阿尔茨海默病与遗忘型轻度认知功能障碍患者的记忆损害

目的分析阿尔茨海默病(AD)及遗忘型轻度认知功能障碍(a MCI)患者的记忆损害。方法对25例AD患者和28例遗忘型轻度认知功能障碍患者和25例健康对照者进行多项神经心理学检查,包括简明精神状态量(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)、WMS-RC(韦氏记忆量表中文修订版)。结果 AD组MMSE、Mo CA总分明显低于a MCI组(P0.05),a MCI组MMSE、Mo CA评分明显低于正常对照组(P0.05);AD组与a MCI组及正常对照组相比,记忆商降低(P0.05)。除经历、定向外,各分测验分数降低;a MCI与对照组相比记忆商降低,短时记忆中(视觉再生、联想学习)分数明显降低,长时记忆和瞬间记忆无明显差异。结论 AD患者与a MCI患者均出现不同程度记忆损害,AD患者瞬时记忆、短时记忆、长时记忆损害明显,a MCI患者短时记忆出现损害,瞬时记忆、长时记忆无显著变化。     

南京军区离休老年人轻度认知功能损害的调查

目的 调查老年人轻度认知功能损害(MCI)的患病率,比较广义MCI和Petersen标准诊断遗忘型MCI(A-MCI)的异同.方法 选择南京军区年龄≥70岁的离休老干部586例,进行认知功能调查,将符合广义MCI的104例患者分为MCI组,将非MCI患者482例分为正常组.采用广义MCI和A-MCI进行神经心理检查,对2种诊断标准MCI患病率比较.结果 MCI组患者年龄较正常组高偏.与A-MCI 59例(10.07%)比较,广义MCI 104例(17.75%),惠病率升高;广义MCI中主观记忆障碍77例(74%),较A-MCI 59例(100%)低.结论 广义MCI较A-MCI诊断的患病率高,其包涵了更多类型的痴呆前期表现,有利于早期发现MCI及防治.     

轻度认知损害患者的神经心理学特征

目的探讨轻度认知损害(MCI)患者认知功能改变的特征。方法选择37例MCI患者为MCI组,同期选择40例年龄、性别等相匹配的志愿者为对照组,采用成套神经心理学测验评定两组被试者的认知功能。结果MCI组各项神经心理学测验成绩均较对照组差,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论MCI个体最主要的神经心理学特征为记忆障碍,涉及多种记忆类型的各项记忆加工过程,具有与早期阿尔茨海默病患者相似的特征。     

遗忘型轻度认知障碍记忆损害特征与中医证候的相关性

目的 探讨遗忘型轻度认知障碍( MCI)患者记忆损害特征与中医证候的关系.方法 114名病例来自于2009年5月至2010年1月成都市老年病医院住院病人.遗忘型MCI组45例,男26例,女19例;正常认知组31例,男22例,女9例.均自愿接受问卷调查及量表评估,结合病史资料及神经心理学评估结果最后作出诊断,并进行中医辨证分型.结果 ①MCI组的记忆、语言、定向、计算力等方面评分低下;MCI组指向记忆、联想学习、图像自由回忆、无意义图形再认评分及MQ均明显低于认知正常组.②MCI组中医证候比较,肾虚髓减型最多(42.22％),其次分别为痰浊阻窍型(24.44％),气滞血瘀型(22.22％).虚实夹杂型患者中医辨证积分明显高于虚证型患者.但虚实夹杂型患者临床记忆等值量表评分及MQ、MMSE成绩与虚证型患者比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 MCI记忆功能损害主要表现在记忆、语言、定向、计算力等方面.虚实夹杂型患者中医辨证积分明显高于虚证型患者,虚证型与虚实夹杂型MCI患者存在不同程度的记忆功能损害,但虚实夹杂型患者临床记忆等值量表评分及MQ、MMSE成绩与虚证型患者比较差异无显著性意义.其与中医证候的相关性可为MCI的辨证论治提供一定的理论依据.     

词语记忆量表在老年人认知功能损害中的应用

目的评估词语记忆量表在区分正常老年人、轻度认知功能损害(MCI)及轻度阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者中的应用。方法选择认知功能正常者108例(对照组),MCI患者105例(MCI组)及轻度AD患者57例(轻度AD组),进行简易智能状态检查量表及词语记忆量表检查,量表内容包括词语即刻回忆、延迟回忆、原词再认和新词再认,并分析各组的词语记忆得分及组间比较。结果与对照组比较,MCI组及轻度AD组的词语记忆量表各项得分均降低,且延迟回忆得分降低显著,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);3组间各项得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000),MCI组与轻度AD组比较,延迟回忆、原词再认和新词再认差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素分析对年龄和教育程度进行调整后,年龄影响第1次即刻回忆、第2次即刻回忆、延迟回忆;临床诊断影响词语记忆量表的各项得分,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论词语记忆量表中的延迟回忆及延迟再认有助于MCI的早期识别以及MCI与轻度AD的鉴别。     

轻度认知功能障碍研究进展

轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)是介于正常老化和痴呆之间的一种临床状态。根据认知领域损害的类型和数量将MCI分为4个亚型,即遗忘型;伴记忆障碍的多个领域型;无记忆障碍的单一领域型;无记忆障碍的多领域型。MCI可转化为阿尔茨海默病(AD)或其他痴呆、可停留在认知障碍阶段、有些患者认知可恢复正常。遗忘型MCI可能为AD的早期表现,而非遗忘型MCI更有可能发展为其他类型的痴呆如血管性痴呆、额颞叶痴呆或Lewy小体病性痴呆。多领域型MCI特别是伴记忆障碍的多领域型MCI其转化为AD的可能性最高,而单一领域型MCI(遗忘型和非遗忘型)常转化为正常认知状态。但目前对MCI的治疗或预防MCI向痴呆的转化尚无有效方法。许多方法正处在研究阶段,其效果有待进一步确认。     

遗忘型轻度认知损伤的记忆训练

轻度认知损伤(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)是介于正常老化与痴呆之间的过渡阶段,表现为与年龄和教育程度不相符的记忆损伤和认知功能下降,但尚未达到痴呆诊断标准[1].根据其记忆功能是否受损,MCI可分为遗忘型MCI(Amnestic MCI,aMCI)和非遗忘型MCI(Non-amnestic MCI nMCI)[2].每年高达12%～15%的aMCI患者可转化为常见的痴呆症即阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's Disease,AD)[1].由于aMCI患者的主要症状表现为情节记忆受损,认知干预的重点内容主要体现在记忆训练上,目的在于改善受损的记忆功能,促进患者日常功能独立性,从而达到预防和减缓AD发病的目的.目前有关aMCI的记忆训练涉及多种方法,且记忆训练效果的评价也不尽一致,本文拟对记忆训练方法进行归纳总结,同时对记忆训练的效果进行分析,在此基础上对今后的研究工作方向做出展望.     

首次发作晚发抑郁障碍患者认知功能特征

目的考查首次发作晚发抑郁障碍(LOD)患者的认知功能特征。方法 LOD患者26例(LOD组)、轻度认知损害(MCI)患者35例(MCI组)和健康体检者44例(对照组),采用认知功能筛检工具(CASI)评估总体认知功能,跨文化神经心理成套测验评估不同领域认知功能,老年抑郁量表-30项评估情绪状况。结果 LOD组和MCI组CASI总分明显低于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组比较,LOD组患者言语记忆和视觉记忆各测验评分、言语流畅性(1 min)和连线测验A评分、注意力和集中注意能力评分均明显降低(P0.05);而MCI组患者仅言语记忆相关测验评分(CASI短时记忆、物品即刻回忆、物品5 min延迟回忆、段落逻辑记忆)、言语流畅性测验评分明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论 LOD患者存在神经认知功能缺陷,且累及认知领域较MCI更广泛,推测与LOD额叶和颞叶功能受损有关。     

尼莫通治疗早期认知功能障碍患者的临床研究

目的探讨尼莫通治疗早期认知功能障碍患者的安全性和有效性。方法收集100例轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者,随机分为尼莫通治疗组(观察组)和常规治疗组(对照组),另选100例健康人为健康组。结果 MCI组患者各项记忆分及记忆商(MQ)与健康组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01);观察组用药后,MQ较用药前明显提高(P0.01),并高于对照组。结论尼莫通能显著提高MCI患者的认知功能。     

老年2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白与认知功能障碍的相关性

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)水平与认知功能的相关性。方法 80例老年2型糖尿病患者为观察组,80例非糖尿病患者为对照组,对比两组空腹血糖(FPG)、Hb A1c、中文版简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)评分、中文版蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MOCA)评分及轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)发生率;根据是否诊断为MCI将2型糖尿病患者分为MCI组与正常组,对比两组FPG、Hb A1c水平;以线性相关分析法分析2型糖尿病患者Hb A1c与MOCA评分、MMSE评分的相关性。结果观察组FPG、Hb A1c及MCI发生率均明显高于对照组,MOCA评分、MMSE评分明显低于对照组(P<0. 01)。MCI组FPG及Hb A1c水平均显著高于正常组(P<0. 05)。Hb A1c与MOCA及MMSE评分均呈显著负相关(P<0. 01)。结论老年2型糖尿病患者Hb A1c水平与患者自身的认知功能障碍密切相关,且患者的认知功能随着Hb A1c水平的增高而降低。     

血清睾酮对老年男性轻度认知损伤和轻度痴呆患者认知功能的影响

目的　探讨认知损伤的老年男性患者中血清睾酮水平与认知功能的关系。方法　对 15例轻度认知损伤(MCI组 )、17例轻度阿尔茨海默病 (AD组 )、7例轻度血管性痴呆 (VaD组 )患者进行详细的认知功能检查。应用放射免疫法检测血清睾酮浓度。应用多元线性回归分析各项认知功能成绩与血清睾酮的关系 ,对年龄和文化水平进行调整。结果　MCI组睾酮与结构性检查的成绩呈正相关。轻度AD组睾酮与词表学习 3、复杂图形回忆和延迟回忆、领悟力、词语流畅性均呈正相关。轻度VaD组睾酮与词表学习 1的成绩呈负相关。当轻度AD和轻度VaD合并后 ,睾酮与词表学习 3、复杂图形复制和回忆及延迟回忆、领悟力、词语流畅性、简易智力状态检查表、地点定向、符号数字呈正相关关系 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　血清睾酮水平与MCI和轻度痴呆患者的视空间技能有选择性关系 ,并可能与词语和图形记忆以及执行功能有关 ,这对于雄激素替代治疗痴呆的研究有重要意义。     

Conscious recollection and the human hippocampal formation: evidence from positron emission tomography.

We used positron emission tomography (PET) to examine the role of the hippocampal formation in implicit and explicit memory. Human volunteers studied a list of familiar words, and then they either provided the first word that came to mind in response to three-letter cues (implicit memory) or tried to recall studied words in response to the same cues (explicit memory). There was no evidence of hippocampal activation in association with implicit memory. However, priming effects on the implicit memory test were associated with decreased activity in extrastriate visual cortex. On the explicit memory test, subjects recalled many target words in one condition and recalled few words in a second condition, despite trying to remember them. Comparisons between the two conditions showed that blood-flow increases in the hippocampal formation are specifically associated with the conscious recollection of studied words, whereas blood-flow increases in frontal regions are associated with efforts to retrieve target words. Our results help to clarify some puzzles concerning the role of the hippocampal formation in human memory.     

Implicit and explicit measures of memory for perceptual information in young adults,healthy older adults,and patients with Alzheimer's disease

In this study, we examined how implicit and explicit memory for perceptual information (modality and voice) and lexical information varied across three subject groups: healthy young adults, healthy older adults, and age-matched older adults with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). These groups exhibited cross-modality (abstract) priming of the same magnitude. However, young adults produced greater modality- and voice-specific priming than the other two groups, whose performance was equivalent, suggesting that aging, but not DAT, reduced form-specific priming. Young adults demonstrated better recognition memory than healthy older adults, who in turn exhibited better recognition memory than older adults with DAT. In young adults, recognition memory was also sensitive to perceptual information. These findings indicate that aging can affect implicit memory for perceptual information, whereas DAT magnifies the effect of aging on explicit memory.     

Explicit contamination contributes to aging effects in episodic priming: behavioral and ERP evidence

We examined the impact of explicit contamination on age-related changes in episodic priming. We recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) from older and younger adults to primed and unprimed nouns tested in a recognition memory task. Results revealed that the magnitude of priming was greater in the younger adults. ERPs revealed a priming effect in the younger adults that was absent in older adults. Findings suggest that explicit contamination may account for the reported aging effect: Item memory was correlated with episodic priming and ERP priming in younger adults, but not older adults; item memory was associated with episodic priming after aging effects were controlled for; and the topographies of the young's priming and item memory effects were indistinguishable. Given the apparent vulnerability to contamination by explicit memory, we suggest caution when researchers use an episodic priming paradigm to assess aging effects in implicit memory.     

Memory for drug-related visual stimuli in young adult,cocaine-dependent polydrug users

Background and objectives: Implicit (unconscious) and explicit (conscious) memory associations with drugs have been examined primarily using verbal cues. However, drug seeking, drug use behaviors, and relapse in chronic cocaine and other drug users are frequently triggered by viewing substance-related visual cues in the environment. We thus examined implicit and explicit memory for drug picture cues to understand the relative extent to which conscious and unconscious memory facilitation of visual drug cues occurs during cocaine dependence. Methods: Memory for drug-related and neutral picture cues was assessed in 14 inpatient cocaine-dependent polydrug users and a comparison group of 21 young adults with limited drug experience (n?=?35). Participants completed picture cue exposure, free recall and recognition tasks to assess explicit memory, and a repetition priming task to assess implicit memory. Results: Drug cues, compared to neutral cues, were better explicitly recalled and implicitly primed, and especially so in the cocaine group. In contrast, neutral cues were better explicitly recognized, and especially in the control group. Conclusion: Certain forms of explicit and implicit memory for drug cues were enhanced in cocaine users compared to controls when memory was tested a short time following cue exposure. Enhanced unconscious memory processing of drug cues in chronic cocaine users may be a behavioral manifestation of heightened drug cue salience that supports drug seeking and taking. There may be value in expanding intervention techniques to utilize cocaine users’ implicit memory system.     

轻度认知功能损害患者静息状态脑默认活动网络的功能磁共振研究

目的 采用静息状态功能磁共振(fMRI)技术,探讨轻度认知功能损害(MCI)患者的脑默认活动网络(DMN)是否存在异常及其可能的神经机制.方法 对20名遗忘型MCI老年患者和25名正常老年人进行简易智能状态检查(MMSE)、听觉词语学习测验(AVLT)和静息状态脑功能成像.利用低频振幅(ALFF)算法,观察MCI患者相对于正常老年人ALFF增强及减弱的区域.结果 MMSE和AVLT测试结果显示MCI患者与正常老年人比较,记忆功能损害较明显,主要以情景记忆的短延迟回忆[(2.4±1.7)分与(6.6±1.4)分,t=3.70,P＜0.01]和长延迟回忆[(2.1±1.6)分与(6.7±1.5)分,t=4.16,P＜0.01]损害为主.静息状态fMRI结果显示与正常老年人比较,MCI患者与情景记忆密切相关的海马、海马旁回和侧颞叶皮层等脑区的ALFF减弱(t=2.58、2.43、1.75,均P＜0.01),颞顶交界和顶下小叶的ALFF增强(t=3.14、2.77,均P＜0.01).结论 MCI患者静息状态DMN与情景记忆密切相关的脑区结点活动强度存在异常,与正常老年人比较,大多活动减低,但是部分区域活动增强,提示MCI患者脑内可能存在代偿机制.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the activity and its possible neural mechanism of brain default mode network by using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods The 20 amnestic MCI patients and 25 healthy controls were included in this study, and all subjects underwent mini-mental state examination (MMSE), auditory verbal learning test (AVLT) and fMRI. The data were analyzed by amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF), and the enhanced and weakened regions of ALFF were observed and compared in both MCI patients and healthy controls. Results MMSE and AVLT tests showed that the memory function was seriously impaired in MCI patients compared with healthy controls, which is based on the short and long delayed episodic memory impairment (2.4±1.7 vs. 6.6±1.4, t=3.70, P＜0.01; 2.1±1.6 vs. 6.7±1.5, t=4.16, P＜0.01). The resting state fMRI showed that MCI patients had significant decreases of ALFF in hippocampal formation, parahippocampal cortex and lateral temporal cortex as compared with health controls (t=2.58, 2.43 and 1.75, all P＜0.01), which were closely relevant to the episodic memory. And they had significant increases in temporal-parietal joint and inferior parietal lobule (t=3.14 and 2.77, both P＜0.01). Conclusions MCI patients show significant decreased active intensity of some DMN nodes that is related to episodic memory in resting state. Increased active intensity in MCI patients would be some type of compensation.     

重复经颅磁刺激对轻度认知功能障碍患者记忆功能改善作用的研究

目的研究重复经颅磁刺激对轻度认知功能障碍患者记忆功能的改善及延缓记忆减退进程的作用。方法选择轻度认知功能障碍患者25例,随机分为磁刺激治疗组(治疗组)12例和对照组13例,分别于治疗前和治疗5个月后进行记忆测试和脑电图检查,比较记忆商及脑电功率的改变。结果与对照组比较,治疗组患者治疗后记忆商、指向记忆、联想学习、人像特点回忆评分明显升高(P<0.05);δ频带F_(P1)、F_(P2)、F_3、P_3、T_5导联、θ频带F_4、O_2、F_7、T_4导联相对功率比明显降低(P<0.05),α频带C_3、T_5导联、β频带T_3导联、γ频带F_3、C_4、F_7、F_8、T_3、T_4导联相对功率比明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),F_3、F_4、O_1、O_2、F_7、T_4、T_5、T6导联α/θ功率比明显升高(P<0.05)。结论重复经颅磁刺激能够改善轻度认知功能障碍患者的记忆功能及脑电功率分布,且在一定程度上延缓脑波慢化和记忆减退。     

Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions

This article presents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2001 RSA Meeting in Montreal, Canada organized by Reinout W. Wiers and Alan W. Stacy. The purpose of the symposium was to present recent applications of implicit cognitive processing theory to alcohol research. Basic cognitive research has demonstrated that implicit cognition influences memory and behavior without explicit recall or introspection. The presentations from this symposium show that implicit cognition approaches yield new insights into understanding drinking motivation. The presentations were: (1) An introduction by Alan W. Stacy; (2) Implicit cognition and alcohol use. Involvement of other variables? (Susan L. Ames); (3) Alcohol expectancies and the art of implicit priming (Jane A. Noll); (4) Parental alcoholism and the effects of alcohol on semantic priming (Michael A. Sayette); (5) Implicit arousal and explicit liking of alcohol in heavy drinkers (Reinout W. Wiers); and (6) Negative affective cues and associative cognition in problem drinkers (Martin Zack). Comments were provided by the discussant Marvin Krank. The presented studies demonstrated that: (1) implicit memories of alcohol associations are powerful predictors and cross‐sectional correlates of alcohol use; (2) implicit retrieval processes influence alcohol outcome expectancies and alcohol consumption; (3) alcohol consumption influences implicit memory processing; (4) heavy drinkers reveal different affective responses in implicit and explicit tasks; and (5) negative affect exerts an implicit priming effect for alcohol associations in problem drinkers. These findings illustrate the importance of implicit cognition in understanding alcohol abuse and demonstrate the potential of the theoretical framework for more widespread application across a variety of areas of alcohol research, including diagnostics for the risk of alcohol abuse, treatment, and prevention.     

Redefining implicit and explicit memory: the functional neuroanatomy of priming, remembering, and control of retrieval

We used event-related functional MRI to study awareness of prior episodes during memory retrieval and its relationship to the intention to retrieve memories. Participants completed cues with words from a prior list (intentional test) or with the first words that came to mind (incidental test). During both tests, explicit memory was separated from priming in the absence of explicit memory. Priming was associated with hemodynamic decreases in left fusiform gyrus and bilateral frontal and occipital brain regions; explicit memory was associated with bilateral parietal and temporal and left frontal increases. Retrieval intention did not change these patterns but was associated with activity in right prefrontal cortex. Our results provide firm evidence that implicit and explicit memory have distinct functional neuroanatomies, and that strategic control of retrieval engages brain structures distinct from those involved in both implicit and explicit memory. They have critical implications for theories of memory and consciousness, which often equate consciousness with control.