网络成瘾青少年应对方式社会支持与父母教养方式分析

探讨网络成瘾对青少年应对方式、社会支持以及父母教养方式的影响,为网络成瘾的临床治疗和康复提供理论依据.方法 采用应对方式问卷、社会支持评定量表及父母教养方式评价量表,对88名网络成瘾青少年(观察组)和90名健康青少年(对照组)进行调查研究.结果 观察组的社会支持总分及各维度得分均低于对照组(P值均<0.01);应对方式总分及自责、幻想、退避、合理化4个因子得分均高于对照组(P值均<0.01),解决问题和求助2个因子得分均低于对照组(P值均<0.01);父母教养方式中父母情感温暖理解因子得分均低于对照组(P值均<0.01),父亲惩罚严厉和拒绝否认以及母亲过分干涉、过度保护,拒绝否认,惩罚严厉因子得分均高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 青少年的应对方式不良、社会支持状况差和父母教养粗放是导致网络成瘾的重要影响因素.网络成瘾的治疗除药物以外,青少年和父母的心理重建以及构建良好的多层次、多角度社会支持系统非常重要.     

新疆维吾尔族中学生抑郁情绪及相关因素分析

目的了解新疆维吾尔族中学生抑郁情绪状况及其相关影响因素,为中学生心理健康发展提供理论支持。方法在新疆乌鲁木齐市和喀什市分层随机整群抽取2 157名维吾尔族中学生,采用儿童抑郁障碍自评量表、父母教养方式问卷、中学生应对方式问卷进行调查,并对结果进行统计分析。结果维吾尔族中学生抑郁情绪检出率为20.45%(441/2 157);不同健康状况、学习成绩、伙伴关系、父母陪伴时间、父亲文化程度、父母关系、人均月收入和人均住房面积间中学生抑郁检出率差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05);无抑郁组母亲情感温暖、理解得分为(52.28±14.17)分,抑郁组为(43.97±13.06)分,两者间差异有统计学意义(t=-11.71,P0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示,抑郁相关影响因素包括伙伴关系差、父母情感温暖理解得分低、父母陪伴时间较少、父亲惩罚及母亲拒绝否认得分高、问题解决及积极合理解释得分低和忍耐得分高(P值均0.05)。结论维吾尔族家庭父母应进一步改善对孩子的养育方式和应对方式,以减少中学生抑郁的发生。     

城市流动儿童孤独及社交焦虑与人格特征及父母教养方式关系

目的 了解城市流动儿童的心理健康状况及其与人格特征、父母教养方式的关系。方法 采用儿童孤独量表、儿童社交焦虑量表、核心自我评价量表和父母教养方式问卷, 以贵阳、昆明两地336名小学五、六年级和初中一年级的流动儿童为对象进行调查研究。结果 流动儿童孤独感的得分为2.06±0.67, 社交焦虑得分为6.90±3.84, 害怕否定评价分量表得分为4.55±2.70, 社会回避苦恼分量表为2.37±1.87, 核心自我评价得分为3.42±0.69。流动儿童孤独感和社交焦虑与核心自我评价均具有显著负相关(P<0.01);孤独感与父亲和母亲情感温暖呈显著负相关(P<0.01), 与父亲偏爱呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 与父亲和母亲拒绝否认和惩罚严厉呈显著正相关(P<0.01);社交焦虑与父亲和母亲惩罚严厉、拒绝否认、过分干涉和过度保护呈显著正相关(P<0.01), 与父亲情感温暖呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。结论 培养流动儿童的积极人格特征和改善父母的教养方式是提高城市流动儿童心理健康水平的重要途径。     

父母教养方式和社会支持与服刑人员人格障碍关系

目的 探讨父母教养方式和社会支持与服刑人员人格障碍之间的关系,为预防和减少犯罪的发生提供理论依据.方法 采用分层随机抽样方法在陕西省和河南省抽取4所监狱共805名服刑人员进行问卷调查.结果 805名服刑人员人格障碍的阳性筛查率为38.76％;服刑人员人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)的人格障碍得分为(65.36±12.59)分;父母教养方式问卷中父亲情感温暖和理解、惩罚和严厉、过分干涉、偏爱被试、拒绝和否认、过度保护的得分分别为(41.27±10.54)、(23.46±6.58)、(22.52±6.21)、(10.15±4.56)、(12.52±5.41)、(12.47±2.75)分,母亲情感温暖和理解、过分干涉和过度保护、拒绝和否认、惩罚和严厉、偏爱被试的得分分别为(48.82±10.23)、(38.12±8.16)、(17.42±5.38)、(15.86±6.25)、(12.19±3.43)分;社会支持评定问卷中客观支持、主观支持、对支持的利用度得分分别为(6.48±2.26)、(17.25±4.13)、(6.76±1.42)分;相关分析结果表明,父母教养方式中父母惩罚和严厉、拒绝和否认以及父亲过分干涉、母亲偏爱被试与服刑人员人格障碍均呈正相关(P＜0.05),父母亲情感温暖和理解与服刑人员人格障碍均呈负相关(P＜0.05);社会支持中主观支持和对支持的利用度与服刑人员人格障碍均呈负相关(P＜0.05);结构方程模型表明,父母教养方式直接或通过主观支持和对支持利用度间接影响个体的人格障碍,且模型拟合度较好(x2=423.51,P＜0.05,GFI =0.90,NFI =0.91,CFI =0.92,RMSEA=0.26).结论 父母教养方式和社会支持对服刑人员的人格障碍有影响.     

成年男性暴力型罪犯人格特征与父母教养方式的相关性

目的分析和探讨父母教养方式对暴力型罪犯人格的影响。方法采用人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)、父母教养方式问卷(EMBU)对176名暴力型罪犯(研究组)及189名普通人群(对照组)进行调查,分析父母教养方式对人格诊断总分的影响。结果人格障碍研究组总评分(41.38±13.05)高于对照组(26.15±14.16),且各分型得分亦高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05)。家庭教养的方式评分中,父母情感温暖、理解、父亲过度保护得分低于对照组,父母的惩罚严厉、父母的拒绝否认得分高于对照组(P值均0.05);研究组的人格诊断问卷总分与父母的情感温暖、理解呈负相关(r为-0.376、-0.329,P值均0.05),与父母的惩罚严厉、拒绝否认、父亲的过分干涉、过分保护及母亲的偏爱呈正相关(r=0.154～0.363,P0.05);研究组的多元线性回归显示父母亲的情感温暖及理解、惩罚严厉、拒绝否认一定程度上影响暴力型罪犯人格特征的形成(P值均0.05)。结论暴力型罪犯人格存在明显偏离,与不良的养育方式有一定关系。     

安阳市中学生父母教养方式应对方式与心理健康状况的关系

了解中学生心理健康状况及其与父母教养方式、应对方式之间的关系,为促进中学生心理健康提供有效干预.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,用父母教养方式量表(EMBU)、中学生应对方式量表和中学生心理健康量表(MMHI-60)对河南省安阳市5所监测学校共1 541名学生进行问卷调查.结果 中学生心理问题检出率为38.61%,其中轻度为31.67%,中度为6.23%,重度为0.71%.不同性别、学段学生父母教养方式、应对方式和心理健康状况比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).Pearson相关分析显示,父母教养方式与中学生心理健康水平密切相关(P值均<0.01),应对方式除社会支持外,其他各因子均与中学生心理健康水平各维度相关(P值均<0.01).多元逐步回归分析显示,应对方式的幻想否认、发泄情绪、忍耐、积极合理化解释和父亲的惩罚严厉与母亲的拒绝、否认是影响中学生心理健康的重要因素(P值均<0.05).结论 安阳市中学生心理健康状况不容忽视,且与父母教养方式、应对方式密切相关.     

父母教养方式与中学生人格特点的关系

目的探索张家港市中学生父母教养方式现状、影响因素及其与学生人格间的相关关系,为改善父母教养方式,提高学生心理健康水平提供可参考的依据。方法随机选取张家港市2所重点中学8个班(每校4班)的285名高一学生作为研究对象,进行艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)及一般资料调查表的问卷调查。结果张家港市中学生父母教养方式中,父亲的惩罚严厉、偏爱被试、拒绝否认和母亲的过度干涉保护、拒绝否认和惩罚严厉等教养方式的水平明显高于全国常模(P<0.01),而父亲的过度干涉和过度保护水平低于全国常模(P<0.01)。父母的情感温暖理解与子女的情绪稳定性呈正相关,过度干涉、拒绝否认和惩罚严厉与子女的情绪稳定性呈负相关;父亲的拒绝否认、母亲的过度保护与子女的精神质以及母亲的过度保护、拒绝否认与子女的性格外向性均存在相关关系。结论父母的教养方式与其子女的情绪稳定性和精神质等人格特点紧密相关,改善教养方式需要得到家长、学校和社会的共同关注和努力。     

服刑人员人格障碍的相关因素分析

目的 主要探讨影响服刑人员人格障碍的相关因素.方法 采用人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)、父母教养方式问卷(EMBU)、社会支持问卷分别对300名服刑人员和300名非服刑人员进行测量.结果 服刑人员人格障碍阳性筛查率为38.8％;有人格障碍的服刑人员与非服刑人员在父母亲的情感温暖、理解、父母亲的惩罚、严厉和父亲母亲的拒绝、否认方面差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01;P＜0.05);有人格障碍的服刑人员和非服刑人员在客观支持、主观支持和对支持的利用度上差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.001);人格障碍症状与父母亲的情感温暖、理解、父母的惩罚严厉和父母的拒绝、否认存在显著的相关(r=0.248、0.278、0.240、0.272、0.285、0.294);人格障碍症状与主观支持、对支持的利用度存在显著的相关(r=0.264、0.229);主观支持、对支持的利用度、父亲情感温暖理解、母亲拒绝否认对服刑人员人格障碍症状有显著的预测作用(R2=0.214).结论 不良的父母教养方式和社会支持的缺乏是影响服刑人员人格障碍形成的因素.     

某校大学生家庭教养方式与良性竞争态度的相关研究

[目的]探讨大学生良性竞争态度与家庭教养方式的相关关系。[方法]采用父母教养方式问卷（EMBU）、竞争态度量表（中国版）对某校251名大学生进行调查。[结果]在父亲的教养方式中一睛感温暖因子与良性竞争态度得分呈显著正相关,惩罚和严厉因子、拒绝否认因子与良性竞争态度得分呈显著负相关。在母亲的教养方式中,情感温暖和理解因子与良性竞争态度得分呈显著正相关,拒绝否认因子、惩罚和严厉因子与鼬陛竞争态度得分呈显著负相关。父亲否认拒绝和母亲惩罚严厉对良性竞争态度有预测作用。[结论]父母教养方式与良性竞争态度之间存在一定联系,父母教养方式的某些因子对良性竞争态度有一定预测作用。     

中学生网络成瘾小样本认知行为团体干预效果研究

目的 评价认知行为团体干预对小样本网络成瘾学生的效果,为网络成瘾的认知行为干预提供依据.方法 以自愿报名方式选取嘲络成瘾总分大于50的高中生12名进行认知行为疗法的团体干预.干预前用白编一般情况调查表、网络成瘾问卷、中学生应激源量表、中学生应对方式问卷、90项症状自评量表(SCL-90)、父母教养方式问卷进行测查,干预后再测除父母教养方式以外的所有量表,比较干预前后的差异并了解影响干预效果的因素.结果 干预后网络成稳总分下降,各应激源得分均下降,应对方式中"忍耐"得分下降、SCL-90中"强迫"、"恐怖"、"精神病性","总均分"均下降.父亲过度干涉、父母拒绝否认、幻想否认与网络成瘾总分下降值均呈负相关.结论 认知行为疗法的团体干预对网络成瘾是有效的.父母的教养方式影响若网络成瘾行为的改善.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.