天津医科大学总医院半年内老年患者潜在不适当用药及影响因素分析

目的 调查天津医科大学总医院老年住院患者潜在不适当用药情况,并对其影响因素进行分析。方法 以Beers标准（2015年版）为依据,对该院2017年1月~6月收治年龄≥ 65岁的1 800例老年住院患者的潜在不适当用药进行评价,利用χ²检验和多因素Logistic回归分析确定其影响因素。结果 依据Beers标准,614例（34.11%）老年患者存在潜在不适当用药955例次;罹患疾病数和联合用药数可促使潜在不适当用药的发生。结论 Beers标准是评估老年患者潜在用药风险的重要依据,临床治疗中应对造成不适当用药的相关影响因素进行适当控制,以促进合理用药,确保用药安全。     

2000例次门诊老年糖尿病患者潜在不适当用药分析

目的 回顾性评价温州市中心医院门诊老年糖尿病患者潜在不适当用药(potentially inappropriate medication, PIM)情况。 方法 以Beers判断标准(2012版)为依据,对我院2 000例≥60岁老年糖尿病患者的处方进行评价,分析老年糖尿病患者PIM情况。 结果 患者平均年龄76岁,平均用药数量4种,172例(8.60%)存在与药物相关的PIM,17例(0.85%)存在与疾病状态相关的PIM,23例(1.15%)存在老年患者需慎用的药物。 结论 老年糖尿病患者PIM发生率高,应引起临床重视,以保证老年糖尿病患者合理用药。     

生殖中心超说明书用药调查

目的 回顾性调查并分析2015年宁波市妇女儿童医院门诊生殖中心超说明书用药现状,为我国制定超说明书用药政策提供依据和参考。方法 采用回顾性调查法,抽取该院2015年门诊生殖中心所有处方,依据药品说明书,判断其用药医嘱是否超说明书,分析各超说明书类型、各类药品超说明书用药情况以及比较不同等级循证医学或文献证据支持的超说明书用药记录在超说明书用药总量中的构成比;另外采用χ²检验比较不同年龄段人群超说明书用药发生率的差异。结果 共抽取门诊生殖中心处方46 621张,分析处方用药医嘱90 951条,按处方或用药医嘱计,超说明书用药发生率分别为58.76%、35.70%。超说明书用药类型主要包括超适应证（56.25%）和超剂量（39.55%）2种,两者之和占所有类型超说明书用药发生率总量的95%以上。不同年龄段女性的超说明书用药发生率不同,≤29岁女性组、30~39岁女性组与≥40岁女性组的超说明书用药发生率分别两两比较,无论按处方或按医嘱计均为P<0.01,差异有显著统计学意义。超适应证用药发生率居前两位的是甾体性激素类药物（45.11%）和生长激素（31.26%）。比较3类不同循证医学证据的超说明书用药记录在超说明书用药总量中的构成比,权威性较高证据支持的超说明书用药医嘱占超说明书用药医嘱总量的比例越高。结论 2015年宁波市妇女儿童医院门诊生殖中心超说明书用药情况普遍,合理评价门诊生殖中心超说明书用药,认为超说明书用药比较合理。为保护合理的超说明书用药,需要国家出台相应的法律法规。     

精神科住院老年患者潜在不适当用药情况及影响因素分析

目的：分析精神科住院老年患者潜在不适当用药情况及其影响因素。方法：选取2019年6月—2020年7月我院精神科收治500例住院患者进行回顾性分析,根据《中国老年人潜在不适当用药判断标准（2017年版）》评价老年住院患者（Potentially inappropriate medication,PIM）情况,并将患者分为PIM组（471例）和对照组（29例）,分析发生PIM的危险因素。结果：500例精神科住院患者中,发生PIM有470例（94.00%）,其中涉及药物频率和占PIM总发生比例较高的前5种药物依次为劳拉西泮、奥氮平、艾司唑仑、喹硫平和氯硝西泮。单因素分析显示,PIM组和对照组年龄、住院天数、罹患疾病数、联合用药数比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、罹患疾病数、联合用药数是精神科住院老年患者PIM发生的独立危险因素。结论：精神科住院老年患者PIM发生率较高,且其危险因素包括患者年龄、罹患疾病数、联合用药数。应在早期对其影响因素进行有效干预,优化患者临床用药,减少PIM的发生,促进精神科住院老年患者合理用药。     

门诊处方中老年人潜在不适当用药评价及不同标准应用研究

摘 要 目的：分析门诊处方中老年人潜在不适当用药（PIM）情况及相关因素,为老年人合理用药提供参考依据。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,分别应用中国、Beers和STOPP三种标准,对门诊老年人的基本情况（年龄、性别、住院号、付费方式）、临床诊断、治疗药物等用药信息进行统计分析和评价。 结果：13 175例患者的47 104条处方信息中,属于老年人PIM的筛选例数分别为：中国标准2 415例（18.33%）,Beers标准2 475例（18.79%）,STOPP标准406例（3.08%）;频次排序靠前的相关药物为氢氯吡格雷、单硝酸异山梨酯、阿司匹林、艾司唑仑等。中国与Beers标准评价结果存在一致性（Kappa=0.453,P<0.05）;年龄≥80岁、合并疾病≥2种、药品种类≥5种等因素是老年人PIM的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：选用中国标准开展老年人PIM评价所得结果与Beers标准相近;中国标准再修改时有必要参考借鉴STOPP标准。药物治疗过程中对于年龄≥80岁、合并疾病≥2种、用药≥10种的老年人,应重点关注PIM可能导致的药品不良事件。     

447例银行退休职工眼部黄斑病变筛查及其影响因素分析

目的 了解某银行退休职工眼部黄斑病变情况,并分析黄斑病变发生的危险因素。方法 以2017年3月在中国科学技术大学附属第一医院（安徽省立医院）进行健康体检的某银行退休职工447人为研究对象,进行光相干断层成像（OCT）筛查眼部黄斑病变,以及常规临床和血液生化检查,并自编问卷调查其人口学资料、生活方式、行为习惯以及疾病用药史。通过单因素与多因素分析,探讨黄斑病变的可能影响因素。结果 447名调查对象中,OCT眼部黄斑病变阳性检出50人,检出率为11.2%,OCT眼部黄斑病变阳性患者中男女性别差异无统计学意义（χ²=1.100,P=0.294）。OCT眼部黄斑病变阳性检出与年龄增大（P<0.05）、视力异常（OR=8.311,95% CI：1.022~67.602）、黄斑疾病家族史（OR=2.356,95% CI：1.081~5.135）、内眼手术史（OR=2.809,95% CI：1.102~7.162）、安定类药物史（OR=15.061,95% CI：2.940~77.147）和激素类药物史（OR=3.531,95% CI：1.098~11.536）均相关（P< 0.05）。结论 银行退休职工眼部黄斑病变患病率较高。高龄,视力异常,眼部黄斑病变家族史,安定类药物服用史是黄斑病变的危险因素。     

ERCP治疗老年胆总管结石的效果及其术后并发症的危险因素分析

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）治疗老年胆总管结石患者的临床效果及其术后并发症的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2012年7月至2017年6月在海军安庆医院行ERCP治疗的226例老年胆总管结石患者的临床资料,观察手术一次性取石成功率、手术时间、住院时间、并发症发生率等,采用单因素χ²检验及多因素logistic回归分析术后并发症的高危因素。结果 226例老年胆总管结石患者经ERCP治疗后,一次性取石成功215例（95.13%）,术后发生并发症30例（13.27%）,其中15例术后并发胰腺炎、13例并发胆道感染、1例出现消化道出血、1例并发急性心肌梗塞。经多因素logistic回归分析显示,Oddi括约肌功能障碍（SOD）病史（OR=1.432,95% CI：1.104~4.832）、体质指数≥30 kg/m²（OR=1.349,95% CI：1.108~3.687）、多次插管（OR=1.115,95% CI：1.023~3.698）及胰管反复显影（OR=1.205,95% CI：1.046~2.684）为ERCP术后并发胰腺炎的主要危险因素;胆管结石病史（OR=1.253,95% CI：1.118~3.742）、胆管手术治疗史（OR=1.456,95% CI：1.246~2.766）及胆管中上段梗阻（OR=1.595,95% CI：1.082~4.884）为ERCP术后并发胆道感染的主要危险因素。结论 ERCP治疗老年胆总管结石效果显著,术后并发症主要为胰腺炎及胆道感染,其危险因素包括SOD病史、体质指数≥30 kg/m²、胆管结石病史、胆管手术治疗史、多次插管、胰管反复显影及胆管中上段梗阻。     

精神科住院患者医嘱中CYP450介导的药物相互作用风险分析

目的 调查河北医科大学第一医院精神科住院患者存在细胞色素P450酶（CYP450）介导的药物相互作用的住院医嘱，分析潜在具有临床意义的药物相互作用，为临床用药提供参考。方法 对河北医科大学第一医院2018年7月1日-12月31日精神科住院患者所有运行病历的用药情况进行统计分析，筛选联用≥ 2种药物的医嘱，记录联合用药中含有CYP450酶底物、抑制剂或诱导剂的情况。以代谢酶学理论为指导，以药品说明书、相关文献报道为基础，评价医嘱中潜在的代谢性药物相互作用，并统计临床发生实际药物相互作用的病例。结果 共查阅1 658份病历，其中存在代谢性药物相互作用的病历227份，占13.7%，涉及的CYP酶的亚型主要有CYP2D6（n=176，77.5%）、CYP3A4（n=105，46.3%）、CYP2C19（n=24，10.6%）和CYP2C9（n=5，2.2%）。临床发生实际药物相互作用的病历6份，占2.6%。结论 河北医科大学第一医院精神科住院患者病历中存在潜在的代谢性药物相互作用较多。为提高用药的疗效与安全，临床上应尽量避免联用已有文献报道的存在不良相互作用的药物，选择没有相互作用或相互作用较少的同类药物。     

基于《中国老年人潜在不适当用药判断标准(2017版)》的老年患者不适当用药评价研究

目的 通过分析养老机构老年多重用药患者潜在不适当用药的现状,为临床药师推进老年患者的合理用药提供参考依据。方法 随机抽取上海某养老机构老年多重用药患者258例,以《中国老年人潜在不适当用药判断标准（2017版）》为评价依据进行分析,总结检出的潜在不适当用药（PIM）情况。结果 研究对象的平均年龄为（82.57±5.56）岁,平均服药种数（6.98±1.96）种,共检出160名（62.0%）患者存在PIM。其中,与药物有关的潜在不适当用药206项,与疾病状态有关的潜在不适当用药91项。结论 养老机构老年多重用药患者潜在不适当用药情况突出,临床药师依托多学科评估团队介入药物治疗,对发现和消除PIM及优化用药方案起到重要作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.