膀胱肉瘤样癌二例报告

目的探讨膀胱肉瘤样癌组织学特性，提高对膀胱肉瘤样癌和膀胱癌肉瘤病理学上区别的认识。方法报告2例膀胱肉瘤样癌病例资料。2例均为男性，年龄分别为76、59岁。均以肉眼血尿就诊，膀胱镜、CT和B超检查均诊断为膀胱肿瘤，肿瘤呈浸润性生长。术前活检均提示为移行上皮细胞癌。结果2例均行膀胱部分切除术。1例术前行新辅助化疗。术后病理可见上皮和肉瘤样问质2种恶性成分，但癌与肉瘤样区有移行，诊断为膀胱肉瘤样癌。术后均行全身化疗和膀胱灌注化疗，3个月后复查局部肿瘤复发。1例5个月后死于心脏疾病，另1例仍在随访中。结论膀胱肉瘤样癌为尿路上皮癌的一种亚型，具有呈浸润性生长的生物学特性，恶性程度高，预后不良，在制定治疗方案尤其是化、放疗方案时应充分考虑。     

膀胱癌肉瘤与肉瘤样癌诊治再讨论

目的：探讨膀胱癌肉瘤和肉瘤样癌的组织学特性、临床表现、治疗以及预后.方法：回顾性分析1例膀胱癌肉瘤及2例肉瘤样痛患者的临床、病理和随访资料,并复习相关文献进行讨论.结果：3例患者术后病理检查可见上皮源性和间质源性两种恶性成分.1例癌组织CK和EMA阳性,但Vimentin阴性,肉瘤样组织Vi-mentin阳性,诊断为膀胱癌肉瘤,术后给予M-VAC方案化疗,于10个月后死于肿瘤肺部转移.2例癌组织与肉瘤样区有移行,癌组织CK和EMA阳性,但Vimentin阴性,肉瘤样组织CK、EMA及Vimentin阳性,诊断为膀胱肉瘤样癌,术后分别给予GC和M-VAC方案化疗,于8个月和11个月后死于肿瘤肺部转移和心力衰竭.结论：膀胱癌肉瘤和肉瘤样癌具有浸润性生长的生物学特性,恶性程度高,预后不良.其确诊依赖病理学及免疫组织化学检查,手术仍是首选治疗方式.     

泌尿系统肉瘤样癌和癌肉瘤八例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨泌尿系统肉瘤样癌和癌肉瘤的组织学特点、临床表现、治疗和预后.方法 泌尿系统肉瘤样癌和癌肉瘤8例.其中膀胱肉瘤样癌4例,男3例,女1例,年龄58、63、78、79岁,均因无痛性肉眼血尿就诊,肿瘤直径平均4.5(1.5～6.7)cm,为不规则、广基的浸润性肿物.行膀胱部分切除术2例,TURBt 1例,膀胱癌根治术1例.肾肉瘤样癌1例,男,64岁,因肉眼血尿就诊,伴同侧肾上腺和胰腺转移,行肾癌根治术和胰腺体尾切除术.转移性右肾上腺肉瘤样癌1例,男,47岁,原发灶为左肺肉瘤样癌,行左肺下叶和右肾上腺切除术.肾盂癌肉瘤1例,女,64岁,表现为无痛性肉眼血尿,行左肾、输尿管及部分膀胱切除术.膀胱癌肉瘤1例,男,77岁,无痛性肉眼血尿,肿瘤直径2.5～3.0 cm,行TURBt术.8例均经病理检查确诊.8例均获随访,随访时间36～96个月.结果 膀胱肉瘤样癌4例中:1例G_3、T_(2a)者行TURBt,术后行丝裂霉素膀胱灌注化疗,随访96个月无瘤生存;1例63岁女性先行TURBt,术后病理为肉瘤样癌、T_1伴有原位癌(T_m),1个月后行膀胱癌根治切除术.随访36个月无瘤生存;1例T3a者行膀胱部分切除术,术后辅以放疗,随访36个月无瘤生存;1例T4a者行姑息性膀胱部分切除术,术后病理切缘阳性,术后2个月死于肿瘤多脏器转移.肾肉瘤样癌患者术后2个月开始化疗(盐酸吉西他滨加卡铂),又出现肝、肺转移,术后5个月死亡.转移性右肾上腺肉瘤样癌患者术后在外院行3个疗程化疗(顺铂加依托泊苷),5个月后出现左肾上腺转移,术后7个月死亡.肾盂癌肉瘤患者的肿瘤以软骨肉瘤为主,伴少许鳞状细胞癌及未分化癌,随访60个月无瘤生存.膀胱癌肉瘤患者肿瘤病理分期为T2a,主要是平滑肌肉瘤,伴有鳞状细胞痛和腺癌,术后予以全身化疗(盐酸吉西他滨加卡铂),随访12个月死于慢性阻塞性肺气肿、肺部感染.结论 泌尿系统肉瘤样癌和癌肉瘤少见,多见于老年男性,恶性程度高,浸润性强,预后差.肿瘤的病理分期和治疗是影响预后的因素,早期诊断和积极的综合治疗可望获得较好的治疗结果、延长患者生存期.     

膀胱癌肉瘤二例报告

目的　总结膀胱癌肉瘤的组织发生、临床及病理特点。　方法　报告 2例膀胱癌肉瘤 ,男女各 1例 ,均以间断性无痛肉眼血尿收入院 ,对其组织病理及临床经过进行分析。　结果　 2例膀胱镜均示息肉或菜花样肿物 ,呈浸润性生长 ,表面可见钙化 ,CT示膀胱壁实质性占位。 2例均行膀胱部分切除术 ,术中所见与膀胱癌基本相同。病理可见上皮和间质两种恶性成分 ,上皮部分由高分级移行细胞组成 ,上皮之间混杂有恶性间质成分 ,呈异常增殖状 ,可见有丝分裂相。术后应用溶肉瘤素治疗 ,1例术后 11个月死亡 ,另 1例术后 16个月死亡。　结论　膀胱癌肉瘤具有高度恶性和浸润性生长的生物学特性 ,预后不良。对间断无痛性肉眼血尿患者应警惕本病发生。     

膀胱癌肉瘤1例报告并附文献复习

目的结合文献复习,探讨膀胱癌肉瘤的临床特征及诊治水平。方法报告1例膀胱癌肉瘤患者的临床和病理资料,以无痛性肉眼血尿伴排尿困难为主要症状,CTU提示膀胱占位,膀胱镜下见巨大膀胱内肿物,活检病理提示癌肉瘤可能性大。结果行腹腔镜下全膀胱切除加回肠膀胱术,术后病理诊断为膀胱癌肉瘤,显微镜下主要由高分化移行细胞癌和肉瘤成分组成,辅以GC方案化疗。结论诊断依赖病理及免疫组化检查,膀胱癌肉瘤具有高度恶性和浸润性生长的生物学特性,治疗主要是以行根治性手术为主,预后不良。     

前列腺肉瘤样癌二例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨前列腺肉瘤样癌的临床表现、病理特点和诊治方法. 方法 前列腺肉瘤样癌患者2例.例1,51岁.因排尿困难、会阴部不适2个月,急性尿潴留入院.实验室检查PSA值2.31 ng/ml,CT检查示前列腺密度不均,左叶弥漫性增大、浸润膀胱.经直肠穿刺活检诊断为前列腺肉瘤样癌.行全膀胱、前列腺切除加尿流改道(Bricker手术),术后行局部放射治疗和内分泌治疗.例2,54岁,因排尿困难伴间歇性肉眼血尿1个月入院.实验室检查PSA 2.61 ng/ml.B超检查示低回声块.CT检查示前列腺密度不均.经直肠穿刺活检诊断为前列腺肉瘤.行全膀胱、前列腺切除加尿流改道(Bricker手术). 结果 2例术后病理均诊断为前列腺肉瘤样癌.镜下肿瘤组织由上皮癌细胞和肉瘤样间质2种成分组成,之间可见移行区过渡.免疫组化:2种成分中细胞角蛋白、上皮膜抗原均呈阳性表达.癌细胞波形蛋白阴性,肉瘤样细胞阳性.例1术后41个月出现广泛转移,2个月后死亡.实验室检查PSA正常.例2术后16个月出现骨转移并有局部复发,手术去势联合比卡鲁胺最大限度雄激素阻断治疗3个月无效,术后19个月死亡.实验室检查PSA<4.0 ng/ml.结论前列腺肉瘤样癌是一种罕见、高度恶性的肿瘤,预后不良,确诊需依赖病理表现及免疫组织化学检查.根治性切除辅以局部放射治疗和内分泌治疗可行.     

2例膀胱癌肉瘤诊治分析

目的提高膀胱癌肉瘤的认识及诊治水平。方法回顾复习2例膀胱癌肉瘤的临床资料,2例术前均以无痛性肉眼血尿入院,B超及CT均提示膀胱占位,膀胱镜下见肿块向膀胱突出,有蒂,活检1例提示移行细胞癌2~3级,1例提示鳞状细胞癌,均行膀胱部分切除。结果手术后病理2例均为膀胱癌肉瘤,1例癌成分为移行细胞,另一例为鳞状细胞。1例3个月后复发行根治性膀胱切除,5个月后死于全身转移。另一例8个月后死于原位复发。结论膀胱癌肉瘤临床罕见,恶性程度极高,术前易诊治为癌而忽略肉瘤成分,愈后差。     

膀胱癌肉瘤2例报告

目的：总结膀胱癌肉瘤的临床特征及病理特点.方法：报告2例膀胱癌肉瘤病例资料.2例均为男性,年龄分别为67、83岁.均以间歇性血尿或伴尿痛入院,影像学及膀胱镜检查诊断为膀胱肿瘤.结果：2例病理检查发现同时存在癌与肉瘤成分.1例行全膀胱切除回肠膀胱术,于术后3个月死于肿瘤全身转移.1例行膀胱部分切除术,随访16个月,无肿瘤转移及复发.仍健在.结论：膀胱癌肉瘤恶性程度高,浸润性强,易早期转移.诊断依赖病理学检查和免疫组化.早期发现及根治性切除,可能延长患者的生存期.     

膀胱肉瘤样癌的诊断与治疗（附2例报告）

目的 提高对膀胱肉瘤样癌的认识和诊治水平。方法 分析2例膀胱肉瘤样癌患者的临床资料并结合文献进行讨论。2例患者均有肉眼血尿或伴有膀胱刺激症，膀胱镜检查为实体瘤，表面有坏死组织；病理表现，肿瘤主要由移行上皮癌细胞和恶性间叶细胞（梭形或多形性细胞）组成，之间可见移行过渡；免疫组化CK（＋）、CEA（＋）、SMA（＋）。结果 2例Ⅰ期治疗均行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切，术后常规膀胱灌注，1例术后5个月死于肿瘤复发及多处转移；1例半年后复发改行部分膀胱切除，至今健在。结论 膀胱肉瘤样癌是一种高度恶性、预后差的肿瘤。确诊需依赖病理和免疫组织化学检查，早期诊断和采用膀胱部分切除或根治性切除，是改善预后的关键。     

肾盂肉瘤样癌的临床病理特征及预后

目的:探讨肾盂肉瘤样癌的临床病理特征及预后。方法:对我院2000年1月~2010年12月收治的2例经病理检查证实为肾盂肉瘤样癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:2例术后病理检查均为肾盂肉瘤样癌,手术切缘阴性。1例(45岁,T3N0M0)术后未行放疗和化疗,随访12个月,患者死于全身多处脏器肿瘤转移;1例(80岁,T3N0M0)术后未行辅助治疗,随访10个月,患者死于恶病质。2例患者平均生存时间11个月(10~12个月)。结论:肾盂肉瘤样癌临床罕见,恶性程度高,浸润性强,预后不佳。术前不易确诊,确诊有赖于病理检查。     

Sarcomatoid carcinoma and carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder

Two cases, sarcomatoid carcinoma and carcinosarcoma, of the urinary bladder are reported. A 68-year-old man with sarcomatoid carcinoma underwent total cystectomy and was alive and had had no recurrence after 21 months. A 78-year-old woman with carcinosarcoma underwent total cystectomy, but she died from increasing multiple lung metastases 4 months after surgery. The histopathological characteristics of both neoplasms are reported and discussed.     

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder: 3 case reports.

Three cases of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder are considered. The patients were 2 males, aged 68 and 81 years, and a 79-year-old female. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TUR-BT) and consecutive radical cystectomy were performed in all patients. Local progression of bladder tumors just after TUR-BT was recognized in the 2 younger patients, each of whom died due to recurrence after radical cystectomy. Because of the extremely aggressive malignant potential of sarcomatoid carcinomas, the indications for TUR-BT should be carefully assessed and suitable therapeutic strategies should be examined further.     

膀胱非上皮性肿瘤

目的：提高膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的诊治效果。方法：回顾性分析1990／2002年收治的11例膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的临床资料。结果：膀胱平滑肌瘤、血管瘤及副神经节瘤各1例,行膀胱部分切除,术后无复发;膀胱小细胞癌3例,其中1例仅作探查活检术,术后行髂内动脉插管化疗,于术后18月死亡;另外2例作膀胱部分切除术,分别于术后3月和7月死亡;膀胱横纹肉瘤2例,1例仅作根治性膀胱全切 原位回肠膀胱术,于术后6月死亡,另1例行膀胱部分切除术后失访;恶性副神经节瘤1例,行膀胱部分切除术后9年出现广泛转移;肉瘤样癌2例,1例仅作探查活检术,另1例仅作膀胱部分切除术,均于术后6月内死亡。结论：膀胱非上皮性肿瘤少见,良性肿瘤预后好;恶性肿瘤预后差,须行综合治疗,并作密切随访。     

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder: report of a case

A 77-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for a scheduled examination after transurethral resection of transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder. Tumor reccurence was found in the bladder by cystoscopic examination. Total cystectomy and unilateral cutaneous ureterostomy were performed. Histologically the tumor was composed of epithelial and sarcomatous elements. Therefore, we diagnosed this tumor as sarcomatoid carcinoma. The patient died of lung metastasis three months after operation. Autopsy findings showed lung metastasis and local reccurence which were composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements. About 64 cases of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder have been reported in the Japanese literature and are reviewed briefly here.     

A case report: small cell carcinoma transformed from transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

A 72-year-old man presented with gross hematuria. Cystoscopy showed a non-papillary tumor at the right side of the posterior wall. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) was performed. Pathologic findings demonstrated superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). However, recurrent tumors were detected at the same location after 69 months' follow up. TURBT was done for the biopsy and pathologic examination showed muscle-invasive TCC. After two courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (MVAC), we performed radical cystectomy with Hautmann's continent reservoir. Pathologic findings revealed small cell carcinoma without any TCC features. Immunohistochemical staining using chromogranin A and synaptophysin was positive in the latest TURBT and the radical cystectomy specimens. We report a case of primary small cell carcinoma transformed from TCC of the urinary bladder.     

Three cases of transitional cell carcinoma in bladder diverticulum treated by a bladder-preserving approach

Three cases of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in the urinary bladder diverticulum were encountered during a period of 12 years and bladder preserving treatments were performed. Case 1: A 78-year-old man was admitted with a chief complaint of hematuria. Papillary tumors in the diverticulum of the right bladder wall were revealed (TCC, G3, T3N0M0). Intraarterial infusion chemotherapy was performed and complete remission was achieved. When a recurrent bladder tumor appeared 22 months later, transurethral resection was performed and there was no evidence of recurrence for 50 months. Case 2: A 60-year-old man was admitted with a chief complaint of gross hematuria. Cystoscopic examination revealed papillary tumors in a bladder diverticulum near the ureteral left orifice. Transurethral resection revealed TCC G2 and carcinoma in situ. Partial cystectomy, including the bladder diverticulum, and vesicoureteral neostomy was performed. The histological stage of the tumor was pTis and the wall of diverticulum possessed a thin muscle layer histopathologically. Twenty two months later, recurrence in the left bladder wall developed and transurethral resection and bladder instillation therapy were performed. For 21 months he had no evidence of recurrence. Case 3: A 59-year-old man was admitted with a chief complaint of hematuria. A solid tumor in the diverticulum of the bladder left wall was revealed. After 4 courses of intraarterial infusion chemotherapy, 41% remission was achieved and partial cystectomy was performed. Histopathological diagnosis was TCC G3, pT3b, INF-alpha, v (-), ly (-), and no muscle layer was found in the diverticulum. There was no evidence of recurrence 16 months after operation. By using the combination therapy, bladder preserving treatment is possible in the cases of bladder cancer arising in the diverticulum.