受重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子治疗;7例出现血小板减少,其中仅4例接受重组人血小板生成素治疗。无1例出现排异反应以及发生与治疗相关的死亡及感染。无1例患者因化疗毒副反应中断化疗。结论进展期肝癌肝移植术后采用＂OXA/L-OHP＋5-Fu＋CF＂辅助化疗是安全,可行的。     

Parotid lymph-node metastases from cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas: treatment outcome and prognostic factors following surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy

Australia has the highest incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the world. The majority of lesions occur in the head and neck, and regional lymph-node metastases from cutaneous SCCs, though uncommon, reflect an aggressive manifestation. Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy are currently considered best practice. Fifty-two eligible patients during 1980-1997 were identified in a retrospective review of patients treated within the department of Radiation Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney. Relevant data were extracted from the files, referring clinicians and the New South Wales Cancer Council. The median age at diagnosis was 63 years and the majority were men (87%). Unfavourable pathological features were present in many of the patients. Only extranodal spread (P = 0.02) was identified as an independent predictor for locoregional recurrence on multivariate analysis. The cumulative locoregional recurrence rates were 28 and 45% at 2 and 5 years, respectively. The 5-year cause-specific survival rate in this study was 65%. We conclude that parotid lymph-node metastases from cutaneous SCCs of the head and neck are associated with a high rate of locoregional recurrence and cause-specific mortality despite surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. The role of altered fractionation after surgery as a means to further enhance locoregional control warrants further investigation.