Remifentanil versus fentanyl compared in a target-controlled infusion of propofol anesthesia: quality of anesthesia and recovery profile

Purpose  

The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical properties of fentanyl versus remifentanil in a target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol anesthesia regimen with bispectral index (BIS) monitoring.     

腹部手术患者吸入七氟醚与异氟醚麻醉恢复的比较

目的比较腹部手术患者吸入七氟醚与异氟醚麻醉恢复的情况。方法全麻下行开腹手术患者40例,随机分为2组（n=20）：七氟醚组（S组）及异氟醚组（Ⅰ组）。麻醉诱导后行气管插管,机械通气。诱导后吸入纯氧,氧流量2 L/min,30min后调整为1 L/min。手术开始前,调整吸入麻醉药的呼气末浓度为1.0 MAC。麻醉维持：吸入七氟醚或异氟醚,间断静脉注射罗库溴铵和芬太尼,维持血压和心率波动幅度不超过基础值30%。缝皮结束时,停止吸入七氟醚或异氟醚,纯氧流量调整为5 L/min。记录睁眼时间（停止吸入麻醉药到睁眼的时间）、拔除气管导管时间（停止吸入麻醉药到拔除气管导管的时间）、Aldrete评分达到9分时间（从停止吸入麻醉药计时）及麻醉后恢复室（PACU）停留时间。记录吸入麻醉药用量。结果与Ⅰ组比较,S组睁眼时间、拔除气管导管时间、Aldrete评分达到9分时间及PACU停留时间缩短（P〈0.05）,吸入麻醉药的总用量和单位时间用量差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论与异氟醚比较,吸入七氟醚患者麻醉恢复较快,且麻醉恢复质量较好。     

Comparison of recovery profile after ambulatory anesthesia with propofol, isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane: a systematic review

In this systematic review we focused on postoperative recovery and complications using four different anesthetic techniques. The database MEDLINE was searched via PubMed (1966 to June 2002) using the search words "anesthesia" and with ambulatory surgical procedures limited to randomized controlled trials in adults (>19 yr), in the English language, and in humans. A second search strategy was used combining two of the words "propofol," "isoflurane," "sevoflurane," or "desflurane". Screening and data extraction produced 58 articles that were included in the final meta-analysis. No differences were found between propofol and isoflurane in early recovery. However, early recovery was faster with desflurane compared with propofol and isoflurane and with sevoflurane compared with isoflurane. A minor difference was found in home readiness between sevoflurane and isoflurane (5 min) but not among the other anesthetics. Nausea, vomiting, headache, and postdischarge nausea and vomiting incidence were in favor of propofol compared with isoflurane (P < 0.05). A larger number of patients in the inhaled anesthesia groups required antiemetics compared with the propofol group. We conclude that the differences in early recovery times among the different anesthetics were small and in favor of the inhaled anesthetics. The incidence of side effects, specifically postoperative nausea and vomiting, was less frequent with propofol. IMPLICATIONS: A systematic analysis of the literature comparing postoperative recovery after propofol, isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane-based anesthesia in adults demonstrated that early recovery was faster in the desflurane and sevoflurane groups. The incidence of nausea and vomiting were less frequent with propofol.     

Time to tracheal extubation after coronary artery surgery with isoflurane, sevoflurane, or target-controlled propofol anesthesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial

OBJECTIVES: To determine if anesthesia with sevoflurane or target-controlled propofol reduced the time to tracheal extubation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery compared with isoflurane anesthesia. DESIGN: A 3-arm (isoflurane, sevoflurane, or propofol), randomized, controlled trial with patients and intensive care staff blinded to the drug allocation. SETTING: A single, tertiary referral hospital affiliated with the University of Melbourne. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred sixty elective coronary artery surgery patients. INTERVENTIONS: Patients received either isoflurane (control group, 0.5%-2% end-tidal concentration), sevoflurane (1%-4% end-tidal concentration), or target-controlled infusion of propofol (1-8 microg/mL plasma target concentration) as part of a balanced, standardized anesthetic technique including 15 microg/kg of fentanyl. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome was time to tracheal extubation. The median time to tracheal extubation for the propofol group was 10.25 hours (interquartile range [IQR] 8.08-12.75), the sevoflurane group 9.17 hours (IQR 6.25-11.25), and the isoflurane group 7.67 hours (IQR 6.25-9.42). Intraoperatively, the propofol group required less vasopressor (p = 0.002) and more vasodilator therapy (nitroglycerin p = 0.01, nitroprusside p = 0.002). There was no difference among the groups in time to intensive care unit discharge. CONCLUSIONS: The median time to tracheal extubation was significantly longer for the target-controlled propofol group. A significantly greater number in this group required the use of a vasodilator to control intraoperative hypertension.     

两种麻醉方法用于老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术维持期间血流动力学的变化

目的观察丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼、七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼两种麻醉方法用于老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术维持期间血流动力学指标的变化。方法50例拟在气管插管全麻下择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的老年病人（年龄≥60岁）随机分为丙泊酚组（P组）和七氟醚组（S组）两组,每组25例。快速诱导后经口插入气管导管,麻醉维持P组采用0．1mg·kg^-1·min^-1丙泊酚和1μg·kg^-1·min^-1雷米芬太尼静脉泵入,S组采用3％～4％七氟醚吸入和1μg·kg^-1·min^-1雷米芬太尼静脉泵入。于麻醉诱导后10min、手术开始后30、45、60min以及术毕30min记录平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）、心排血量（CO）、心脏指数（CI）和外周血管阻力（SVR）等血流动力学指标值。结果临床麻醉剂量的丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼、七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼对病人血流动力学指标的影响均较轻,两组间血流动力学指标的差异无统计学意义。结论两种麻醉方法对老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术维持期间心血管功能的影响程度相似。     

A comparison of target- and manually controlled infusion propofol and etomidate/desflurane anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery

Elderly patients have a higher risk of developing adverse drug reactions during anesthesia, especially anesthesia affecting cardiovascular performance. In this prospective randomized study we compared quality of induction, hemodynamics, and recovery in elderly patients scheduled for hip fracture surgery and receiving either etomidate/desflurane (ETO/DES) or target-controlled (TCI) or manually controlled (MAN) propofol infusion for anesthesia. Sixteen patients were anesthetized with ETO (0.4 mg/kg) followed by DES titrated from an initial end-tidal concentration of 2.5%. Eighteen patients received propofol TCI at an initial plasma concentration of 1 microg/mL and titrated upwards by 0.5-microg/mL steps. Fifteen patients received a bolus induction of propofol 1 mg/kg over 60 s followed by an infusion initially set at 5 mg . kg(-1) . h(-1). All received a bolus (20 microg/kg) followed by an infusion of 0.4 microg . kg(-1) . min(-1) alfentanil. According to hemodynamics, concentrations of DES or propofol (TCI group) and propofol infusion rate (MAN group) were respectively adjusted by a step of 20% and 50%. In the TCI and ETO/DES groups, the time spent at a mean arterial blood pressure within 15% and 30% of baseline values was more than 60% and 80% of anesthesia time, whereas in the MAN group it was <30% and 60%, respectively. In the MAN group more anesthetic drug adjustments were recorded (6.4 +/- 2.8 versus 2.5 +/- 1.2 [ETO/DES] and 2.6 +/- 1 [TCI]). TCI improves the time course of propofol's hemodynamic effects in elderly patients.     

Continuous infusion of remifentanil and target-controlled infusion of propofol for coronary surgery in elderly patients: comparison with continuous infusion of remifentanil and propofol

OBJECTIVES: Comparison of the length of mechanical ventilation and postoperative complications after coronary surgery in elderly patients anaesthetised with propofol associated with either alfentanil or remifentanil. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study with an historic control group. PATIENTS: Three hundred thirty-eight consecutive patients (75-year-old or more) undergoing isolated coronary surgery. One hundred and fifty seven patients operated between January 1998 and June 2000 received alfentanil (1 microg/kg/minute) with a manually control infusion of propofol, 181 operated between July 2000 and 2002, remifentanil 0.25 microg/kg/minute with target controlled infusion of propofol (target blood concentration: 1.5 to 2 microg/ml). METHODS: The two groups were compared for preoperative and surgical data. The length of mechanical ventilation, stay in ICU and the main postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Length of mechanical ventilation was significantly reduced in the remifentanil group (6 +/- 9 h vs. 13 +/- 63 h ; p <0.0001), 70% of the patients were extubated before the 6th postoperative hours against 53% in the alfentanil group (p =0.0023). This was not associated with a reduction of stay in ICU or postoperative complications. During surgery, an increased used of vasopressor was observed in the remifentanil group (40.2% vs 2.4% ; p <0.0001) with a postoperative elevation of blood concentration of CKMb (35.7 +/- 38.2 microg/l, vs. 27.7 +/- 31.9 microg/l, p =0.02). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients undergoing coronary surgery were extubated earlier with remifentanil. However, this had no effect on duration of ICU stay but was associated with an increased used of vasopressor.     

丙泊酚靶控输注用于肝脏部分切除术的准确性

目的评价丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)静脉全麻复合硬膜外阻滞用于肝癌行肝脏部分切除术Diprifusor TCI系统的执行情况。方法选择24例择期手术患者,根据手术种类的不同分为肝脏手术组(H组)和普通上腹部手术组(C组),每组12例。以芬太尼4μg/kg、TCI丙泊酚3μg/ml诱导,麻醉维持予丙泊酚TCI复合硬膜外阻滞。观察麻醉期间HR、MAP、脑电双频指数(BIS)、听觉诱发电位指数(AAI)的变化,并抽取动脉血检测丙泊酚的血药浓度。采用执行误差(PE)中位数(MDPE)、PE绝对值中位数(MDAPE)、摆动度(wobble)评价Diprifusor TCI系统执行情况。结果两组麻醉期间的HR、MAP、BIS、AAI、PE、MDPE、MDAPE、wobble比较差异无统计学意义。Dipri-fosor TCI系统总的PE、MDPE、MDAPE、wobble分别为15.43%、11.93%、17.89%、13.09%。结论丙泊酚Diprifusor TCI系统能安全有效地用于全麻复合硬膜外阻滞的肝脏部分切除术患者。     

Cost comparison of sevoflurane with isoflurane anesthesia in arthroscopic menisectomy surgery

PURPOSE: To determine the "real world" cost of sevoflurane compared with isoflurane in balanced general anesthesia for daycare arthroscopic menisectomy, we prospectively investigated perioperative drug requirement and expense as well as recovery time. METHODS: Following intravenous induction, 40 consenting adult patients randomly received either sevoflurane- or isoflurane-based anesthesia with a standardized gas inflow rate of 3 l x min. Recovery was assessed in the postanesthetic recovery room (PARR) in a double-blind manner at 15 min intervals using the Aldrete scoring system until patients met discharge criteria. RESULTS: Patient demographics, anesthetic duration, volatile potency and adjunct drug requirements were similar in the two groups. Total perioperative drug cost per patient was CAN$38.10+/-10.13 (mean +/- SD) for the sevoflurane group and $23.87+/-6.59 for the isoflurane group (P<0.01). Although the nonvolatile drug cost was comparable between the two groups, the volatile drug cost per patient was $19.40+/-8.80 for sevoflurane and $4.50+/-1.90 for isoflurane (P<0.01). This four-fold sevoflurane-to-isoflurane cost difference was the product of two ratios, both based on the volume of liquid anesthetic: the ratio of consumption, 2.1; and the ratio of institutional price, 2.1. Intraoperative hemodynamic response, time until discharge from the PARR and incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting did not significantly differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: When used to maintain equipotent balanced general anesthesia for daycare arthroscopic menisectomy, volatile consumption and cost were greater for sevoflurane compared with isoflurane. Nonvolatile perioperative drug cost and recovery times were similar, however, in the two groups.     

持续靶控输注丙泊酚与吸入异氟醚维持麻醉的比较

目的：比较持续靶控输液丙泊酚与吸入异氟醚维持麻醉下的应激反以及对血液动力学变化的影响。方法：择期行妇科手术病人20例，ASA I－Ⅱ级，随机分为靶控（T）组，吸入（I）组，每组各10例，丙泊酚靶控行麻醉诱导，气管插管后T组靶控维持，I组异氟醚吸入维持，术中控制麻醉深度于双频指数在（BIS）40－60之间，记录术前至术毕不同时点的皮质醇（Cor),血糖（Glu)，胰岛素（Ins)，血压，心率和BIS值，结果：与基础对比，诱导后两组皮质醇值都显著下降（P＜0．05），切皮后30分钟至关腹两组值均上升，且T组幅度略大，组间差异显著（P＜0．05），血糖值在切皮后均显著上升，I组术中高于T组，术毕低于T组（P＜0．05），T组胰岛素值轻度上升，与基础值比较无差异；I组在插管后10分钟时一过性抑制，与自身和T组比较差异显著（P＜0．05），诱导后两组收缩压，舒张压，心率均较基础值显著下降（P＜0．05），I组在插管后5－10分钟内收缩压，舒张压，心率抑制明显（P＜0．05），大多数病人需注射阿托品，两组BIS值在插管后5分钟和关腹时I组显著低于T组（P＜0．05），结论：靶 控输注能较好地抑制应激反应，维持心血管功能的稳定。     

Continuous infusion of remifentanil and target-controlled infusion of propofol for patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a new approach for scheduled early extubation

OBJECTIVE: To assess hemodynamic stability, postoperative pain management, and the control and timing of early extubation of a total intravenous anesthetic technique using propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI) and remifentanil in cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Premedication consisted of oral midazolam, 0.1 mg/kg. Anesthesia was induced with propofol TCI at a target concentration of 1.5 to 2 microg/mL; remifentanil, 1 microg/kg; and rocuronium. Anesthesia was maintained with propofol at the same target concentration and remifentanil titrated between 0.25 and 1 microg/kg/min. Thirty minutes before the end of surgery, a 0.1-mg/kg bolus of morphine was administered intravenously. Postoperative sedation was achieved by maintaining the propofol infusion until the patient was deemed ready for extubation. Postoperative pain relief was evaluated using a visual analog scale. The intervals between arrival in the intensive care unit, spontaneous ventilation, and extubation were recorded. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Included in this study were 36 men and 14 women (American Society of Anesthesiologist = III; New York Heart Association = II) scheduled for cardiac surgery. All patients remained hemodynamically stable throughout the perioperative period. Thirty-seven patients were successfully extubated during the first 4 postoperative hours. Spontaneous breathing was achieved at a mean interval of 15+/-5 minutes after propofol discontinuation. The mean interval to extubation was 163+/-45 minutes after arrival in the intensive care unit. Extubation was performed 48+/-12 minutes after patients were considered ready to awaken. During spontaneous ventilation, 36 patients received additional boluses of morphine (mean, 2.5+/-1 mg). Subsequently, all patients achieved a visual analog scale less than 40 mm. CONCLUSION: The combination of remifentanil and propofol TCI resulted in hemodynamic stability and good postoperative analgesia. This technique allows physicians to schedule the time of extubation in patients undergoing cardiac anesthesia.     

靶控输注丙泊酚时的瑞芬太尼群体药代动力学

目的建立靶控输注丙泊酚时的瑞芬太尼群体药代动力学,并探索协变量的影响。方法全麻择期手术患者50例,年龄25~93岁,27例患者持续输注瑞芬太尼0.3μg.kg-1.min-1或23例患者0.6μg.kg-1.min-1。采集动脉血分析血药浓度,NONMEM分析建立群体药代动力学模型。结果瑞芬太尼药代动力学适合用三室模型描述,性别和年龄显著影响中央室容积(V1)和深外周室容积(V3),瘦体重(LBM)、体表面积(BSA)和体重指数(BMI)不影响其药代动力学。患者瑞芬太尼药代动力学参数典型值为V18.76 L(男)、5.10 L(女),浅外周室容积(V2)5.93 L,V34.90 L,系统清除率(CL1)2.86 L/min,浅外周室清除率(CL2)0.70 L/min,深外周室清除率(CL3)0.23L/min。结论瑞芬太尼的药代动力学特点与其经血液和组织酯酶迅速水解的特点一致。女性V1比男性低42%,V3与年龄有关,体重、LBM、BSA和BMI不影响瑞芬太尼的药代动力学参数。     

丙泊酚闭环靶控输注在腹腔镜子宫切除术镇静中的应用

目的评价脑电双频谱指数(bispectral index,BIS)作为丙泊酚靶控输注的反馈控制变量用于硬膜外麻醉下腹腔镜子宫切除术病人镇静的效果. 方法 60例择期在硬膜外麻醉下行腹腔镜子宫切除术的病人,随机分为两组:反馈靶控输注组(FTCI,n=30)和靶控输注组(TCI,n=30).丙泊酚的血浆靶控浓度均设定为2 mg/L,TCI组整个手术期维持不变,FTCI组BIS作为控制变量设定在70.记录并比较两组BIS值、平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)的最高值和最低值、丙泊酚的单位标准化剂量、定向力恢复时间、术中的遗忘程度和满意度. 结果 FTCI及TCI组BIS最高值分别为76.1±6.4、86.0±8.6,最低值分别为69.0±4.5、60.9±11.8,组间对比有统计学意义(t = -5.058,-3.513;P=0.000);平均动脉压的最高值分别为(90.9±14.2)、(100.4±11.6)mm Hg,最低值分别为(74.2±12.5)、(63.8±13.8) mm Hg,组间对比有统计学意义(t=-2.838,-3.059;P=0.006,0.003);定向力恢复时间分别为(440.8±141.0)s、(576.4±120.5)s,两组也有统计学差异(t=-4.004,P=0.000);FTCI组丙泊酚总剂量明显低于TCI输注组[分别为(510.48±82.75)mg与(620.65±76.79)mg,t =-5.345,P=0.000],单位标准化剂量亦较低[分别为(5.08±1.26)mg和(6.02±0.86)mg,t =-3.375,P=0.001];两组术中的遗忘程度、满意度无统计学意义. 结论 BIS作为丙泊酚镇静的反馈控制变量可行,镇静深度适宜,且丙泊酚用量少,定向力恢复快,术中血流动力学稳定.     

异丙酚复合芬太尼或瑞芬太尼靶控静脉麻醉与静吸复合麻醉的比较

目的 评价异丙酚和瑞芬太尼靶控静脉麻醉的诱导和术后苏醒过程。方法 ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ级择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的病人60例,年龄<65岁,随机分为静吸复合麻醉(C)组、异丙酚瑞芬太尼靶控(R)组及异丙酚芬太尼靶控(F)组,每组20例。观察麻醉诱导及气管插管时的血压、心率;记录术毕停药后病人自主呼吸恢复时间、呼之睁眼时间、拔管时间、定向力恢复时间和离开恢复室时间;观察病人拔管后即刻、离开恢复室、拔管后1、3和24h的意识状态(OAAS),认知功能测试(MMSE),疼痛评分(VRS)及主诉需要阿片药镇痛的时间;观察恶心呕吐等副反应,记录术中知晓的发生率和病人满意度等。结果 ①C组诱导时的舒张压低于R组和F组,低血压者多于R组,插管反应发生率高于R组。F组的插管反应发生率高于R组。②三组病人术后自主呼吸恢复时间、呼之睁眼时间、拔管时间差异无显著性,但F组的定向力恢复时间和离开术后恢复室(PACU)的时间早于C组。F组病人在拔管后即刻、离开PACU时、拔管后1h和3h的OAAS评分高于C组,R组病人离开PACU时的OAAS评分高于C组。F组病人拔管后1h的MMSE评分高于C组。R组病人在拔管后即刻、离开PACU时、拔管后1h和术后24h的VBS评分高于C组和F组,需要阿片药镇痛者R组多于其他两组。三组病人术后的恶心呕吐发生率差异无显著性。结     

老年患者瑞芬太尼分步靶控输注复合异丙酚麻醉效果

目的 观察瑞芬太尼分步靶控输注全麻对老年患者腹腔镜下胆囊切除术时应激反应抑制、循环和苏醒的影响.方法 60例ASA Ⅰ一Ⅲ患者随机分成4组,每组15例.麻醉诱导时A组、B组、C组和D组分别给予0.06 ms/kg芬太尼、血浆靶浓度4.0μ/L输入芬太尼、血浆靶浓度4.0μg/L输入瑞芬太尼及血浆靶浓度从2.0μg/L分阶段增至4.0μg/L输入瑞芬太尼,同时给予血浆靶浓度3.0μg/L异丙酚及维库溴胺完成麻醉诱导.除B组在胆囊取出后停止芬太尼输入外,各组所有药物均在术毕时停止输入.予10、T1、T2、T3和T4点记录血流动力学参数及测定血清皮质醇、醛固酮和血糖浓度.记录苏醒拔管时间、术毕至出恢复审时间、拔管时OAA/S评分和从术毕至OAA/S评分达5分时间.记录麻醉手术过程中血管活性药物应用情况.结果 4组患者在麻醉诱导时MAP及HR均有不同程度下降,C组最为明显,MAP及HR分别下降至(59±12)mm Hg和(54±6)次/min(P<0.05);4组患者苏醒拔管时MAP及HR均增加,A、B两组增加显著,分别增高至(113±13)mm Hg、(81μ8)次.min和(110μ12)mm Hg、(80μ7)次/min(P<0.05);A、B两组T4点皮质醇、醛固酮浓度比T0点明显增高(P<0.05);C组阿托品、麻黄碱、艾司洛尔和乌拉地尔使用总次数为20次,比其余3组明显增加(P<0.05).C、D两组拔管时间、出恢复室时间和OAA/S评分至5分时间比A、B两组明显缩短(P<0.05);C、D两组拔管时OAA/S评分明显高于A、B两组(P<0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼TCI可有效抑制老年患者气管插管和上腹部手术等刺激引起的应激反应,苏醒迅速且质量高,分步TCI时循环更加平稳.     

Duration and recovery profile of cisatracurium after succinylcholine during propofol or isoflurane anesthesia

Study Objective: To determine the duration and recovery profile of maintenance doses of cisatracurium besylate following succinylcholine, and during propofol or isoflurane anesthesia.

Design: Randomized, open-label study.

Setting: Operating suite of a university-affiliated medical center.

Patients: Forty ASA physical status I and II adult patients having elective surgery with general anesthesia lasting longer than 90 minutes.

Interventions: Following a standardized induction sequence, a baseline electromyogram (EMG) was obtained. An intubating dose of intravenous (IV) succinylcholine 1.0 mg/kg was administered. Ventilation was maintained with a face mask until the first twitch (T₁) of the evoked train-of-four (TOF) reached 10% of control when tracheal intubation was performed. Spontaneous recovery from neuromuscular blockade was allowed to occur until the first twitch returned to 25% of control. Patients then were randomized to receive cisatracurium as follows. Group 1: 0.025 mg/kg [0.5 × 95% effective dose (ED₉₅)]; Group 2: 0.05 mg/kg (ED₉₅); Group 3: 0.05 mg/kg (ED₉₅); and Group 4: 0.1 mg/kg (2×ED₉₅). Anesthesia for Groups 1 and 2 were maintained with isoflurane 1% to 2%, 66% nitrous oxide (N₂O) in oxygen (O₂), and in Groups 3 and 4, anesthesia was maintained with propofol 80 to 160 μg/kg/min, 66% N₂O in O₂. The TOF-evoked EMG was recorded at 10-second intervals. The time for the evoked EMG to spontaneously return to 25%, 50%, and 75% of the original baseline was recorded.

Measurements and Main Results: There were 10 patients in each of the four groups. The duration of action of cisatracurium 0.05 mg/kg (ED₉₅) after an intubating dose of succinylcholine is 24.5 ± 10 minutes and 21.3 ± 9 minutes during anesthesia maintained with isoflurane and propofol, respectively. Doubling the dose of cisatracurium resulted in approximately twice the duration of action (40.2 ± 7 min) during propofol anesthesia. Following a dose of cisatracurium 0.025 mg/kg (0.5×ED₉₅), the T₁ of the EMG-evoked response did not decrease below 25% in 7 of 10 patients.

Conclusion: Following succinylcholine, the duration of action of a single dose of cisatracurium 0.05 mg/kg is 20 to 25 minutes during anesthesia maintained with propofol or isoflurane. The duration and recovery profile of cisatracurium is dose dependent during propofol and isoflurane anesthetics. Cisatracurium 0.025 mg/kg is an inadequate maintenance dose following recovery from succinylcholine and it fails to provide adequate surgical relaxation.     

Effects of isoflurane, sevoflurane and propofol anaesthesia on jugular venous oxygen saturation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery

We investigated the effect of sevoflurane, isoflurane and propofolon jugular venous bulb oxygen saturation (Sj_O2) in 21 patientsundergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) duringand after normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Patientsreceived a standardized anaesthetic consisting of fentanyl,midazolam and were then randomly allocated to receive eitherisoflurane, sevoflurane or propofol for maintenance. Sj_O2 valueswere significantly lower than baseline 1 h after CPB in thepropofol but not the isoflurane or the sevoflurane groups. Furthermore,Sj_O2 values were significantly higher during CPB in the isofluranegroup (P=0.0081) and significantly lower 6 h after CPB in thesevoflurane group (P=0.0447) when compared to the propofol group.We conclude that jugular venous desaturation during and afternormothermic CPB is more likely during propofol anaesthesia.     

Emergence delirium and postoperative pain in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy: a comparison of propofol vs sevoflurane anesthesia

Background: Emergence delirium (ED) is a frequent postoperative complication in young children undergoing ENT procedures and it may be exacerbated by sevoflurane anesthesia whereas propofol maintenance has been suggested to decrease the incidence of ED. The aim of this randomized, prospective, double‐blind study was to evaluate the effect of sevoflurane vs propofol anesthesia on the quality of recovery after adenotonsillectomy. Methods: Forty‐two patients were randomized to maintenance with either propofol or sevoflurane for adenotonsillectomy. At the conclusion of surgery, patients were extubated awake. ED and pain were assessed using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) and the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Scale (CHEOPS), respectively. Higher PAED scores (0–20) indicate greater severity of ED. Nursing and parental satisfaction, hospital length of stay, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), anesthetic complications, and subsequent emergency room admissions were also assessed. Results: Median PAED score was 14 in the propofol group and 17 in the sevoflurane group (NS). Propofol was associated with less pain medication required during recovery and a lower incidence of PONV (5.3% vs 36.8%, P < 0.05). Nursing and parental satisfaction as well as time spent in recovery room was similar for the two groups. Conclusion: Propofol anesthesia does not influence agitation after adenotonsillectomy, as measured by the PAED score. A PAED score of ≥10 was not useful in identifying patients with ED. However, propofol maintenance is associated with less need for pain medication in the recovery room and a lower incidence of PONV compared to sevoflurane anesthesia.     

Jugular bulb oxygen saturation during propofol and isoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia in patients undergoing brain tumor surgery.

We investigated, in brain tumor patients, the jugular bulb venous oxygen partial pressure (PjO2) and hemoglobin saturation (SjO2), the arterial to jugular bulb venous oxygen content difference (AJDO2), and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (Vmca) during anesthesia, and the effect of hyperventilation on these variables. Twenty patients were randomized to receive either isoflurane/ nitrous oxide/fentanyl (Group 1) or propofol/fentanyl (Group 2). At normoventilation (PacO2 35 +/- 2 mm Hg in Group 1 and 33 +/- 3 mm Hg in Group 2), SjO2 and PjO2 were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (SjO2 60% +/- 6% and 49% +/- 13%, respectively; P = 0.019) (PjO2 32 +/- 3 and 27 +/- 5 mm Hg, respectively; P = 0.027). In Group 2, 5 of 10 patients had SjO2 < 50%, and 3 of these patients had SjO2 < 40% and AJDO2 > 9 mL/dL. All patients in Group 1 had SjO2 > 50%. During hyperventilation, there were no differences in SjO2, PjO2, or AJDO2 between the two groups. On hyperventilation, there was no correlation between the relative decreases of Vmca and 1/AJDO2 (r = 0.21, P = 0.41). The results indicate during propofol anesthesia, half of the brain tumor patients showed signs of cerebral hypoperfusion, but not during isoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia. Furthermore, during PacO2 manipulations, shifts in Vmca are inadequate to evaluate brian oxygen delivery in these patients. Implications: During propofol anesthesia at normoventilation, 50% of brain tumor patients showed signs suggesting cerebral hypoperfusion, but this could not be demonstrated during isoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia. During PacO2 manipulations, consecutive measurements of the cerebral blood flow velocity may be inadequate to assess cerebral oxygenation.