双钢板联合自体植骨治疗股骨干骨折术后骨不连

目的探讨双钢板联合自体植骨治疗股骨干骨折术后骨不连的临床疗效。方法 2010年3月至2014年5月运用双钢板联合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折术后骨不连患者19例,男14例,女5例;年龄24~66岁,平均40.9岁;初次损伤闭合性骨折12例,开放性骨折7例;初次治疗髓内固定5例,外固定架固定4例,钢板固定10例,其中1髓内针锁钉断裂,2例钢板折断。按Judet分类法分型,肥大型7例,萎缩型12例;骨不连病程随访时间6~41个月,平均16.4个月。结果 19例均获得随访16~38个月,平均20.5个月,术后骨折在4~8个月内全部愈合,平均愈合时间5.3个月,均无感染及内固定断裂松动。结论双钢板联合自体植骨治疗股骨干骨折术后骨不连疗效满意。     

增加钢板与更换髓内钉治疗股骨髓内钉失败骨不连的比较

[目的]比较增加钢板与更换髓内钉治疗非感染性股骨髓内钉失败肥大型骨不连的临床疗效。[方法]2012年1月～2016年12月,本科手术治疗40例非感染性股骨干骨折髓内钉失败肥大型骨不连患者。其中,10例采用保留原有股骨髓内钉,增加钢板固定,但不行自体髂骨植骨(单纯钢板组);13例采用保留髓内钉,增加钢板固定结合自体髂骨植骨(钢板植骨组);17例采用更换髓内钉结合自体髂骨植骨(换钉植骨组)。对比三组患者的术中出血量、手术时间、术后引流量、并发症、骨不连愈合时间和愈合率。[结果]术中出血量、手术时间和术后引流量依次为单纯钢板组钢板植骨组换钉植骨组,三组间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。除单纯钢板组1例患者失访外,所有患者获得12～60个月的随访,平均随访(25.22±6.25)个月。钢板植骨组骨折愈合最快,单纯钢板组次之,换钉植骨组骨折愈合最慢,钢板植骨组显著优于其他两组(P0.05)。术后9个月单纯钢板组和钢板植骨组的患者均达到骨性愈合,而换钉植骨组有1例再次行增加钢板固定术,半年后骨折愈合。[结论]相比之下,保留髓内钉增加钢板固定联合自体髂骨植骨是治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉失败肥大型骨不连的最佳手术方式。     

锁定钢板联合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨不连13例

目的观察13例股骨干骨不连患者采用自体髂骨块联合锁定钢板双固定治疗后的临床疗效。方法 13例股骨干骨不连患者均采取自体髂骨取骨,联合锁定钢板采用双固定骨折端方法进行治疗。结果 13例患者随访时间12~26个月,平均18个月。骨折均获骨性愈合,1例患者伤口延迟愈合,经换药后愈合,无一例发生切口皮肤坏死、深部感染、内固定松动或断裂,无成角畸形。根据HSS膝关节评分为88~97分,平均93分,Rasmussen膝关节功能评分法进行综合评分:优10例,良2例,可1例,差0例。结论符合文献报道:自体髂骨块联合锁定钢板双固定治疗股骨干骨不连临床疗效确切,是一种经济、有效的治疗方法。     

附加锁定钢板固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后骨折不愈合疗效观察

目的 观察附加锁定钢板固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后骨折不愈合的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2018-01—2022-12诊治的85例股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后骨折不愈合,观察组42例采用附加锁定钢板固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗,对照组43例更换髓内钉固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗。比较两组骨折愈合时间、术后并发症发生率,以及术后1个月、3个月、6个月膝关节功能HSS评分。结果 85例均获得随访,随访时间6～24个月,平均15个月。观察组术后出现1例（2.4%）感染,对症治疗后痊愈,未出现内固定物松动断裂、骨折不愈合、骨折畸形愈合。对照组术后出现8例（18.6%）并发症,其中2例感染（对症治疗后痊愈）,2例内固定物松动（未影响骨折愈合）,3例骨折不愈合（再次手术治疗）,1例骨折畸形愈合。观察组术后并发症发生率明显低于对照组,骨折愈合时间较对照组短,术后1个月、3个月、6个月膝关节功能HSS评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 附加锁定钢板固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后骨折不愈合可以取得满意的疗效,相较于更换髓内钉内固定治疗,骨折愈合更...     

锁定加压接骨板内固定结合自体髂骨植骨治疗肱骨干骨折术后骨不连

目的 探讨锁定加压接骨板内固定结合自体髂骨植骨治疗肱骨干骨折术后骨不连的手术技巧与临床疗效. 方法 回顾性分析2006年3月至2008年6月收治且获得随访的26例肱骨干骨折术后骨不连患者资料,男19例,女7例;平均年龄为46 7岁(19 ～63岁).骨不连类型:肥大型17例,萎缩型7例,假关节型2例.患者本次手术与上次手术的时间间隔平均为9.3个月(9.1～9.6个月).22例内固定治疗的患者行原内固定物取出、切开复位、自体髂骨植骨锁定加压接骨板内固定术,4例带外固定支架患者先去除外固定支架,行石膏固定1个月后再行切开复位、自体髂骨植骨锁定加压接骨板内固定术.术后肩关节及肘关节功能评估分别采用Constant肩关节评分和Mayo肘关节评分.结果 26例患者术后获平均25.6个月(25～33个月)随访.25例患者术后骨折获愈合,平均愈合时间为5 2个月(4 ～9个月);1例因术后伤口感染致骨折不愈合,经抗感染治疗5个月后骨折获愈合.2例发生桡神经不全损伤.Constant肩关节评分平均为(79.1±0.1)分,Mayo肘关节评分平均为(85 7±0 8)分.结论 锁定加压接骨板内固定结合自体髂骨植骨治疗肱骨干骨折术后骨不连的关键是尽量彻底清理骨折断端、加压、充分有效的自体髂骨植骨.该方法可以极大地提高骨折愈合率,减少并发症的发生,且能获得较好的肩、肘功能.     

锁定钢板内固定联合植骨治疗股骨骨不连或伴骨缺损

目的 探讨锁定钢板内固定联合植骨治疗股骨骨不连或伴骨缺损的疗效。方法 2005年6月至2010年6月应用锁定钢板治疗80例股骨骨折术后骨不连或伴骨缺损的患者,男60例,女20例;年龄8～68岁,平均38.2岁。骨不连部位：股骨近端16例,股骨远端40例,股骨干24例。骨不连原因：内固定失效60例,外固定失败5例,感染15例。骨不连病理分型：非感染性骨不连65例,其中肥大型15例,营养不良型10例,萎缩型40例（其中20例伴有骨缺损）;感染性骨不连15例。骨不连病程6～150个月,平均16.5个月。58例患者使用微创内固定系统钢板固定,22例患者使用锁定加压钢板固定。所有患者均进行植骨,其中自体髂骨移植35例,局部滑行加骨痂植骨10例,自体植骨结合同种异体松质骨移植8例,同种异体松质骨结合人工骨移植7例,吻合血管游离腓骨移植20例。结果 所有患者术后获6 ～ 36个月（平均13.8个月）随访。骨不连均在4～8个月（平均5.3个月）牢固愈合。无切口感染、内置物断裂及松动等并发症发生。16例股骨近端骨不连患者采用Sanders 创伤后髋关节评分标准评定疗效：优10例,良5例,差1例,优良率为93.8％。40例股骨远端骨不连患者采用美国膝关节协会评分系统( KSS)评定疗效：优25例,良12例,差3例,优良率为92.5％。24例股骨干骨不连患者采用Sanders创伤后髋关节评分标准和KSS评定疗效：优21例,良2例,差1例,优良率为95.8％。结论 锁定钢板内固定辅以植骨能明显促进骨愈合,是治疗股骨骨不连或伴骨缺损的有效方法之。     

带蒂骨痂植骨交锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨硬化型骨不连

[目的]观察交锁髓内钉内固定、带蒂骨痂和自体髂骨植骨术治疗胫骨硬化型骨不连的临床疗效.[方法]本组胫骨硬化型骨不连12例,男8例,女4例;年龄26～64岁,平均45岁,全部采用开放置入交锁髓内钉内固定、带蒂骨痂和自体髂骨植骨术治疗.[结果]经12～72个月,平均48个月的随访,所有病例均于4～6个月内获得骨性愈合.[结论]交锁髓内钉内固定、带蒂骨痂和自体髂骨植骨术治疗胫骨硬化型骨不连具有：（1）合理的生物力学设计;（2）抗骨折旋转及短缩功能;（3）对局部血运破坏小;（4）带蒂骨痂植骨的＂架桥＂作用和自体髂骨植骨的成骨作用促进骨愈合,值得推荐使用.     

附加锁定接骨板结合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连

目的探讨附加锁定接骨板结合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连的临床疗效。方法对10例股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连采用附加锁定接骨板结合自体髂骨植骨治疗。结果10例术后均获得平均12（8-18）个月随访。骨折均获愈合,愈合时间平均5．2（4～6）个月,膝关节屈伸功能恢复良好。结论附加锁定接骨板结合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连创伤小、操作简单、骨折愈合快、功能恢复好,是一种理想的治疗方法,临床上值得推广。     

四肢非感染性管状骨术后骨不连的再次手术治疗体会

目的 探讨四肢非感染性管状骨内固定术后骨不连再次手术治疗的疗效. 方法 对2009年7月至2011年10月收治的57例四肢非感染性管状骨术后骨不连患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,男43例,女14例;年龄16 ～ 70岁,平均41.5岁;骨不连类型:肥大性23例,萎缩性34例.骨不连病程9 ～ 72个月,平均16.4个月.采用单纯更换髓内钉治疗18例,更换钢板加植骨治疗24例,单纯自体髂骨植骨治疗15例.结果 所有患者术后获6 ～ 22个月(平均12.8个月)随访.其中56例患者获得骨折愈合,愈合时间5 ～ 16个月,平均8.8个月.1例植骨治疗后8个月钢板发生断裂,经再次植骨及更换内固定治疗,11个月后骨折获愈合. 结论 根据患者的具体情况选择个体化的手术方式,同时辅以正确的术后康复指导,四肢管状骨骨不连再次手术可以取得较好的疗效.     

胫骨骨折术后骨不连30例原因与疗效分析

目的分析胫骨骨折术后骨不连发生的原因与治疗效果。方法自1989年1月～2003年12月共收治胫骨骨折术后骨不连30例，其中22例采用有限接触钢板内固定 自体髂骨植骨术，4例采用外固定支架固定，4例采用带锁髓内钉内固定 植骨固定。结果术后平均随访14个月(8月～3年)，未发生骨髓炎等并发症。经X线片检查，骨折均骨性愈合，其中6～12月愈合17例，12～18个月愈合11例，大于18个月愈合2例。结论骨折区段的血供、内固定材料、操作技术三大综合因素是造成骨不连的主要原因。自体髂骨植骨加可靠内固定是治疗的重要方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.