醒脑静注射液辅助静脉用丙戊酸钠治疗癫(癎)持续状态效果观察

目的:探讨醒脑静注射液配合丙戊酸钠治疗癫(癎)持续状态的疗效.方法:选择我院2013年8月～2016年1月收治的癫(癎)持续状态患者74例为研究对象,以随机数字表法分组,观察组37例,对照组37例,对照组单用丙戊酸钠治疗,观察组采取醒脑静注射液辅助静脉用丙戊酸钠治疗,对两组患者疗效进行观察.结果:观察组总有效率为92％,对照组为81％,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组起效时间及完全控制时间均较对照组短,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组复发率与不良反应发生率分别为8％和11％,对照组分别为11％和21％,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:醒脑静注射液辅助静脉用丙戊酸钠治疗癫(癎)持续状态效果显著,此两药具有相互协同作用,可快速起效,安全性高,利于远期预后.     

分析丙戊酸钠与苯妥英钠对癫痫全面性强直阵挛发作患者的疗效

目的：对比分析丙戊酸钠、苯妥英钠分别治疗癫痫全面性强直阵挛发作的临床疗效。方法根据纳入／排除标准共选取68例患者作为本次研究对象,并随机分为2组,观察组采用丙戊酸钠片治疗,对照组采用苯妥英钠片治疗;比较2组临床疗效及治疗期内各种不良反应。结果观察组总有效率82.9％,对照组为75.8％,2组比较差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）;观察组剂量相关性、慢性不良反应率依次为20.0％,8.6％,均较对照组明显降低（39.4％,24.2％）,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论在癫痫全面性强直阵挛发作的临床治疗方面,丙戊酸钠可取得与苯妥英钠类似的疗效,同时其各类不良反应均较轻微,值得临床推广使用。     

喹硫平联合丙戊酸钠治疗双相障碍躁狂的临床疗效及安全性分析

目的 探讨喹硫平联合丙戊酸钠治疗双相障碍躁狂的临床疗效及安全性分析.方法 将本院诊治的126例双相障碍躁狂患者随机分为对照组与观察组,对照组患者给予喹硫平单药治疗,观察组给予喹硫平联合丙戊酸钠口服治疗,疗程8周.采用Beck-Rafaelsen躁狂量表（BRMS）及阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评分来评估临床疗效,比较2组不良反应发生率.结果 治疗后4周及8周,观察组BRMS及PANSS评分均显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;治疗后8周观察组痊愈率及有效率均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;观察组与对照组不良反应发生率无显著差别（P〉0.05）.结论 与喹硫平单药治疗相比,喹硫平联合丙戊酸钠治疗双相障碍躁狂可显著提高临床疗效,且不增加不良反应.     

丙戊酸钠联合喹硫平对双相障碍躁狂发作患者的效果

目的 探讨双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者联合应用丙戊酸钠与喹硫平治疗的临床效果。方法 于2021年1月～2023年1月采集病例资料入档,对象为医院收治的双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者,共计纳入80例,纳入对象基于“随机数字表法”规范化分组,划分为对照组（予以丙戊酸钠治疗）与观察组（应用丙戊酸钠+喹硫平治疗）,各组均40例;观察对比两组临床疗效、阳性及阴性症状（PANSS）、躁狂评分、和不良反应发生率。结果 观察组治疗总有效率较对照组显著高（P<0.05）;治疗后,两组贝克-拉范森躁狂评定量表（BRMS）、呈不同程度降幅,且观察组降幅较对照组更大（P<0.05）;治疗后,两组PANSS评分均呈下降趋势,且观察组更低（P<0.05）;两组患者不良反应发生率无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论 双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者合用丙戊酸钠与喹硫平治疗,可取得确切疗效,且不良反应少,安全性好。     

西比灵保用丙戊酸钠治疗偏头痛20例疗效观察

目的：观察西比灵合用丙戊酸钠治疗偏头痛的疗效是否优于西比灵合用谷维素。方法：西比灵联合丙戊酸钠为观察组，西比灵联合谷维素为对照组，观察组西比灵5mg睡前口服，丙戊酸钠每次200mg，每日3次口服，30天为一疗程。结果：观察组总有效率为95％，对照组总有效率为60％，两组比较有显著差异，P＜0．01。结论：西比灵联合丙戊酸钠组治疗偏头痛疗效优于西比灵联合谷维素组。     

丙戊酸钠预防偏头痛发作60例疗效观察

目的 观察丙戊酸钠预防偏头痛的临床效果。方法 随机将120例偏头痛患者分为治疗组与对照组各60例,治疗组应用丙戊酸钠片400～1200mg/d,分2次口服;对照组用苯噻啶片1.5～4.5mg/d,分3次口服,治疗6个月后观察疗效。结果 治疗组显效率及总有效率明显高于对照组(61.7％比13.3％,88.3％比58.3％),有显著统计学意义(P<0.005,P<0.01)。结论 丙戊酸钠预防偏头痛发作疗效显著,值得临床应用。     

丙戊酸钠对精神分裂症攻击行为的辅助治疗作用

目的：观察丙戊酸钠合用利培酮治疗精神分裂症攻击行为的疗效与不良反应。方法：63例伴有攻击行为的精神分裂症住院患者分为丙戊酸钠合用利培酮组（研究组）32例和单用利培酮组（对照组）31例,治疗12周。应用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效及不良反应。结果：研究组PANSS评分（包括兴奋症状分及攻击因子分）改善明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）。研究组较对照组不良反应少且程度轻（P〈0.05）。结论：丙戊酸钠合并利培酮治疗精神分裂症攻击行为的疗效肯定,安全性与耐受性较好。     

妥泰和丙戊酸钠预防治疗小儿偏头痛对比分析

目的比较妥泰和丙戊酸钠对小儿偏头痛的预防治疗效果。方法将39例小儿偏头痛患儿分为妥泰组和丙戊酸钠组,疗程3个月,观察2组有效率和药物不良反应。结果妥泰和丙戊酸钠预防小儿偏头痛的有效率分别为85.0%和84.2%,二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);丙戊酸钠组和妥泰组分别有胃肠道症状和中枢神经系统症状等不良反应。结论妥泰和丙戊酸钠预防小儿偏头痛的疗效近似;丙戊酸钠可有呕吐、腹泻等胃肠道症状,而妥泰有头晕、嗜睡等中枢神经系统症状;可根据患儿情况选择使用。     

小剂量丙戊酸钠对利培酮疗效及血药浓度的影响

目的 观察小剂量丙戊酸钠对利培酮疗效、不良反应及血药浓度的影响.方法 将55例精神分裂症患者随机分为对照组（利培酮组）30例和研究组（利培酮＋丙戊酸钠组）25例.对照组单纯使用利培酮治疗,限定治疗剂量为4 mg;研究组同时联合丙戊酸钠片（400～600 mg/d）.分别于治疗前与治疗2周末、治疗4周末采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定疗效,采用不良反应量表（TESS）评定治疗中不良反应.于治疗2周末、4周末测定利培酮血药浓度.结果 2组利培酮血药浓度测定结果在治疗2周末、4周末比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.PANSS评分结果显示：在治疗2周末,研究组与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义（P=0.015）,而4周末的差异无统计学意义（P=0.740）.2组TESS评分结果比较差异无统计学意义.结论 联用小剂量丙戊酸钠不会增加利培酮血药浓度,疗效与血药浓度无明显相关,其不良反应未受影响.     

探讨咪达唑仑联合丙戊酸钠对癫痫持续状态的治疗效果及安全性

目的探讨咪达唑仑联合丙戊酸钠对癫痫持续状态的治疗效果及安全性。方法选择我院2013-08-2016-05收治的100例癫痫持续状态患者为研究对象,按照入院先后分为研究组和对照组各50例,对照组给予丙戊酸钠治疗,研究组给予咪达唑仑联合丙戊酸钠进行治疗,比较2组的疗效和不良反应情况。结果研究组和对照组的总有效率分别为94.00%和78.00%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组和对照组的不良发应发生率分别为16.00%和14.00%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论咪达唑仑与丙戊酸钠联合使用治疗癫痫持续状态具有明显的疗效,同时安全性较高,适合在临床推广应用。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.