腰大池引流与万古霉素鞘内疗法在颅脑外伤术后颅内感染治疗中的应用

目的探讨腰大池引流与鞘内注射万古霉素治疗颅脑外伤术后发生颅内感染的效果,给临床治疗提供理论参考。方法选取2013-06—2015-06在我院接受治疗的70例经颅脑外伤术后出现颅内感染的患者为研究对象,随机分成2组各35例,2组患者均鞘内注射万古霉素,观察组在鞘内注射万古霉素的同时应用腰大池引流,比较2组治疗效果。结果治疗前2组脑脊液白细胞计数、蛋白质浓度和葡萄糖浓度比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后对照组白细胞计数、蛋白质浓度和葡萄糖浓度分别为(14.59±3.42)×106 L-1、(0.95±0.69)g/L、(3.12±0.51)mmol/L,观察组分别为(5.89±1.56)×106 L-1、(0.46±0.22)g/L、(4.64±0.61)mmol/L,治疗后2组各项指标比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);2组颅内感染的病原菌种类一致,各病原菌所占比例差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组总有效率较对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论万古霉素鞘内注射联合应用腰大池引流能显著提高治疗颅脑外伤手术后颅内感染的治疗效果,有效改善脑脊液各项指标,值得临床推广。     

万古霉素鞘内注射联合腰大池持续外引流治疗颅内感染的效果

目的：探讨在进行规范的全身抗感染治疗的基础上,运用万古霉素鞘内注射联合腰大池持续外引流治疗颅内感染患者的效果。方法对我科2010年5月～2012年5月收治的25例颅内感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中男性14例,女性11例,年龄25～76岁,平均年龄52岁,均为颅脑术后继发颅内感染。结果25例患者中1周内治愈8例（32％）,2周内治愈16例（64％）,死亡1例（4％）。结论万古霉素鞘内注射联合腰大池持续外引流可以有效控制颅内感染。     

腰椎蛛网膜下腔联合侧脑室持续引流治疗重型颅脑损伤后颅内感染临床分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤术后并发颅内感染应用腰椎蛛网膜下腔联合侧脑室持续引流并注射药物治疗的临床价值。方法选取近年来我院收治的颅脑损伤合并颅内感染患者30例,根据治疗方法分为2组,对照组行间断腰穿鞘内药物注射,观察组行侧脑室联合腰椎蛛网膜下腔引流。结果观察组患者平均治疗时间相比对照组显著缩短,意识、颅内压、体温、脑脊液细胞计数、脑脊液WBC计数的恢复时间均相比对照组显著缩短。观察组临床预后结果较对照组更佳。结论腰椎蛛网膜下腔联合侧脑室持续引流并注射药物治疗重型颅脑损伤后颅内感染能有效降低致死率与致残率,提高预后效果,同时缩短恢复时间,具有较高的临床价值。     

腰池置管持续引流治疗脑脊液漏及颅内感染疗效观察

目的 观察分析使用腰大池置管持续引流治疗脑脊液漏与颅内感染患者的临床效果.方法 从我院2004-09-2012-09收治入院的脑脊液漏与颅内感染患者中抽取40例,随机分为观察组与对照组,在常规综合治疗基础上观察组实施腰大池置管持续引流与鞘内注药,对照组实施反复腰穿与鞘内注药,对比观察2组临床疗效.结果 观察组治疗总有效率明显高于对照组,临床症状缓解及感染控制时间均明显低于对照组,治疗5 d后颅内压明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 对脑脊液漏与颅内感染患者实施腰大池置管持续引流治疗,能够快速有效缓解患者临床症状、控制感染、降低颅内压,明显提高临床疗效,减少重残及致死率,具有进一步推广应用价值.     

迁延性脑脊液鼻漏伴颅内感染的诊治

目的探讨迁延性脑脊液鼻漏伴颅内感染的诊断和治疗方法。方法2008年2月～2010年1月收治迁延性脑脊液鼻漏伴颅内感染患者6例,高分辨率CT和CT脑池造影检查明确漏口位置,采用经蝶手术修补漏口,持续腰大池引流并鞘内注射头孢曲松钠＋万古霉素治疗。结果6例患者均治愈,随访6个月,无脑脊液鼻漏或颅内感染复发。结论采用高分辨率CT和CT脑池造影检查明确漏121位置,经蝶手术修补漏121,持续腰大池引流并鞘内注射头孢曲松钠＋万古霉素是治疗迁延性脑脊液鼻漏伴颅内感染的有效方法。     

腰大池置管引流术治疗颅脑手术后颅内感染28例临床分析

目的探讨腰大池置管引流术治疗颅脑手术后颅内感染的临床疗效。方法对28例颅脑手术后颅内感染患者采用腰大池置管持续引流,鞘内注入万古霉素,观察其效果。结果本组28例,治愈14例,好转6例,无效8例,有效率71.4%;脑脊液白细胞数明显下降,糖及氯化物明显升高,颅内压明显下降,治疗过程中未出现鞘内注药的不良反应。结论该方法能有效提高颅脑手术后颅内感染的治愈率,降低病死率。     

腰大池引流治疗术后颅内感染及脑脊液漏

目的探讨持续腰大池引流治疗术后颅内感染及脑脊液漏的疗效。方法回顾性分析2004年2月至2007年10月经持续腰大池脑脊液引流治疗的39例术后颅内感染及脑脊液漏患者的临床资料。这39例患者中，单纯脑脊液切口漏11例，脑脊液鼻漏9例，单纯颅内感染8例，脑脊液切口漏合并颅内感染11例。结果27例行腰大池持续外引流，12例经腰大池外引流并辅以鞘内注入敏感抗生素治疗，均取得满意疗效，无加重及脑疝等严重并发症发生，所有患者均痊愈出院。结论应用持续腰大池引流脑脊液加鞘内注药，配合全身应用敏感抗生素是治疗术后脑脊液漏及颅内感染一种安全、有效的方法。     

鞘内注射万古霉素治疗重型颅脑外伤开颅术后MRSA颅内感染的临床研究

目的探讨鞘内注射万古霉素治疗重型颅脑外伤开颅术后耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）颅内感染的临床效果及并发症。 方法回顾性分析济宁市第一人民医院重症医学科自2016年7月至2019年5月收治的27例重型颅脑外伤开颅术后MRSA颅内感染患者的病例资料，评价鞘内注射万古霉素的临床效果，并统计并发症。 结果大多数患者的临床表现较治疗前均有显著改善，其中痊愈11例，显效8例，进步6例，无效2例（1例因多脏器功能衰竭，1例因重症肺炎并急性呼吸窘迫综合征）。临床总有效率为92.59%，病死率为7.41%，细菌清除率为100%。所有患者治疗期间均未出现明显并发症。 结论腰大池通畅引流联合鞘内注射万古霉素能有效控制MRSA颅内感染，且无明显并发症。     

腰大池引流加鞘内注射治疗泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌颅内感染的临床疗效分析

目的探讨腰大池引流加鞘内注射治疗泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌颅内感染的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2018年4月—2019年12月本院神经外科收治的26例泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌颅内感染患者的临床资料,所有患者均接受腰大池引流及鞘内注射抗生素,观察并记录患者感染指标(体温、颈项强直征、血常规、脑脊液常规及生化、脑脊液细菌培养)变化情况,记录治疗方法并对治疗效果进行分析。结果 24例患者行单纯性腰大池引流,2例患者因腰大池引流管堵塞,重置腰大池引流管并联合侧脑室引流。23例患者在治疗10～34 d内治愈,治愈率为88.46%; 3例患者死亡,死亡率11.54%,死亡时间分别为感染确认后第4天、第7天、第12天。结论对泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌颅内感染患者应用腰大池引流加鞘内注射治疗是安全有效的,值得临床推广。如发生因脑脊液蛋白含量高导致腰大池引流管堵塞,可联合侧脑室引流并行腰大池-侧脑室方向替加环素溶液持续冲洗。     

持续腰大池引流治疗重型颅脑损伤术后颅内感染的临床疗效分析

目的探讨持续腰大池引流治疗重型颅脑损伤术后颅内感染的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我科收治39例重型颅脑损伤术后感染患者的临床资料,对预后进行单因素分析。结果术后6个月,预后良好29例,预后不良10例,,有效率为92.3%(36/39)。入院GCS,脑疝是重型颅脑损伤术后颅内感染患者预后不良的危险因素(P0.05)。结论持续腰大池引流治疗重型颅脑损伤术后颅内感染,可引流炎症物质并通过鞘内注射配合抗感染药物治疗,有助于改善患者的预后     

视频脑电图在小儿癫痫诊断中的应用

目的评价视频脑电图(video-EEG)在小儿癫诊断中的应用价值。方法对126例具有发作性症状的患儿进行连续8h的包括清醒、睡眠、诱发试验及必要的认知测验的视频脑电图监测。结果经发作期视频脑电图证实,39例初诊为癫性发作的患儿中14例(35%)为非癫性发作;15例其他症状发作中13例(86%)为非癫性发作。64例样放电患儿中51例(80%)确定发作类型,22例(34%)确定癫类型。视频脑电图可发现短暂轻微的癫发作及样放电引起的一过性认知损伤。结论视频脑电图在排除非癫性发作、确定癫性发作的类型、评价脑电-临床关系方面可提供准确可靠的证据,进一步提高癫的临床诊断水平。     

Neuroprotective properties of memantine in different in vitro and in vivo models of excitotoxicity

The pathogenesis of stroke, trauma and chronic degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been linked to excitotoxic processes due to inappropriate stimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R). Attempts to use potent competitive NMDA-R antagonists as neuroprotectants have shown serious side-effects in patients. As an alternative approach, we were interested in the anti-excitotoxic properties of memantine, a well-tolerated low affinity uncompetitive NMDA-R antagonist presently used as an anti-dementia agent. We explored in a series of models of increasing complexity, whether this voltage-dependent channel blocker had neuroprotective properties at clinically relevant concentrations. As expected, memantine protected neurons in organotypic hippocampal slices or dissociated cultures from direct NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. However, low concentrations of memantine were also effective in neuronal (cortical neurons and cerebellar granule cells) stress models dependent on endogenous glutamate stimulation and mitochondrial stress, i.e. exposure to hypoxia, the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) or a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Furthermore, memantine reduced lethality and brain damage in vivo in a model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Finally, we investigated functional rescue (neuronal capacity to migrate along radial glia) by memantine in cerebellar microexplant cultures exposed to the indirect excitotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Potent NMDA-R antagonists, such as (+)MK-801, are known to block neuronal migration in microexplant cultures. Interestingly, memantine significantly restored the number of neurons able to migrate out of the stressed microexplants. These findings suggest that inhibition of the NMDA-R by memantine is sufficient to block excitotoxicity, while still allowing some degree of signalling.     

Storage of lipofuscin in neurons in mucopolysaccharidosis

Summary A histochemical and ultrastructural study was made on the brain of a 23-year-old man with Sanfilippo's syndrome. In accordance with previous reports the cortical nerve cells contained a PAS-positive lipid storage substance. This showed intense autofluorescence in UV-light and was positive with various stains for lipofuscin. The storage material appeared ultrastructurally as inclusion bodies composed of short lamellated membranes, granular material, and vacuoles. In addition, concentrically and transversely lamellated membranous cytoplasmic bodies were observed in the nerve cells. It is concluded that the PAS-positive lipid storage material in the neurons was composed partly of lipofuscin in addition to other lipids presumably glycosphingolipids.Supported by a grant from the Expressen Prenatal Research Foundation     

脑电图预测痫性发作研究进展

癫痫(epilepsy)是由脑部神经元高度同步化异常放电所致的临床综合征,系神经系统的常见病,困扰着全世界约1%的人群.每次神经元的阵发性放电或短暂的脑功能异常称为痫性发作(seizures).     

Role of vincristine in the inhibition of angiogenesis in glioblastoma

Objective: Vincristine, a microtubule-destabilizing drug, was found to exhibit anti-angiogenic effects and anti-tumoral activity. However, the precise mechanism by which vincristine inhibits angiogenesis in glioblastomas is not well understood. Our aim was to investigate whether vincristine affects vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in glioblastoma cells and determine whether it is mediated by the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α).

Methods: We investigated the expression of HIF-1α in glioblastoma tissues resected from patients and in human glioblastoma cell lines using immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. In addition to an MTT assay assessing the effect of vincristine on cell proliferation and viability, the effects of vincristine on VEGF mRNA expression and HIF-1α protein were examined using real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis under 1% O₂ (hypoxia).

Results: HIF-1α was expressed in the majority of glioblastoma tissues and was detected mainly in the nucleus. Strong immunoreactivity for HIF- 1 α was found often in the hypercellular zones. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α protein levels in the glioblastoma cell lines increased, primarily localizing into the nucleus similar to glioblastoma tissues. Exposure of glioblastoma cells to vincristine resulted in enrichment of the G₂-M fraction of the cell cycle, which suggests that vincristine-mediated growth inhibition of glioblastoma is correlated with mitotic inhibition. Using doses lower than those found to reduce the viability and proliferation of cells by 50% (IC₅₀), vincristine decreased both the expression of VEGF mRNA and the level of HIF-1α protein in hypoxic glioblastoma cells. In addition, following exposure to vincristine, the expression of VEGF mRNA was correlated with HIF-1α protein levels.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that the mechanism by which vincristine elicits an anti-angiogenic effect in glioblastomas under hypoxic conditions might be mediated, in part, by HIF-1α inhibition.     

Midazolam in treatment of various types of seizures in children

Midazolam is a recently developed water-soluble benzodiazepine that shares anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, hypnotic and anticonvulsant actions with other members of this class. There are limited studies that midazolam can be used successfully to treat seizures in adults and children. In this study, 0.2 mg/kg intramuscular (IM) midazolam was administered to 11 children (eight boys and three girls), aged 3 days to 4 years (mean age 1.8±1.4 years), with seizures of various types. In all but one child, seizures stopped in 15 s–5 min after injection. No side effects were observed. These results suggest that IM administration of midazolam may be useful in a variety of seizures during childhood, especially in case of intravenous (IV) line problem.     

The Burden of Agoraphobia in Worsening Quality of Life in a Community Survey in Italy

ObjectiveCurrent nosology redefined agoraphobia as an autonomous diagnosis distinct from panic disorder. We investigated the lifetime prevalence of agoraphobia, its association with other mental disorders, and its impact on the health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). MethodsCommunity survey in 2,338 randomly selected adult subjects. Participants were interviewed with the Advanced Neuropsychiatric Tools and Assessment Schedule (ANTAS), administered by clinicians. The diagnoses were based on the ICD-10 criteria. The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) was used to quantify HR-QoL. ResultsIn the sample, 35 subjects met the criteria for agoraphobia (1.5%), with greater prevalence among women (2.0%) than men (0.9%): odds ratio (OR) 2.23; 95% CI: 1.0-5–2. Agoraphobia was more often seen among those with (n=26; 1.1%) than without (n=9; 0.4%) panic disorder: OR=8.3; 2.9–24.4. Co-morbidity with other mental disorders was substantial. The mean score of SF-12 in people with agoraphobia was 35.2±7.8, with similar levels of HR-QoL in people with (35.3±7.9) or without (34.8±7.3) panic disorder: ANOVA: F(1;33)=0.0; p=1.00. ConclusionOne out of seventy people may suffer from agoraphobia in their lifetime. The attributable burden in terms of HR-QoL is substantial and comparable to the one observed for chronic mental disorders such as major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder.     

Characteristics of nociceptors in the periodontium--an in vitro study in rats

Recent studies have indicated that nociceptors can be classified into various types according to their physiological properties. These studies have clarified that the frequency distribution of various nociceptor types is different among body sites and animal species. In the present study, we investigated the physiological properties of rat's periodontal nociceptors in an in vitro jaw-nerve preparation. Responses were recorded from functional single filaments in the inferior alveolar nerve. To determine the nociceptor type, calibrated von Frey filaments, heat, and bradykinin (BK) stimuli were used. We found five subtypes of nociceptors in the periodontal ligaments of the lower incisor: Adelta-high threshold mechanonociceptors (Adelta-HTM, n=28), Adelta-mechanoheat nociceptors (Adelta-MH, n=6), Adelta-polymodal nociceptors (Adelta-POLY, n=26), C-high threshold mechanonociceptors (C-HTM, n=3) and C-polymodal nociceptors (C-POLY, n=4). Most nociceptors were Adelta-innervated, while only a small number of C-innervated nociceptors were found. The present results suggest that periodontal nociceptors transmit mainly fast pain, and may thus play a role in rapid detection of injure-related stimuli during mastication.     

自噬参与帕金森病发病的研究进展

近年来,蛋白质的降解障碍被认为是帕金森病（Parkinson’Sdisease,PD）发病过程中的重要因素,人们已经公认泛素一蛋白酶体系统（ubiquitin--pro—teasomesystem,UPS）功能异常或衰竭能够导致细胞内异常蛋白蓄积、细胞功能障碍,甚至细胞凋亡。与此同时,蛋白降解的另一条途径——自噬-溶酶体途径（autophagy—lysosomepathway,ALP）也已成为了生命科学领域的研究热点,自噬与神经变性疾病,尤其是PD的关系日益受到人们的重视。     

Developmental effects of in vivo and in vitro inhibition of nitric oxide synthase in neurons

The diffusible chemical messenger nitric oxide (NO) is involved in neuronal plasticity and it is, therefore, supposed to play a role in brain development. A shortage of NO during the critical period of brain maturation may theoretically have long-lasting consequences on the organization of the adult brain. We have performed in neonatal rats a chronic inhibition of the enzyme responsible for NO production, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), from postnatal day 3 to postnatal day 23, through administration of the competitive antagonist N-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME). The calcium-dependent catalytic activity resulted almost completely inhibited throughout the period of treatment and it took more than 4 days after its suspension to get a full recovery. The expression of the neuronal isoform of the enzyme (nNOS), revealed by immunoblotting, was unchanged during the treatment and after it. The histochemical reaction for NADPH diaphorase was reduced at the end of the treatment and recovered in concomitance with the recovery of the catalytic NOS activity. No gross structural alterations were detected in brain morphology. The levels of three neurotransmitter-related and one astrocytic marker were unchanged in the cerebellum, hippocampus and cortex of 60-day-old rats which had been neonatally treated. A similar lack of significant effects on neurochemical brain maturation was also noticed in a parallel series of experiments, in which a short pulse of NOS inhibition was performed at a critical prenatal time of brain development, from gestational day 14 to gestational day 19. In vitro, chronic exposure of cerebellar granule cells to L-NAME (500 microM) resulted in slight decrease of surviving neurons after 8 days in culture and in better resistance to the challenge of stressful culture conditions. The present results suggest that the basic plan of brain organization can be achieved despite an almost complete NOS inhibition during the maturation period. In vitro, NOS inhibition may bring to more pronounced consequences on neuronal viability and function.