高压氧结合康复训练在脑梗死偏瘫治疗中的应用

目的探讨高压氧结合以抗痉挛治疗为主的康复训练对脑梗死偏瘫患者肢体功能恢复的效果。方法将57例脑梗死患者随机分为对照组27例和观察组30例。对照组只接受神经内科的药物治疗。观察组在此基础上给予高压氧治疗以及以抗痉挛治疗为主的康复训练。2组均于入组时以及治疗1个月出院时。采用Fugl—Meyer量表（FMA）评定偏瘫侧的肢体功能，采用改良Barthel指数（MBI）评定日常生活活动能力。结果入组时，2组患者FMA和MBI评分比较。差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；治疗1个月出院时，2组FMA和MBI评分比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），且观察组的FMA和MBI评分与对照组比较。差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论高压氧结合以抗痉挛治疗为主的康复训练可明显改善脑梗死偏瘫患者的肢体功能。     

强化康复训练对脑卒中后偏瘫痉挛状态的影响

目的：研究强化康复训练对脑卒中后偏瘫痉挛状态的治疗效果。方法：将44例脑卒中后肢体痉挛患者随机分为两组。一组为常规康复训练组，一组为强化康复训练组，两组患者均给予常规剂量巴氯芬121服。采用Ashworth分级法（ASS）、Fugl—Meyer评定法（FMA）和改良Barthel指数评分法（MBI）对2组患者治疗前、后肌张力，肢体运动功能及生活自理能力进行评定。结果：治疗后2组患者肌张力较治疗前均有明显降低（P〈0．01），肢体运动功能和ADL能力较治疗前有明显提高（P〈0．01），强化康复训练组疗效明显优于常规康复训练组（P〈0．05）。结论：强化康复训练对脑卒中所致偏瘫肌痉挛有更加显著的改善作用。     

早期综合康复对脑卒中患者运动功能和ADL能力的影响

目的：探讨早期综合康复治疗对脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体的肌张力、运动功能和ADL能力的影响，以及痉挛分级、运动功能和日常生活自理能力的相关性。方法：48例急性脑卒中患者随机分为治疗组和对照组。两组患者均予以常规的药物治疗、针灸、理疗等，治疗组患者加予规范化的综合康复训练。所有病例共评定4次：入组时、脑卒中病程1个月、3个月和6个月时。分别采用改良Ashworth量表（MAS）、简化Fugl-Meyer量表（FMA）和Barthel指数（BI）来评定脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体的痉挛、运动功能和日常生活自理能力。结果：在入组时两组患者MAS评分、FMA评分和BI比较P〉0．05，具有可比性。在脑卒中病程3个月和6个月时，对照组患者的MAS评分高于同期的治疗组患者（P〈0．05）：两组患者的FMA评分和BI评分在脑卒中病程1个月、3个月和6个月时分别与其前一次评定时比较，运动功能和日常生活自理能力均逐渐改善（P〈0．001）；在脑卒中病程3个月和6个月时，治疗组的FMA评分和BI评分均高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：综合康复治疗可减轻脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体痉挛和改善运动功能，提高其日常生活自理能力；偏瘫侧肢体痉挛和运动功能与日常生活自理能力密切相关。     

体感音乐治疗联合四肢联动训练对痉挛期脑卒中患者运动功能疗效观察

目的观察体感音乐治疗联合四肢联动训练对痉挛期脑卒中患者运动功能的疗效。方法将某院康复中心60例痉挛期脑卒中住院患者作为研究对象,随机数表法分为两组,对照组30例给予常规康复训练,观察组30例在对照组基础上给予体感音乐治疗联合四肢联动训练;分别在治疗前、治疗1个月后、治疗3个月后采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定法(FMA)、Berg平衡量表评定法(BBS)、改良Ashworth评定法、改良Barthel指数评定法(MBI)进行评定。结果两组患者治疗前一般情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者治疗1个月后、治疗3个月后FMA评分、BBS评分、改良Ashworth评分、MBI评分与治疗前相比均有所提高;与对照组相比,观察组治疗1个月后、治疗3个月后FMA评分、BBS评分、改良Ashworth评分、MBI评分均提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论体感音乐治疗联合四肢联动训练对痉挛期脑卒中患者运动功能改善明显优于常规康复训练,更有助于缓解痉挛肌的肌张力和改善平衡功能,提高患者日常生活自理能力和生活质量。     

局部振动对脑卒中后偏瘫患者上肢痉挛和功能障碍的影响

目的观察局部振动疗法对脑卒中后偏瘫患者上肢痉挛和功能障碍的影响。 方法选取脑卒中后偏瘫上肢功能障碍患者40例,按随机数字表法分为治疗组20例和对照组20例。2组均给予常规康复训练,治疗组在此基础上增加局部振动治疗。2组患者均于治疗前和治疗8周后（治疗后）采用改良ashworth评定、简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分及改良Barthel指数（MBI）分别疗效评定。 结果治疗后,2组患者的Ashworth痉挛量表分级和FMA、MBI评分与组内治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且治疗组治疗后上述三项指标分别为（1.32±0.80）级、（28.78±9.33）分和（70.46±12.46）分,分别与对照组治疗后比较,差异亦均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论局部振动疗法结合康复训练可减轻脑卒中后偏瘫患者的上肢痉挛程度,并改善其偏瘫侧上肢的运动功能。     

智能化居家康复训练对脑卒中患者运动功能恢复的影响

目的：探讨基于躯体传感网的居家康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者日常生活活动能力（ ADL）的影响。方法48例脑卒中偏瘫出院患者按随机数字表法分成干预组和对照组各24例。对照组给予常规用药及康复锻炼指导,干预组在此基础上进行居家康复训练,每次10～20 min,每周6次,共12周。治疗前后采用上肢Fugl-Meyer评分（ FMA）、改良Ashworth痉挛量表（ MAS）及改良Barthel指数（ MBI）对两组患者进行评定。结果治疗12周后两组患者FMA评分及MBI评分均较治疗前显著改善（ P＜0.05）,且干预组的改善幅度更显著,与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。两组MAS评分差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。结论基于躯体传感网的居家康复训练可以更明显恢复脑卒中偏瘫患者的上肢功能及ADL能力。     

社区康复对脑卒中患者肢体功能和日常生活活动能力的影响

目的探讨社区康复对脑卒中患者肢体运动功能和日常生活活动（ADL）能力的影响。 方法60例脑卒中患者分成康复组和对照组,每组30例。康复组由同一康复医师进行评估并制定康复治疗计划,同时指导患者进行系统、规范的社区康复训练,对照组给予常规健康教育。2组均于入组后第1天（治疗前）和治疗3个月后（治疗后）采用简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）和改良巴氏指数（MBI）评定患者的肢体运动功能和ADL能力。 结果治疗前,2组患者的FMA评分和MBI评分差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后,2组患者的FMA评分和MBI评分与本组治疗前比较,均有明显改善（P＜0.05）,且康复组的FMA评分和MBI评分较对照组治疗后改善更为显著,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论社区康复训练对脑卒中患者肢体的运动功能和ADL能力具有良好的促进作用。     

脑卒中患者肢体痉挛的发生率及其与功能的关系

目的：探讨脑卒中患者肢体痉挛的发生率及其与功能的关系。方法：评定50例急性脑卒中患者的肌张力，在病程6个月时采用改良Ashworth量表（MAS）、Fugl-meyer运动功能（FMA）及Barthel指数（BI）分别评定患者肌张力、运动功能和日常生活活动能力。结果：在病程满6个月时患者中大多数存在肢体肌张力增高，MAS分级与FMA和BI得分间呈显著负相关（P〈0.001）。结论：脑卒中偏瘫患者痉挛发生率较高，而且痉挛程度与运动功能和日常生活活动能力显著相关,康复治疗应关注痉挛问题。     

联合中医按摩及神经促通技术治疗脑卒中后偏瘫肢体痉挛的疗效观察

目的观察联合中医按摩及神经促通技术治疗脑卒中后偏瘫肢体痉挛的临床疗效。 方法将42例脑卒中后肢体痉挛患者随机分为治疗组及对照组。对照组患者应用神经肌肉促通技术进行治疗，治疗组患者则同时联用神经促通技术及中医按摩疗法，2组患者均给予常规剂量巴氯芬药物口服。分别采用Ashworth分级法(ASS)、Fugl-Meyer评定法(FMA)和改良Barthel指数评分法(MBI)对2组患者治疗前后肌张力、肢体运动功能及生活自理能力进行评定。 结果治疗后2组患者偏瘫侧肢体肌张力均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.01)，肢体运动功能和生活自理能力均较治疗前明显提高(P<0.01)，并且治疗组患者疗效明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。 结论中医按摩及神经促通技术联合治疗对脑卒中后偏瘫肢体痉挛具有显著疗效，值得临床推广、应用。     

坐姿抗痉挛体位下变频振动疗法对脑卒中患者上肢痉挛及运动功能的影响

目的 观察坐姿抗痉挛体位下变频振动疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢痉挛及运动功能的影响。 方法 选取脑卒中偏瘫上肢痉挛患者30例,采用随机数字表法将其分为治疗组及对照组,每组15例。2组患者均给予常规康复训练,治疗组患者在常规康复干预基础上辅以坐姿抗痉挛体位下的变频振动治疗,振动频率为（6±3）Hz。于治疗前、治疗4周后分别采用改良Ashworth分级法(MAS)评定患者偏瘫上肢痉挛程度;检测并记录被动牵伸患者偏瘫侧肢体时肱二头肌及最大等长收缩时肱三头肌、腹斜肌、多裂肌肌电图均方根值(RMS);采用肩、肘、腕关节主动运动范围（A-ROM）、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FMA)评定患者偏瘫上肢运动功能;采用改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定患者日常生活活动(ADL)能力改善情况。 结果 治疗4周后2组患者偏瘫侧上肢MAS、A-ROM、RMS、FMA及MBI评分均较治疗前明显改善(P<0.05);并且治疗后治疗组患者肩、肘、腕MAS评分［分别为(1.40±0.54)分、(1.43±0.56)分、(1.47±0.40)分］、A-ROM［分别为(62.13±22.34)°、(48.60±18.50)°、(45.20±17.76)°］、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、腹斜肌、多裂肌RMS［分别为(14.18±5.63)μV、(100.24±20.52)μV、(78.72±22.50)μV、(84.05±21.64)μV］、FMA及MBI评分［分别为(26.20±6.44)分、(43.87±8.83)分］均显著优于对照组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 在常规康复训练基础上辅以坐姿抗痉挛体位下的变频振动疗法能有效降低脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢痉挛程度,提高伸肌兴奋性,改善偏瘫上肢运动功能及ADL能力,其疗效明显优于单纯康复训练。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.