医疗器械临床前动物试验研究的考虑要点

目的：医疗器械安全性和有效性评价中动物试验是重要手段之一,医疗器械临床前动物试验研究是许多Ⅲ类医疗器械,特别是创新型医疗器械进行临床试验研究之前需要开展的重要项目。本综述为规范开展医疗器械临床前动物试验研究提供参考。方法：本文在归纳国内外医疗器械临床前动物试验研究领域的法规、标准的基础上,参考了《药物非临床研究质量管理规范》的框架对医疗器械临床前动物试验研究的考虑要点进行了归纳整理。结果：本文从人员、设施、仪器设备和实验材料、试验系统、标准操作规程、研究工作的实施、总结报告以及质量保证和资料档案等几个方面,归纳总结了医疗器械临床前动物试验研究的考虑要点。结论：本文为医疗器械临床前动物试验研究提供更全面的理解,为开展动物试验研究提供参考。     

基于ISO9001：2015的药物临床试验机构质量管理评价体系的构建

目的 构建基于质量管理体系要求ISO9001：2015的药物临床试验机构的质量管理评价体系。方法 采用专家调查法邀请14名专家进行2轮咨询,确定各级指标,使用层次分析法计算各指标的权重。结果 建立了4个一级指标、15个二级指标和46个三级指标的药物临床试验机构质量管理评价体系;一级指标领导与策划、支持与运行、效果评估、持续改进的权重分别为0.2103、0.3303、0.1835、0.2759;二级指标中组合权重排前3位的分别为预防和纠正（0.1554）、领导力（0.1143）、机构定期开展质控检查（0.0806）;三级指标中组合权重排前3位的为定期进行预防和纠正效果评估（0.0696）、有对应的数据或举措体现改进效果（0.0487）、具有药物临床试验质量管理要求和指引（0.0378）。结论 构建的质量管理评价体系具有一定的科学性、实用性,可用于评估药物临床试验机构的质量管理能力。     

福建省药物临床试验机构备案现状分析

目的：探究我国2019年12月施行药物临床试验机构备案制后,福建省药物临床试验机构的备案现状。方法：以国家药物临床试验机构备案管理信息系统平台和药物临床试验登记与信息公示平台公开的数据为基础,从备案机构数量及地域分布、备案机构级别、备案专业、备案主要研究者以及药物临床试验开展情况等方面对福建省药物临床试验机构备案现状进行系统分析。结果与结论：福建省药物临床试验备案机构总数量较少,反映出福建省医疗机构对药物临床试验重视程度不足,且机构地域分布和临床试验开展数量存在分布不均衡的现象。目前福建省仍有大量医疗机构具备备案资质,建议监管部门加大对药物临床试验机构建设的支持力度,鼓励更多有条件的医疗机构参与机构备案,开展药物临床试验,同时已备案机构需加强对临床试验质量的重视,促进临床试验健康发展。     

我国药品临床试验数据清理问题及对策研究

目的：分析现阶段我国药物临床试验数据清理存在的问题,在借鉴发达国家经验的基础上,提出我国药物临床试验数据清理的对策和建议。方法：采用文献检索和典型国家经验分析的方法。结果：我国在药品临床试验数据清理法律法规、监督管理以及高素质专业数据清理人才培养等方面亟待发展和完善。结论：应进一步完善药物临床试验数据清理法规;保障EDC系统内的数据安全;CRF设计方案应更加专业化;数据转换实现标准化;加大培养高素质专业化临床试验数据清理人才队伍的力度。     

药物临床试验合同管理疑难问题对策研究

目的：分析药物临床试验合同管理中需解决的主要问题,并提出相应的对策建议,防范药物临床试验可能出现的风险。方法：查阅相关文献资料和法律法规,结合我国药物临床试验及药物临床试验机构合同管理现状,对药物临床试验合同进行分析研究。结果：合同主体、合同形式、合同涵盖内容包括受试者损害赔偿、试验费用、违约及终止、法律适用与管辖等,这些均是临床试验合同中的主要问题, 是药物临床试验管理的重要环节。结论：建议建立合理的合同审核机制,加强审核队伍建设,关注易出现问题的条款或争议条款,科学、规范地管理临床试验合同。     

基于层次分析法开展儿童用药循证综合评价

摘 要 目的：建立我国儿童临床用药综合评价方法。方法：采用文献研究法和专家咨询法,梳理综合评价方法建立的理论基础及可行性,采用层次分析法建立儿童用药循证综合评价方法。结果：基于层次分析原理,通过构建指标体系、确定指标权重、构建证据体和证据质量评价、以及综合评分四个过程开展儿童药物循证综合评价,并以六种大环内酯类药物为例进行实证研究,证实其可行性。结论：以层次分析法为基础的儿童用药循证综合评价方法能客观地衡量多个药品之间的优劣关系,为儿童临床合理用药提供依据。     

抗肿瘤药物伴随诊断试剂临床试验设计探究及案例分析

目的：系统阐述我国伴随诊断试剂临床试验设计原则，为相关伴随诊断试剂产品临床试验提供参考。方法：基于不同伴随诊断试剂的开发模式，介绍我国与抗肿瘤药物同步开发的原研伴随诊断试剂及非原研伴随诊断试剂的临床试验设计，结合相关产品技术审评过程中的考虑，深入分析伴随诊断试剂临床试验设计的科学性与合理性。结果与结论：伴随诊断试剂在抗肿瘤药物临床应用中具有非常重要的作用，伴随诊断试剂的临床试验与抗肿瘤药物的临床试验息息相关，该类产品临床试验有多种设计类型，临床试验主要研究者应结合产品开发模式、产品检测的标志物等具体情况，选择合适的临床试验设计，能够更加科学合理地评价产品临床意义，促进产品尽快上市。     

药物临床试验机构选择影响因素分析

目的：对药物临床试验研究机构选择影响因素进行筛选和排序，旨在为药物临床试验研究机构的选择提供参考。方法：运用"人机料法环"五因素理论和层次分析法进行分析。结果：药物临床试验研究机构选择的影响因素的重要性排序依次是人员因素、方法因素、设备因素、材料因素、环境因素。结论：影响因素的重要性排序结果可为药物临床试验发起者在研究机构选择时提供参考。     

斑马鱼胰岛α细胞细胞核特异表达mCherry转基因模型的构建

目的 构建α细胞细胞核特异表达红色荧光蛋白的转基因鱼,为详细研究斑马鱼胰岛α细胞的功能和药物筛选奠定基础。方法 利用In-Fusion克隆、I-SecI重组、显微注射等技术构建了斑马鱼α细胞细胞核表达红色荧光的稳定遗传转基因品系Tg(-2.8gcga:H2BmCherry)。结果 建立并筛选获得标记胰岛α细胞细胞核表达红色荧光的转基因斑马鱼,该品系能准确标记所有的斑马鱼胰岛α细胞,其细胞在共聚焦显微镜下清晰可见,细胞间轮廓分别,比已有的转基因品系的α细胞的分辨率有显著提高。结论 成功构建了新的胰岛α细胞细胞核红色荧光标记的转基因鱼,可用于后期在整体动物水平上研究胰岛α细胞的发育与功能,及开展药物筛选;为进一步对胰岛α细胞的深入研究提供了一个便捷又直观的新型工具。     

从保护受试者权益的角度探讨药物临床试验的伦理审查

目的：从保护受试者权益的角度出发,探讨国内药物临床试验的伦理审查,并提出可行性建议,为各医院伦理委员会的建设提供参考。方法：通过总结国内药物临床试验的伦理审查现状,结合我院药物临床试验机构的实际工作,研讨提高伦理审查能力的方法。结果与结论：我国现行的伦理审查程序存在审查标准有较大差异、审查功能发挥不足、审查过程流于形式及缺乏独立性等问题。通过建立完善的标准操作规程、建立并不断完善伦理审查标准、推动并加强持续审查、联合多部门协同审查、获取国际伦理协会认证及加强培训等方面,提高医院伦理委员会的审查能力及水平,确保临床试验的科学性和伦理道德性。     

Simple animal models for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis drug discovery

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Simple animal models have enabled great progress in uncovering the disease mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and are helping in the selection of therapeutic compounds through chemical genetic approaches.

Areas covered: Within this article, the authors provide a concise overview of simple model organisms, C. elegans, Drosophila and zebrafish, which have been employed to study ALS and discuss their value to ALS drug discovery. In particular, the authors focus on innovative chemical screens that have established simple organisms as important models for ALS drug discovery.

Expert opinion: There are several advantages of using simple animal model organisms to accelerate drug discovery for ALS. It is the authors’ particular belief that the amenability of simple animal models to various genetic manipulations, the availability of a wide range of transgenic strains for labelling motoneurons and other cell types, combined with live imaging and chemical screens should allow for new detailed studies elucidating early pathological processes in ALS and subsequent drug and target discovery.     

Preclinical development of TLR ligands as drugs for the treatment of chronic viral infections

Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as key regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses in viral infection. Recent progress in this field revealed that there are significant interactions between the TLR system and pathogens in chronic viral infections. Therefore, TLR ligands have great potential for the treatment of chronic viral infections.

Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the methodology for preclinical testing of TLR ligands for three major viral infections: hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). TLR ligands have shown potent antiviral activity in different cell culture systems as well as animal models for these infections and induce the production of antiviral cytokines, modulated cellular immunological functions and antiviral effects in vivo.

Expert opinion: The recent progress in this field demonstrated that activation of a large number of TLR ligands is effective against viral infections in cell culture systems and animal models. Exploring these models, further in-depth elucidation of the molecular and immunological mechanisms of the antiviral activity of TLR ligands will be necessary to develop them into clinical useful drugs.     

The need for fundamental reforms in the pain research field to develop innovative drugs

Introduction: Chronic pain is a major healthcare issue owing to its high prevalence, significant physical and emotional burden on the patients, and huge financial burden on the society. The efficacy of currently available medications is unsatisfactory owing to their limited effect size and the low responder rate (less than 50%). Thus, there is a large unmet need for innovative therapies for chronic pain.

Areas covered: In this review, the author points out the need for fundamental reforms in pain research. For the last several decades, drug discovery research has extensively focused on designing new therapies using animal models of chronic pain. It has, however, made insufficient progress with respect to the launch of innovative analgesic drugs, because the translation from preclinical to clinical stages has not been satisfactory. Thus, the strategies for developing innovative analgesic drugs are discussed.

Expert opinion: Points to be considered in the discovery of drugs for pain relief include: (1) the exclusion of bias incorporation and the alignment of clinical and preclinical endpoints in the assessment of analgesic efficacy; (2) the understanding of primary unmet needs; (3) the assessment of new therapies by biomarker-prioritized frameworks, and (4) the stratification of chronic pain sufferers.     

Animal models of skin disease for drug discovery

Introduction: Discovery of novel drugs, treatments, and testing of consumer products in the field of dermatology is a multi-billion dollar business. Due to the distressing nature of many dermatological diseases, and the enormous consumer demand for products to reverse the effects of skin photodamage, aging, and hair loss, this is a very active field.

Areas covered: In this paper, we will cover the use of animal models that have been reported to recapitulate to a greater or lesser extent the features of human dermatological disease. There has been a remarkable increase in the number and variety of transgenic mouse models in recent years, and the basic strategy for constructing them is outlined.

Expert opinion: Inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases are all represented by a range of mouse models both transgenic and normal. Skin cancer is mainly studied in mice and fish. Wound healing is studied in a wider range of animal species, and skin infections such as acne and leprosy also have been studied in animal models. Moving to the more consumer-oriented area of dermatology, there are models for studying the harmful effect of sunlight on the skin, and testing of sunscreens, and several different animal models of hair loss or alopecia.     

Rodent models of glaucoma and their applicability for drug discovery

Introduction: Rodents have widely been used to represent glaucomatous changes both in the presence and absence of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) as they offer clear advantages over other animal species. IOP elevation is commonly achieved by creating an obstruction in the aqueous outflow pathways, consequently leading to retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve (ON) damage, the hallmark of glaucoma. These changes may also be achieved in the absence of elevated IOP by directly inflicting injury to retina or ON.

Areas covered: This paper presents a summary of currently used rodent models of glaucoma. The characteristics of these models from several studies are summarized. The benefits and shortcomings of these models are also discussed.

Expert opinion: The choice of animal model that closely represents human disease is key for successful translational of preclinical research to clinical practice. Rodent models of rapid IOP elevation are likely to be least representative, whereas models such as steroid-induced glaucoma models more closely resemble the trabecular meshwork changes seen in glaucomatous human eyes. However, this model needs further characterization. Rodent models based on direct retinal and ON injury are also useful tools to investigate molecular mechanisms involved at the site of final common pathology and neuroprotective strategies.     

Animal models in tuberculosis research – where is the beef?

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem, and new drugs and vaccines are urgently needed. As clinical trials in humans require tremendous resources, preclinical drug and vaccine development largely relies on valid animal models that recapitulate the pathology of human disease and the immune responses of the host as closely as possible.

Areas covered: This review describes the animal models used in TB research, the most widely used being mice, guinea pigs and nonhuman primates. In addition, rabbits and cattle provide models with a disease pathology resembling that of humans. Invertebrate models, including the fruit fly and the Dictyostelium amoeba, have also been used to study mycobacterial infections. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a promising model for studying mycobacterial infections. The zebrafish model also facilitates the large-scale screening of drug and vaccine candidates.

Expert opinion: Animal models are needed for TB research and provide valuable information on the mechanisms of the disease and on ways of preventing it. However, the data obtained in animal studies need to be carefully interpreted and evaluated before making assumptions concerning humans. With an increasing understanding of disease mechanisms, animal models can be further improved to best serve research goals.     

Chronic orofacial pain animal models - progress and challenges

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Chronic orofacial pain is one of the most common pain conditions experienced by adults. Animal models are often selected as the most useful scientific methodology to explore the pathophysiology of the disorders that cause this disabling pain to facilitate the development of new treatments. The creation of new models or the improvement of existing ones is essential for finding new ways to approach the complex neurobiology of this type of pain.

Areas covered: The authors describe and discuss a variety of animal models used in chronic orofacial pain (COFP). Furthermore, they examine in detail the mechanisms of action involved in orofacial neuropathic pain and orofacial inflammatory pain.

Expert opinion: The use of animal models has several advantages in chronic orofacial pain drug discovery. Choosing an animal model that most closely represents the human disease helps to increase the chances of finding effective new therapies and is key to the successful translation of preclinical research to clinical practice. Models using genetically modified animals seem promising but have not yet been fully developed for use in chronic orofacial pain research. Although animal models have provided significant advances in the pharmacological treatment of orofacial pain, several barriers still need to be overcome for better treatment options.     

Iloperidone,asenapine and lurasidone: a primer on their current status

Introduction: Three newer atypical antipsychotic drugs were FDA-approved in 2009 and 2010 in the following order: iloperidone, asenapine and lurasidone. The three drugs are indicated for the treatment of acute schizophrenia. Asenapine is also approved for treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia and as an adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate for the acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder in adults.

Areas covered: This review compares and contrasts the current preclinical, clinical, safety and tolerability profiles of the three newer drugs, as reported in published preclinical and clinical studies, product labels, poster presentations and press releases.

Expert opinion: Preclinical studies have reported that the three drugs have variable affinities for a wide range of neurotransmitter receptors, and are active in animal models predictive of antipsychotic activity. Asenapine is the first antipsychotic to be administered sublingually, whereas iloperidone requires titration to minimize orthostatic hypotension. Asenapine and lurasidone are associated with dose-related akathisia, whereas iloperidone is not. The three drugs appear to have relatively benign metabolic profiles. The availability of the three novel antipsychotics should provide additional options for improved treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.     

Precision-cut intestinal slices: alternative model for drug transport,metabolism, and toxicology research

Introduction: The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADME-tox) processes of drugs are of importance and require preclinical investigation intestine in addition to the liver. Various models have been developed for prediction of ADME-tox in the intestine. In this review, precision-cut intestinal slices (PCIS) are discussed and highlighted as model for ADME-tox studies.Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the applications and an update of the most recent research on PCIS as an ex vivo model to study the transport, metabolism and toxicology of drugs and other xenobiotics. The unique features of PCIS and the differences with other models as well as the translational aspects are also discussed.Expert opinion: PCIS are a simple, fast, and reliable ex vivo model for drug ADME-tox research. Therefore, PCIS are expected to become an indispensable link in the in vitro–ex vivo–in vivo extrapolation, and a bridge in translation of animal data to the human situation. In the future, this model may be helpful to study the effects of interorgan interactions, intestinal bacteria, excipients and drug formulations on the ADME-tox properties of drugs. The optimization of culture medium and the development of a (cryo)preservation technique require more research.