综合护理在脑外伤患者急诊救治中的应用价值分析

目的探讨综合护理在颅脑外伤患者急诊救治中的应用价值。方法 167例急诊科收治的颅脑外伤患者,随机分为对照组(A组)及综合护理组(B组),其中A组予以急诊常规护理,B组在急诊常规护理的基础上再给予综合护理,如严密观察患者血压、脉搏、呼吸等生命体征以及意识、瞳孔等变化;保持呼吸道通畅;有效建立静脉通道以及转运过程中等护理,详细观察患者的病情变化、并发症发生情况及护理效果并进行比较。结果综合护理组的肺部感染及尿路感染发生人数明显少于对照组(P0.05);下肢深静脉血栓发生情况及死亡人数2组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);综合护理组临床疗效显著好于对照组(P0.05)。结论综合护理能有效降低颅脑外伤患者肺部感染以及尿路感染的发生率,显著提高临床疗效,值得临床在急诊救治颅脑外伤时推广应用。     

临床快捷护理路径在重型颅脑外伤患者中的应用价值

目的探讨临床快捷护理路径在重型颅脑外伤患者中的应用价值。方法选取我院收治的52例重型颅脑外伤患者,随机均分为对照组(常规护理)和观察组(临床快捷护理路径),比较2组患者抢救时间、抢救费用、住院时间、住院费用和并发症发生率的差异。结果观察组抢救时间、抢救费用和住院时间均显著少于对照组(P0.05);2组患者住院费用比较无显著差异(P0.05);观察组并发症发生率19.2%,显著低于对照组的53.8%(P0.05)。结论在重型颅脑外伤患者中应用临床快捷护理路径效果确切,可显著缩短抢救时间,降低并发症发生率,值得临床推广使用。     

标准化急救护理在急诊危重症患者抢救中的应用

目的探讨标准化急救护理在急诊危重症患者抢救中的应用方法及效果。方法随机选取我院急诊科2010年100例急诊危重患者为实验组,选取2009年100例急诊危重患者为对照组。实验组采用标准化急救护理实施救治;对照组采用常规的抢救程序对患者进行急救护理。比较2组患者抢救成功率、抢救时间及患者满意度。结果 2组患者抢救成功率比较无明显差异;但抢救时间、满意度实验组均明显优于对照组。结论实施标准化急救护理,对提高急救护理水平,改进及改善护理服务质量等方面具有重要的作用和意义。     

突发性脑出血的急诊救治分析

目的分析对突发性脑出血患者进行就诊救治的临床效果。方法选择2017-02―2018-11郑州大学第一附属医院急诊科收治的70例突发性脑出血患者,依据发病至急救时间分为A组(n=35)与B组(n=35),A组时间15 min,B组时间≥15 min,均接受急诊救治,观察统计脑出血量、MEWS评分、并发症发生率、病死率以及临床治疗优良率情况,并予以比较评价。结果 A组脑出血量以及MEWS评分、并发症发生率、病死率均显著优于B组(P0.05);A组与B组临床治疗优良率分别为94.29%、80.00%,A组显著优于B组(P0.05)。结论突发性脑出血在进行临床救治时需结合其实际病情进行准确的诊断及治疗,尽可能的争取时间,从而改善患者预后,提升治疗效果。     

魏氏喷射气管导管联合光棒用于脑立体定向手术患者全麻插管的效果

目的评价魏氏喷射气管导管(WEI JET)联合光棒用于脑立体定向手术患者全麻插管的有效性及安全性。方法选择拟在全身麻醉下行脑立体定向手术患者40例,采用随机数字表法分为两组(n=20):常规导管联合光棒组(A组)和魏氏喷射气管导管联合光棒组(B组)。观察并比较两组患者总体插管成功率、首次插管成功率、插管次数;同时记录插管时间以及插管期间最低SPO_2的发生情况;术后24 h内随访患者在气管插管拔管后咽喉痛、喉痉挛、胃胀气、气压伤等并发症的发生情况。结果与A组比较,B组患者首次插管成功率、插管期间最低SPO_2明显提高(P0.05);插管尝试次数明显降低(P0.05);插管时间明显延长(P0.05)。与A组比较,B组患者咽喉痛的发生率明显降低(P0.05)。结论魏氏喷射气管导管联合光棒用于脑立体定向手术患者不仅有助于改善插管期间氧合,降低插管相关并发症发生,更有利于提高气管插管的成功率。     

微创清除术在高血压脑出血患者中的急救效果探讨

目的研究高血压脑出血患者行微创清除术治疗的急救疗效。方法对2014-05—2016-05收治入院的高血压脑出血患者105例进行回顾性研究,分为对照组52例(传统内科治疗)和研究组53例(微创清除术),对比2组临床疗效,比较2组神经功能缺损评分、Glasgow昏迷评分、病死率及并发症和住院时间情况。结果研究组总有效率62.26%,高于对照组46.15%,且病死率低于对照组(5.67%vs 17.31%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组中、重型高血压脑出血患者治疗后神经功能缺损评分均显著降低,且治疗后低于对照组,中型高血压脑出血患者组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗72h后研究组中、重型高血压脑出血患者Glasgow昏迷评分均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);此外,治疗72h后病死率及并发症比较,研究组明显较对照组低,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);重型患者住院时间比较,研究组短于对照组(P0.05)。结论高血压脑出血患者采用微创清除术实施急诊救治,确切疗效,可明显提高救治率,值得临床推广。     

微创气管切开术在重型颅脑损伤救治中的应用

目的探讨微创气管切开术(Minitracheotomy,MT)在救治重型颅脑损伤患者的应用价值。方法选取我院收治的重型颅脑损伤伴呼吸障碍患者167例,随机分为2组,一组行微创气管切开术(MT),另一组行传统气管切开术(OT),对比2组手术一般情况及术后并发症。结果 MT组比OT组手术所需时间短,出血量小,切口微小,切口愈合时间短,差异统计学具有意义(P0.05)。MT组并发症发生率2.8%,OT组为14.0%,差异统计学具有意义(P0.05)。结论 MT具有手术时间短、术后并发症少等多种优点,在救治重型颅脑损伤患者过程中,可优先选用解决患者的呼吸障碍。     

院前骨髓腔输液及院内经皮气管切开术在重型颅脑损伤患者中应用

目的 探讨院前骨髓腔穿刺输液及院内经皮气管切开术在重型颅脑损伤患者中治疗效果。方法 选取郑州大学第二附属医院收治的76例重型颅脑损伤患者,其中院前骨髓腔穿刺输液及院内经皮气管切开术治疗组38例,院前骨髓腔穿刺输液及院内气管插管术治疗组38例,分析比较2组患者的肺部感染率、呼吸机使用时间、带管时间、EICU住院时间、抗生素使用时间、感染控制时间、病死率。结果 院前骨髓腔穿刺输液及院内经皮气管切开术治疗组患者的肺部感染率、呼吸机使用时间、带管时间、EICU住院时间、抗生素使用时间、感染控制时间均少于院前骨髓腔穿刺输液及院内气管插管术治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组患者病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 院前骨髓腔穿刺输液及院内经皮气管切开术在重型颅脑损伤患者治疗中效果较好,值得推广和应用。     

鼻插管及肺泡灌洗救治重型颅脑伤的临床意义

目的探讨鼻插管及纤支镜下肺泡灌洗救治重型颅脑伤呼吸障碍患者替代气管切开的可行性及临床意义。方法比较分析43例经鼻气管插管与55例气管切开的重型颅脑伤患者氧代谢情况、肺部并发症发生率情况,人工气道放置、住院日期长短及预后情况。结果经鼻气管插管与气管切开均能够满足呼吸障碍患者的基本氧代谢或施行机械通气的需要,二者问无明显差异P>0.05;经鼻插管组肺部感染及双重感染的并发症低于气管切开组.P<0.01,尤其在GCS≥6分患者中其差异更具显著性P<0.01,住院时间短.预后优于气管切开组P<0.01。结论对重型颅脑损伤合并呼吸障碍特别是GCS≤6～8分的患者可先考虑经鼻气管插管取代气管切开。     

院前急救联合院内急救对高血压脑出血患者预后的影响

目的探讨院前急救联合院内急救对高血压脑出血患者近期预后的影响。方法选取2012-04-2014-04于我院诊治的的高血压脑出血患者164例。其中观察组83例,对照组81例,观察组采取院前及院内急救治疗,对照组仅采取院内急救治疗,观察其干预效果,同时统计其并发症发生情况。结果观察组到达急诊科时间(t1)、急诊科室初步处理时间(t2)、发病后送达科室并得到确切治疗的总时间(t5)明显少于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),有效率为91.56%(76/83),高于对照组75.31%(61/81),差异具有统计学意义(χ2=7.878,P0.05);观察组生理功能、社会功能等各项评分均明显提高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);观察组并发症发生率较低,其坠积性肺炎、中枢性高热以及上消化道出血等均明显低于对照组(χ2=7.471、4.960、5.968、5.285,P0.05)。结论通过院前急救联合院内急救模式能够及时有效地挽救患者生命,改善患者预后,降低并发症的发生风险,提高其生活质量。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.