骨质疏松性髋部骨折研究进展

骨质疏松性髋部骨折的防治日益受到重视,本文就近年来骨质疏松性髋部骨折的研究进展作 一综述,主要包括流行病学、危险因素、风险评估、外科治疗以及药物治疗方面进展,特别是外科治疗中如何选择合理的内固定植入物以及抗骨质疏松药物对提高骨密度和降低髋部骨折风险的作用。     

986例老年髋部骨折住院患者骨质疏松诊断、治疗情况分析

目的 通过对呼和浩特地区老年人髋部骨折病例的同顾性研究,揭示本地区老年髋部骨折患者的骨质疏松症诊断、治疗情况,为加强老年髋部骨折后抗骨质疏松治疗提供依据.方法 收集2005年1月至2008年12月老年髋部骨折986例,设计调查表进行相关因素的登记,对髋部骨折患者骨质疏松的诊断、治疗情况进行动态分析.结果 老年髋部骨折骨质疏松诊断例数有逐年递增趋势,但仍有大量漏诊.虽然抗骨质疏松治疗病例逐年增加,但有明显的盲日性和随意性.结论 呼和浩特地区骨科医生骨质疏松诊疗水平存在不足,需要加强骨科医生的继续教育,进而采取更积极的态度,选择合理的抗骨质疏松治疗方案.     

老年骨质疏松性髋部骨折的围手术期治疗体会

目的探讨老年人骨质疏松髋部骨折手术治疗的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2005年6月～2010年12月200例老年人骨质疏松性髋部骨折的治疗方法及效果。结果 60例高龄骨折疏松性髋部骨折患者得到2个月～6年随访,根据Sanders评分标准,Harris评分优良率85%。结论尽早手术治疗骨质疏松性髋部骨折可以有效减少高龄患者的并发症及恢复功能活动。     

骨质疏松性老年髋部骨折653例临床观察

目的探讨骨质疏松性老年髋部骨折手术及术后早期功能锻炼与抗骨质疏松药物联合应用的疗效。方法653例骨质疏松性老年髋部骨折患者中201例采用手术治疗配合早期功能锻炼,另452例患者在前述治疗方法的基础上加用抗骨质疏松药物治疗6个月。两组患者均在术后3月、6月、1年门诊摄片随访影像学情况。结果采用手术治疗配合早期功能锻炼的患者,治疗1年后出现内固定物松动8例,内固定物切割5例,假体松动6例,再骨折3例。加用抗骨质疏松药物治疗的患者中未出现以上病例。结论骨质疏松性老年髋部骨折在手术治疗和早期功能锻炼的同时,术后配合应用抗骨质疏松药物治疗,可以显著提高疗效。     

仙灵骨葆胶囊对骨质疏松性髋部骨折的研究近况

骨质疏松症是老年人的常见病和多发病,其最大的危害是导致骨折的发生。随着老龄化社会的到来,骨质疏松性髋部骨折的发病率也显著增高。仙灵骨葆作胶囊具有滋补肝肾,活血通络,强筋壮骨的功效。具有类雌激素样作用,能提高全身的骨量,同时对骨质疏松性髋部骨折具有良好的防治效果,能减少骨折发生,促进骨折愈合,缓解疼痛。本文就仙灵骨葆治疗骨质疏松性髋部骨折进行综述。     

人工髋关节置换术在股骨粗隆间骨折治疗中的选择

股骨粗隆间骨折是临床最常见的髋部骨折,占髋部骨折的35.7%,而且随着人口老龄化,这一骨折的发病率还在不断提高.由于以往的非手术治疗加重骨质疏松,患者病死率高,对于该骨折的治疗策略由早期的非手术治疗转向手术治疗已成为骨科医生的共识.     

髋部骨质疏松性骨折的内固定治疗177例分析

本文报告了177例经手术内固定治疗的60岁以上老年髋部骨折,分析了骨质疏松性髋部骨折的流行病学特点、致伤原因、手术时机、手术方式、术后处理、以及其与予后结果和并发症的关系。作者认为对老年性髋部骨质疏松性骨折,除早期手术、术式力求简便、固定确实外,术后应积极给予各种骨质疏松预防及治疗措施,术前应作必要检查以除外潜在代谢性骨病。     

沈阳地区老年髋部骨质疏松性骨折流行病学调查分析

目的通过对沈阳地区部分老年人群髋部骨质疏松性骨折流行病的调査,揭示不良生活习惯、基础疾病、人院前及术前均没有进行合理有效的抗骨质疏松治疗和降钙素等药物不规范的使用,手术 损伤及死亡等情况的调查分析,为对老年人群髋部骨质疏松性骨折的预防提供理论依据。方法收 集整理2006年1月至2011年12月沈阳地区的10所当地医院765例65岁以上诊治髋部骨质疏松性 骨折患者进行问卷调查和手术情况等方面进行统计分析。结果患有髋部骨质疏松性骨折的老年 人病例呈逐年上升的趋势,65岁以上具有不良生活习惯和基础疾病的老年患者居多,其术后损害及 死亡率也明显高。结论从不良生活习惯及基础疾病方面针对沈阳地区老年人患有髋部骨质疏松性 骨折发病情况的调查分析,为研究提供了可靠的依据,同时应该做好有关骨质疏松方面宣传教育,预 防髋部骨质疏松性骨折的发生。     

《老年髋部骨折诊疗与管理指南(2022年版)》解读

老年髋部骨折是骨质疏松性骨折中的一种常见且严重类型,具有高发病率、高致残率、高致死率的特点,对老年人群的健康构成了严重威胁。我国老年髋部骨折治疗的现状与国内外的指南和共识相比仍存在较大差距。为进一步规范我国老年髋部骨折的诊疗行为,国家卫生健康委员会组织全国相关领域的多学科专家,撰写并发布了《老年髋部骨折诊疗与管理指南(2022年版)》。本解读旨在对指南的要点进行解读,以期推动指南的广泛传播与实施。     

二次髋部骨折相关因素研究进展

随着社会经济的发展,人口老龄化进程的加速,人民生活方式的改变,骨质疏松症已成为危害我国老年人健康的重要疾病,老年骨质疏松患者易发生髋部骨折。初次骨折治疗后,骨质疏松患者尚面临二次髋部骨折的风险,针对二次髋部骨折的风险因素,采取有效措施可降低二次髋部骨折率。本文从初次骨折类型、性别与年龄、骨代谢指标与骨密度、抗骨质疏松症的治疗、Singh指数、合并症、体重指数等方面就二次髋部骨折危险因素作一综述。     

Surgical treatment and management of hip fracture patients

Introduction

Osteoporosis-related hip fractures are associated with high mortality and costs. The optimum type of treatment for such fractures is controversial. To shed some light on this issue, the surgical treatment and management of osteoporotic hip fractures were discussed during a hip fracture surgical working group at the 2009 International Society For Fracture Repair Annual Meeting comprising leading experts in the field.

Materials and methods

The working group consisted of eight orthopaedic surgeons, six industry representatives and one research scientist. Eleven participants were from Europe and four were from the USA and Canada. Two chairmen posed 12 questions relating to the surgical treatment and management of osteoporotic hip fractures. Each question was discussed and key points were noted.

Results

Surgery should commence within 24–48 h but the patient should be optimized if presenting with ≥3 comorbidities. Specialized centres integrating orthopaedics, geriatricians and rheumatologists could be a solution for the lack of specialist care post-surgery. Surgical technique is important in fracture fixation, as is the implant, but there has been no improvement in implant design in the past 50 years. As a consequence, malunion has become unjustifiably accepted. Fracture healing can be accelerated using pharmaceuticals which are also important in secondary prophylaxis. All displaced femoral neck fractures in geriatric patients should be treated with hip replacement, the choice between using cemented or uncemented fixation being at the surgeon’s discretion.

Discussion and conclusion

This working group discussion highlighted several important issues which could be of interest to the orthopaedic community.     

The importance of taking care of osteoporosis

Consequences in terms of mortality and morbidity of osteoporotic fractures are serious and recent data show that mortality of osteoporosis is often a witness of poor health. Prevalent fracture is one of the most important risk factors for incident fracture. The risk of subsequent fractures is highest immediately after initial fractures. It is essential to treat postmenopausal osteoporotic women who had experienced a fragility fracture. Efforts to raise awareness of osteoporosis among the general public and medical profession are essential because only a minority of women is taken care and treated after a typical osteoporotic fracture. We have effective treatments, varied and adapted to all situations encountered in clinical practice for the management of osteoporosis. All available treatments showed an effect on vertebral fractures and some demonstrated an effect on nonvertebral fractures or hip fractures. The lack of adherence is perfectly demonstrated in osteoporosis. As for all patients affected by a chronic disease, patient education should become part of the global care of patients with osteoporosis.     

Apports protéiques et pathologie osseuse du sujet âgé

Malnutrition, most notably protein deficiency, contributes to the occurrence of osteoporotic fractures not only by decreasing bone mass but also by altering muscle function. Furthermore, malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity in patients with osteoporotic fractures. The somatomedin system (IGF-I) may be directly involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporotic hip fractures and their complications in elderly patients. A low IGF-I level is a risk factor for hip fracture. In subjects with appropriate intakes of vitamin D and calcium, giving protein supplements to correct an inadequate spontaneous protein intake increases circulating IGF-I levels, improves clinical outcomes after hip fracture, and prevents bone mineral density loss at the proximal femur. Supplemental protein also significantly reduces the length of inpatient rehabilitation care. These data emphasize the importance of adequate nutrient intake in the prevention and treatment of osteoporotic fractures.     

The Definition and Clinical Significance of Nonvertebral Fractures

Nonvertebral fractures form the bulk of osteoporotic fractures and yet, other than hip fractures, are often dismissed, particularly in the younger age groups. Thus, less than 30% of women with osteoporotic fractures and less than 10% of men worldwide are receiving appropriate treatment. This article discusses the incidence, cost, and consequences of nonvertebral fractures. Recent evidence suggests these fractures form the bulk of costs to the community and herald an increased risk of refracture and premature mortality that applies to all types of nonvertebral, and not just hip, fractures.     

Protein intake and bone disorders in the elderly.

Malnutrition, most notably protein deficiency, contributes to the occurrence of osteoporotic fractures not only by decreasing bone mass but also by altering muscle function. Furthermore, malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity in patients with osteoporotic fractures. The somatomedin system (IGF-1) may be directly involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporotic hip fractures and their complications in elderly patients. A low IGF-1 level is a risk factor for hip fracture. In subjects with appropriate intakes of vitamin D and calcium, giving protein supplements to correct an inadequate spontaneous protein intake increases circulating IGF-1 levels, improves clinical outcomes after hip fracture, and prevents bone mineral density loss at the proximal femur. Supplemental protein also significantly reduces the length of inpatient rehabilitation care. These data emphasize the importance of adequate nutrient intake in the prevention and treatment of osteoporotic fractures.     

Incidence and outcome of osteoporotic fractures in 2004 in Sado City,Niigata Prefecture,Japan

Osteoporotic fracture in elderly populations is increasing worldwide, but there are few data on the incidence and outcome of osteoporotic fractures, including upper extremity and vertebral fracture, during a certain period in a defined geographic area. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of osteoporotic fractures in a particular area: Sado City, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. From January to December 2004, osteoporotic fractures of the vertebra, hip, distal radius, and proximal humerus in Sado City were recorded. The incidence, age, gender, type of fracture (for hip fracture), right or left side (for distal radius, proximal humerus, and hip fracture), place of injury, cause of injury, outcome, hospitalization period, and patient status regarding taking of drugs for osteoporosis treatment were checked for each fracture. The incidence was calculated based on the whole population of Sado City. The incidence per 100,000 population was 232.8, 121.4, 108.6, and 37.1 for fractures of the vertebra, hip, distal radius, and proximal humerus, respectively. The total incidence of these four kinds of fracture was 499.9 per 100,000 persons per year. The average age at the time of injury was 81.4, 77.7, 75.7, and 60.2 years old for fractures of the hip, vertebra, proximal humerus, and distal radius, respectively. As the average age increased, the percentage of fractures that occurred indoors also increased; that is, a higher percentage of hip fractures occurred indoors, followed by fractures of the vertebra, proximal humerus, and distal radius. Most patients were not taking anti-osteoporosis drugs before fractures of the hip or vertebra. We determined the incidence of major osteoporotic fractures in 1 year in a defined geographic area. Our data showed that 81% of hip fracture patients also had a vertebral fracture and that the average age at the time of injury was higher for hip fractures than for vertebral fractures. Therefore, these results suggest that vertebral fracture leads to hip fracture, indicating that early fracture prevention and continuous prevention strategies through positive treatment are of importance in osteoporotic elderly people.     

Underutilization of antiosteoporotic drugs by orthopedic surgeons for prevention of a secondary osteoporotic fracture

Background Despite the availability of effective treatment and well-publicized treatment guidelines for preventing osteoporotic fractures, there are significant gaps in implementing the recommendations, and it is unknown how many patients are treated for prevention of secondary osteoporotic fractures. In this study, we investigate what percentage of osteoporosis patients were treated with antiosteoporotic drugs after osteoporotic fractures of the hip, wrist, and proximal humerus, and we discuss here the need for improvement in the treatment of osteoporosis following fracture. Methods We studied 422 patients with osteoporotic fractures, 91 men and 331 women, with an average age of 77.1 years (range, 52–102 years). The 422 cases consisted of 299 hip fractures, 97 distal radius fractures, and 26 proximal humerus fractures. All patients underwent surgical intervention. The variables were examined to ascertain whether osteoporosis patients were medicated with antiosteoporotic drugs at postfracture. Results Fifty-five (13%) of the 422 patients received antiosteoporotic medication at postfracture. Pharmaceutical treatment was given in 44 cases (14.7%) of hip fractures, 8 cases (8.2%) of distal radius fractures, and 3 cases (11.5%) of proximal humerus fractures. Thirty-one (7.3% of total) of the 55 patients were taking the same medication pre- and postfracture. Seven (1.7%) of the 55 were administered a different drug compared to before the fracture, and 17 (4%) started to take an antiosteoporotic drug for the first time subsequent to the fracture. Conclusions The present rate of treatment is insufficient given the high risk of secondary fractures and the availability of appropriate drugs that would reduce that risk.     

Increased incidence of hip fracture in osteoporotic women treated with sodium fluoride

There has been controversy as to whether fluoride therapy increases the risk of fracture in the appendicular skeleton. In the present study we compared the incidence of hip fracture in four groups of osteoporotic women: 22 treated with placebo, 17 with fluoride and calcium, 18 treated with fluoride and calcitriol, and 21 with calcitriol alone. Four hip fractures occurred in 3 patients on fluoride and calcitriol, and two hip fractures occurred in 2 patients on fluoride and calcium. No hip fractures occurred in patients receiving either calcitriol alone or placebo. The difference in fracture rates for fluoride versus nonfluoride treatment is significant (p = 0.006). Moreover, the six hip fractures occurring in patients receiving fluoride during 72.3 patient years of treatment is 10 times higher than would be expected in normal women of the same age. The probability of observing six fractures in 2 years is extremely small (0.0003). In four of the hip fracture cases, the history suggested a spontaneous fracture. These findings suggest that fluoride treatment can increase the risk of hip fracture in osteoporotic women.     

FRAX评分在中老年人骨质疏松性骨折风险评估中的研究进展

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis)是一种以骨密度降低、骨小梁及其他组织结构损坏,造成骨脆性以及骨折风险增加为特征的全身性骨病。FRAX评分是2008年世界卫生组织推荐的骨折风险预测简易诊断工具,可用于计算10年发生髋部骨折及任何重要的骨质疏松性骨折的发生概率。目前FRAX评分的应用才刚刚起步,评价标准还不完善,使用过程存在一定的局限性。但是长远来看,FRAX评分在骨质疏松性骨折预测方面应用前景广阔,将会成为预防骨质疏松性骨折的有力工具。本文将近年来FRAX评分的应用以及研究进展进行综述。以期在骨质疏松性骨折预防、管理、诊断和治疗方面提供新思路、新视角。     

Direct medical costs attributable to peripheral fractures in Canadian post-menopausal women

Summary

This study determined the cost of treating fractures at osteoporotic sites (except spine fractures) for the year following fracture. While the average cost of treating a hip fracture was the highest of all fractures ($46,664 CAD per fracture), treating other fractures also accounted for significant expenditures ($5,253 to $10,410 CAD per fracture).

Introduction

This study aims to determine the mean direct medical cost of treating fractures at peripheral osteoporotic sites in the year post-fracture (through 2?years post-hip fracture).

Methods

Health administrative databases from the province of Quebec, Canada were used to estimate the cost of treating peripheral fractures at osteoporotic sites for the year following fracture (through 2?years for hip fractures). Included in costs analyses were physician claims, emergency and outpatient clinic costs, hospitalization costs, and subsequent costs for treatment of complications.

Results

A total of 15,827 patients (mean age 72?years) who suffered one fracture at an osteoporotic site had data for analyses. Hip/femur fractures had the highest rate of hospital stays related to fracture (91%) and the highest rate of hospital stays associated with a post-fracture complication (8%). In the year following fracture, the mean (SD) costs (2009 Canadian dollars) of treating acute fractures and post-fracture complications were: hip/femur fracture $46,664 ($43,198), wrist fracture $5,253 ($18,982), and fractures at other peripheral sites $10,410 ($27,641). The average (SD) cost of treating post-fracture complications at the hip/femur in the second year post-fracture was $1,698 ($12,462). Hospitalizations associated with the fracture accounted for 88% of the total cost of fracture treatment.

Conclusions

The treatment of hip fractures accounts for a significant proportion of the costs associated with the treatment of peripheral osteoporotic fractures. Interventions to reduce the incidence of fractures, particularly hip fractures, would result in significant cost savings to the health care system and would preserve quality of life in many patients.