烫伤对大鼠下丘脑室旁核AVP阳性细胞的影响

本文用免疫组织化学PAP方法和计算机图像分析仪定量分析研究了烫伤对下丘脑室旁核精氨酸加压素(AVP)阳性细胞分泌的影响。大白鼠24只,均分成烫伤后立即及1、2、3、4小时组和对照组。结果表明:(1)烫伤后下丘脑室旁核AVP阳性反应物体积缩小。烫伤后立即及1、2小时三组与对照组相较,差异均有非常显著的意义,烫伤后3小时AVP阳性反应物体积渐回升,烫伤后4小时组与烫伤后立即及1.2小时组相较,差异均有显著的意义;但烫伤后4小时组仍未恢复到对照组的水平,两者的差异有显著的敢义。(2)烫伤后下丘脑室旁核AVP阳性细胞胞体阳性反应物体积缩小。     

不同高渗刺激对下丘脑视上核和室旁核神经元功能状态的影响

视上核和室旁核是下丘脑中两个与渗透压感受、加压素分泌以及水平衡调节密切相关的核团。为了搞清楚这两个核团在不同刺激条件下的激活状态和反应特性,本文采用慢性和急性渴觉刺激模型,免疫组化和ELISA检测相结合的方法对视上核和室旁核内的Fos表达以及血清加压素水平进行了测定。慢性刺激组动物给予2% NaCl盐水持续2d,而急性刺激组动物皮下直接注射2mol/L的NaCl盐水2.5ml,两组动物的进食保持正常。结果表明,这两种不同的刺激方式引发的Fos表达模式基本相似,视上核、室旁核、下丘脑外侧区以及正中视前区、穹窿下器和终板血管下器等区都检测到大量的Fos阳性胞核。但Fos染色的深浅程度和Fos胞核的数量却在两组之间有明显的差异:急性组胞核浓染,数量多;慢性组胞核淡染,数量少。ELISA检测的结果与此相反,急性组动物血清中加压素的水平很低,与对照组没有明显差异;而慢性组动物血清中的加压素水平很高,几乎是对照组的2倍。以上结果提示,下丘脑神经元的激活和分泌功能与刺激方式密切相关,选择单一刺激模式、单一指标来揭示和衡量其功能状态是缺乏说服力的。     

外源性雌激素对去势后大鼠下丘脑视上核一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元分布的影响

目的观察外源性雌激素对去势后雌性大鼠下丘脑视上核(SON)一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性神经元分布的影响。方法选用2～3月龄、健康未交配的雌性大鼠40只;动物分组如下:对照组大鼠20只,分为正常对照组(n=10)和实验对照组(卵巢切除术后,n=10)。实验组(即卵巢切除术后肌肉注射雌激素组)20只,造模成功后,分别于术后40d(即给药一个月)和术后70d(即给药两个月)陆续灌注取材。采用SABC法在光学显微镜下对下丘脑视上核内NOS阳性神经元进行形态学观察和细胞计数,采用图像分析系统测定NOS阳性神经元内免疫反应产物的平均灰度值。结果卵巢切除术后对照组大鼠下丘脑视上核NOS阳性神经元的密度明显增高,细胞比正常对照组有所增大(P0.05)。去势后补充雌激素1个月组的大鼠与正常对照组和卵巢切除组相比较,视上核内NOS阳性神经元的密度及形态均无明显改变(P0.05)。去势后补充雌激素两个月组与实验对照组相比较,无论NOS阳性神经元的密度还是阳性神经元胞体的大小均显著下降(P0.05),细胞着色变浅。结论外源性雌激素可能影响去势雌性大鼠下丘脑视上核NOS阳性神经元的分布和表达。     

血管活性物质与急性肾功能衰竭

急性肾功能衰竭时 ,血管活性物质异常释放可引起肾血流量的异常。本文对肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、内皮素、一氧化氮、心房肽、精氨酸加压素等血管活性物质在急性肾功能衰竭中的作用作一综述。     

外周免疫刺激诱导小鼠下丘脑室旁核和视上核中I型IL—1受体表达的变化

目的：通过研究外周免疫刺激后免疫性细胞因子受体在下丘脑神经内分泌核团中的表达变化，揭示这些核团与神经免疫调节的关系。方法：小鼠腹腔内给予细菌内毒素脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）或葡萄球菌肠毒素B（staphylococcal enterotoxin B,SEB)，用免疫组织化学方法观察脾脏核增殖抗体（PCNA）及下丘脑室旁核和视上核中I型IL－1受体的表达，并采用双标记技术观察I型IL－1受体阳性神经元和加压素及催产素表达的关系。结果：1．与对照组比较，LPS或SEB引起脾脏核增殖抗体的表达明显增强。2．I型IL－1受体在正常小鼠脑内的表达很广泛。与对照组比较，LPS或SEB引起I型IL－1受体在小鼠下丘脑室旁核和视上核中表达显著增强。3．在正常下丘脑室旁核和视上核中I型IL－1受体阳性的神经元既有加压素能的，又有催产素能的。结论：下丘脑室旁核和视上核参与了免疫反应的调节，这两个核团中的部分加压素能神经元和催产素能神经元在神经免疫调节中可能具有重要作用。     

川芎嗪对大鼠急性脊髓损伤模型NF-kB及I-kBα表达的影响

 【摘要】 目的：观察川芎嗪对大鼠急性脊髓损伤模型损伤段NF-kB及I-kBα表达的影响。方法：SD大鼠110只,随机分正常对照组、单纯脊髓损伤组和川芎嗪处理组。采用改良ALLEN氏打击法建立大鼠急性脊髓损伤模型。采用改良Rivlin斜板实验、BBB(Basso,Beattie,Bresnahan)及CBS（Combine Behavior Score）评分对大鼠脊髓功能进行行为学评分。在建模后1h、3h、6h、12h、1d、3d、5d、7d、14d和21d获取损伤段脊髓标本,HE染色观察其组织病理变化;免疫组织化学染色检测NF-kB及I-kBα表达。结果：随着时间推移,术后斜板临界度数和BBB评分值均逐渐升高,CBS评分值逐渐降低,且术后7、14和21d川芎嗪处理组斜板临界角度数均较单纯脊髓损伤组高（P＜0.05）,术后5、7、14和21d实验组BBB评分值均较单纯脊髓损伤组高（P＜0.05）,而术后5、7、14和21d,川芎嗪处理组CBS评分值均较对照组低（P＜0.05）。术后1、3、5和7d,川芎嗪处理组NF-kB阳性细胞表达数较单纯脊髓损伤组低（P＜0.05）,I-kBα阳性细胞表达数较单纯脊髓损伤组高（P＜0.05）。结论：川芎嗪能够促进大鼠急性继发性损伤后脊髓组织中I-kBα的表达,抑制NF-kB的表达,从而起到促进脊髓功能恢复的作用。     

孤束核参与室旁核加压素能神经元对大鼠胃缺血-再灌注损伤的调控作用

目的：探讨孤束核（NTS）在下丘脑室旁核（PVN）加压素能神经元对大鼠胃缺血-再灌注损伤（GI-RI）调控中的作用。方法：复制夹闭大鼠腹腔动脉30 min，松开动脉夹血流复灌1 h的GI-RI模型，观察核团内微量注射、电刺激、损毁等对其影响。结果：PVN内注射精氨酸加压素（AVP）能明显减轻GI-RI，且具有剂量-效应依赖关系（r=-0.477, P<0.05）；损毁双侧NTS或NTS内给予AVP受体阻断剂均能取消电刺激PVN对GI-RI的减轻作用；NTS内注射AVP的作用与PVN内注射AVP的效应相似。结论：NTS参与下丘脑室旁核加压素神经元对大鼠胃缺血-再灌注损伤的调控作用，并且是通过其中的AVP受体来实现的。     

睫状神经营养因子对颅脑伤大鼠下丘脑生长抑素mRNA及加压素表达的影响

目的：观察下丘脑生长抑素(SS)和精氨酸加压素(AVP)在睫状神经营养因子(CNTF)治疗颅脑伤时的变化。方法：建立颅脑伤模型并用CNTF进行治疗,采用SS原位杂交和AVP免疫组织化学双标法进行观察。结果：颅脑伤时,下丘脑室周核SS神经元数目减少,视上核SS与AVP共存的阳性神经元数目减少,经CNTF治疗均明显增多。结论：提示及时给予CNTF治疗颅脑伤,有利于神经元的恢复,进而促进SS与AVP的作用。     

去松果体对下丘脑——神经垂体系激素分泌的影响

目的；探讨松果体对下丘脑－神经垂体系血管加压素，催产素的合成和分泌影响，方法：选用成年雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠，分成正常对照组，假手术对照组和松果体摘除组，按作者改良的手术方法松果体摘除术，术后１，２，４，８周取神经垂体石蜡包埋连续切片，用免疫细胞化学ＳＰ法染色抗血管加压素，催产素和垂体后叶激素运载蛋白抗体，用计算机图像分析仪测定阳性纤维面积，并用放免疫法测血浆激素浓度，结果：松果摘除后神经垂体阳性神     

外周免疫刺激诱导小鼠下丘脑室旁核和视上核中Ⅰ型IL-1受体表达的变化

目的　通过研究外周免疫刺激后免疫性细胞因子受体在下丘脑神经内分泌核团中的表达变化 ,揭示这些核团与神经免疫调节的关系。　方法　小鼠腹腔内给予细菌内毒素脂多糖 (lipopolysaccharide ,LPS)或葡萄球菌肠毒素B(staphylococcalenterotoxinB ,SEB) ,用免疫组织化学方法观察脾脏核增殖抗体 (PCNA)及下丘脑室旁核和视上核中Ⅰ型IL 1受体的表达 ,并采用双标记技术观察Ⅰ型IL 1受体阳性神经元和加压素及催产素表达的关系。　结果　 1 与对照组比较 ,LPS或SEB引起脾脏核增殖抗体的表达明显增强。 2 Ⅰ型IL 1受体在正常小鼠脑内的表达很广泛。与对照组比较 ,LPS或SEB引起Ⅰ型IL 1受体在小鼠下丘脑室旁核和视上核中表达显著增强。 3 在正常下丘脑室旁核和视上核中Ⅰ型IL 1受体阳性的神经元既有加压素能的 ,又有催产素能的。　结论　下丘脑室旁核和视上核参与了免疫反应的调节 ,这两个核团中的部分加压素能神经元和催产素能神经元在神经免疫调节中可能具有重要作用     

内皮源性舒张因子在甘油致大鼠急性肾功能衰竭中的作用

为探讨内皮源性舒血管因子（ｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉｕｍ－ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄｒｅｌａｘｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒ，ＥＤＲＦ）在急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ）发生发展中的作用及其机制，在甘油致大鼠ＡＲＦ模型上，分别观察了ＮＯ前体Ｌ－ａｒｇｉｎｉｎｅ（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）和ＮＯ合成酶抑制剂Ｎ－ｎｉｔｒｏ－Ｌ－ａｒｇｉｎｉｎｅ（Ｌ－ＮＮＡ）的作用。实验结果表明：ＡＲＦ大鼠ＮＯ合成减少，Ｌ－Ａｒｇ能明显降低ＡＲＦ大鼠血清中的ＢＵＮ和Ｓｃｒ，尿中ＮＡＧ和肾皮质中的钙含量，而提高血清ＮＯ水平，增加肾组织ｃＧＭＰ含量，改善肾功能；Ｌ－ＮＮＡ则使ＡＲＦ恶化。提示：ＥＤＲＦ在甘油所致ＡＲＦ大鼠的发生发展中可能起重要的保护作用。     

细胞因子在骨髓间充质干细胞修复小鼠急性肾衰竭中的作用

目的： 观察细胞因子在骨髓间充质干细胞（MSC）修复小鼠急性肾衰竭（ARF）中的作用。方法：用顺铂皮下注射建立ARF小鼠模型。小鼠随机分为正常对照组（control组）、急性肾衰竭组（ARF组）和骨髓间充质干细胞组（MSC组）。MSC组在建立ARF模型后24 h经尾静脉输注小鼠MSC悬液。建模后第1、4、7、14、28 d分批处死各组小鼠。测定血尿素氮（BUN）和血肌酐（Scr）,观察肾组织病理变化,用RT-PCR和免疫组化方法检测肝细胞生长因子（HGF）、骨形态形成蛋白7（BMP-7）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-10（IL-10）mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果：顺铂注射4 d后,MSC组BUN、Scr值比ARF组明显降低（P＜0.01）,在第7和14 d,仍可见MSC组的BUN、 Scr水平低于ARF组（P＜0.01,P＜0.05）。MSC组小鼠肾小管损伤程度明显轻于ARF组。顺铂注射7 d后,MSC组肾组织中BMP-7、HGF、IL-10 mRNA和蛋白的表达均明显高于ARF组,而TNF-α mRNA和蛋白的表达则明显低于ARF组。结论：MSC可改善ARF小鼠肾功能,其机制可能与MSC促进肾脏局部生长因子分泌、减轻炎症反应有关。     

The single-prolonged stress paradigm alters both the morphology and stress response of magnocellular vasopressin neurons

Vasopressin (AVP) plays an important role in anxiety-related and social behaviors. Single-prolonged stress (SPS) has been established as an animal acute severe stress model and has been shown to induce a lower adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) response upon cortisol challenge. Here, we show results from immunoassays for AVP, ACTH, and corticosterone (CORT), and in situ hybridizations for AVP mRNA performed 7 days after SPS exposure. Immunofluorescence for AVP was also performed during the 7-day period following SPS exposure and after an additional forced swimming stress paradigm. We observed that the plasma concentrations of AVP, ACTH, and CORT were not altered by SPS; ACTH content in the pituitary and AVP mRNA expression in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were significantly reduced by SPS. During the 7-day period following SPS, the intensity of immunoreactivity, the size of the soma, and the immunoreactive optical density of the dendrites of AVP neurons in the SON all increased. An apparent reduction in the intensity of AVP immunoreactivity was observed in the SON at 4 h after additional stress. Additional forced swimming led to a rapid increase in the dendritic AVP content only in the controls and not in the SPS-treated rats. These findings suggest that AVP is a potential biomarker for past exposure to severe stress and that alterations in AVP may affect the development of pathogenesis in stress-related disorders.     

血栓通对急性肾衰兔血液流变性影响的研究

目的:探讨血栓通对甘油所致急性肾功能衰竭(Acuterenalfailure,ARF)家兔血液粘度及血小板聚集功能的影响。方法:将实验动物随机分为对照组、ARF组、血栓通组。检测各组不同时相血液流变学指标以及血小板聚集功能的变化。结果:ARF组兔出现高粘滞血症,表现为全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞刚性指数明显升高,血沉明显增快(P<0.01);血小板聚集功能明显增强(P<0.01)。血栓通组与ARF组比较,血液流变性指标明显改善,血小板聚集功能明显下降(P<0.01)。结论:血栓通能明显降低ARF兔血液粘度和血小板聚集功能,从而改善血液流变性和微循环功能。     

黑木耳粗提物在大鼠急性肾功能衰竭过程中的作用

 目的： 探讨黑木耳粗提物对大鼠腹腔注射顺铂诱发急性肾功能衰竭的作用及其可能机制。方法：将健康雄性Wistar大鼠32只随机分为对照组、模型组、黑木耳组及尿毒清组,每组8只。采用RT-PCR方法检测各组大鼠肾脏组织内皮素1（ET-1） mRNA的表达水平。同时测定血尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）的含量及血气指标。结果：模型组与尿毒清组中ET-1 mRNA的表达,BUN和Cr的含量均高于对照组和黑木耳组（P<0.05）,而黑木耳组中ET-1 mRNA的表达与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。血气分析也表明,黑木耳组发生了代偿性的酸碱平衡紊乱,且血K+浓度与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：黑木耳粗提物在急性肾功能衰竭过程中可能通过影响血管活性物质的合成与释放,调节体内电解质和酸碱的平衡而发挥保护作用。     

Comparison of renal damage by iodinated contrast or gadolinium in an acute renal failure rat model based on serum creatinine levels and apoptosis degree

This study was undertaken to compare renal damage, as determined by serum creatinine and degree of apoptosis, caused by iodinated contrast or gadolinium in an acute renal failure (ARF) rat model. Rats were divided into three groups; controls (n=3), a CT contrast medium group (n=9), and an MR contrast medium group (n=9). The CT and MR groups were further subdivided into three groups, namely, low, standard, and high dose subgroups. Renal function was evaluated by determining serum creatinine levels; before ARF, and 48 hr after ARF and contrast administration. Apoptosis was assayed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). No significant creatinine level differences were observed between the CT and MR groups (p=0.116). Degrees of apoptosis in the renal cortex and medulla were more severe in the CT contrast medium group than in the control or MR contrast medium group (p<0.05). The study shows that CT contrast medium did not aggravate renal function more so than MR contrast medium in this ARF rat model. However, apoptosis examination in the renal cortex and medulla indicated that CT contrast medium induced more severe apoptosis than MR contrast medium (p<0.05). We conclude that CT contrast medium can be used for renal imaging studies when subjects are well hydrated and preventive medication is administered.     

兔急性肾衰竭致心肌、胰腺损伤与中性粒细胞扣押

目的观察急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）家兔肾、心肌、胰腺髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性的变化,探讨中性粒细胞（PMN）扣押在兔ARF致心肌、胰腺损伤的作用机制。方法42只家兔均分为对照组、HgCl2组、甘油组。其中HgCl2组以皮下注射1％HgCl2（1．3ml／kg．bw）、甘油组以肌肉注射50％甘油（10ml／kg．bw）分别复制ARF模型,均分为12、24、48h三个亚组。在不同时间点,所有动物颈总动脉插管放血,测定反映肾功能的生化指标;并制备肾、心肌、胰腺组织匀浆,检测MPO的活性。结果两个ARF模型组的血清BUN、Cre水平均显著高于对照组。两个ARF模型组的肾、心肌、胰腺组织匀浆的MPO活性在多个时间点显著高于对照组。HgCl2组BUN、Cre分别与肾、心肌、胰腺组织匀浆的MPO活性正相关;甘油组BUN、Cre分别与肾、胰腺组织匀浆的MPO活性正相关。结论PMN扣押在ARF发病学中具有重要作用,且是ARF致心肌、胰腺损伤的机制之一。     

Up-regulation of galectin-3 in acute renal failure of the rat

Galectin-3, a multifunctional beta-galactoside-binding lectin, is known to participate in development, oncogenesis, cell-to-cell attachment, and inflammation. We studied to determine whether galectin-3 is associated with cell injury and regeneration in two types of acute renal failure (ARF), namely ischemic and toxic ARF. In ischemia/reperfusion renal injury in rats (bilateral renal pedicles clamped for 40 minutes), galectin-3 mRNA began to increase at 2 hours and extended by 6.2-fold at 48 hours (P: < 0.01 versus normal control rats), and then decreased by 28 days after injury. In addition, a significant negative correlation between galectin-3 mRNA expression and serum reciprocal creatinine was shown at 48 hours after injury (n = 13, r = -0.94, P: < 0.0001). In folic acid-induced ARF, galectin-3 mRNA was found to be up-regulated at 2 hours after injury and increased levels continued until at least 7 days post-injury. In immunohistochemistry, at 2 hours following reperfusion, galectin-3 began to develop in proximal convoluted tubules. From 6 hours up to 48 hours, galectin-3 was also found in proximal straight tubules, distal tubules, thick ascending limbs, and collecting ducts. In later stages of regeneration, galectin-3 expressions were found in macrophages. In conclusion, we demonstrated that galectin-3 expressions were markedly up-regulated in both ischemic and toxic types of ARF. Galectin-3 may play an important role in acute tubular injury and the following regeneration stage.     

急性肾衰竭家兔脾组织形态以及髓过氧化物酶和细胞膜泵活性的变化

目的:观察急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)家兔脾组织形态以及髓过氧化物酶(MPO)和细胞膜泵(ATPase)活性的变化,探讨脾在ARF免疫功能紊乱发病学中的作用。方法:42只家兔均分为对照组、HgCl2组、甘油组。其中HgCl2组以皮下注射1%HgCl2(1.3mL/kg)、甘油组以肌肉注射50%甘油(10mL/kg)分别复制ARF模型,均分为12h、24h、48h3个亚组。在不同时点,所有动物颈总动脉插管放血备检,测定血清反映肾功能的生化指标;制备脾组织切片,观察脾组织形态;并制备10%脾组织匀浆,检测MPO和ATPase活性。结果:模型组各时点的脾组织均有不同程度的淤血、脾小梁增多。HgCl2组与甘油组各时点的脾组织匀浆MPO活性均显著高于对照组,2组24h的MPO活性高于组内12h及48h;HgCl2组与甘油组在多个时点的Na+-K+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase、Mg2+-ATPase、Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase活性均显著低于对照组,且随时间延长,各ATPase有逐渐降低的趋势,除甘油组的Mg2+-ATPase外,各组48h的ATPase均低于12h。结论:家兔ARF发展过程中,脾脏有组织学损伤,且存在中性粒细胞扣押、细胞膜泵活性降低,这可能是脾作为免疫器官导致ARF免疫功能紊乱的原因之一。     

The effect of thyroxine on renal function in experimental acute renal insufficiency

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of exogenous thyroxine upon the kidney function in the experimental renal failure induced by the uranyl acetate application. Acute renal failure was induced by uranyl acetate in 32 rats, divided into 4 groups, each consisted of 8 rats. The group of untreated animals and the group of animals treated with thyroxine only were used as controls. Then glomerular filtration rate was determined in all the rats taken in the experiment. The comparison was made between the control or the group with acute renal failure without the thyroxine treatment and the groups treated with a single application of thyroxine before, simultaneously and after the uranyl acetate injection. An improvement of the glomerural filtration rate and a decrease of the blood nitrogen retention were obtained in rats with acute renal failure pretreated with thyroxine. Necrotic alterations of the kidney cortex were less marked in this group than in the group without thyroxine treatment. The improvements of the kidney function and morphology in acute renal failure suggest the possibility of the protective effect of thyroxine.