新式经阴道盆腔脏器脱垂手术联合盆底肌电刺激对POP患者尿道压力和肛肠动力学的影响

目的 研究新式经阴道盆腔脏器脱垂手术联合盆底肌电刺激对盆腔脏器脱垂(POP)患者尿道压力、肛肠动力学的影响。方法 选取2020年6月—2021年5月来医院诊治的POP患者90例，根据治疗方式不同分为联合组与对照组各45例。对照组用新式经阴道盆腔脏器脱垂手术治疗，联合组在对照组的基础上用盆底肌电刺激治疗，两组治疗期3个月。检测患者的盆底肌肉收缩力，用尿失禁评估患者治疗前后的尿道压力，用肛管最大收缩压、直肠最大容受阈值、肛管静息压、直肠感知阈值评分对患者治疗前后的肛肠动力学进行评估。结果 治疗后1个月、3个月两组患者的盆底肌肉收缩力评分、尿失禁评分均与治疗前相比升高，POP-Q分度中0度、Ⅰ度人数均与治疗前相比增加，Ⅱ度、Ⅲ度、Ⅳ度人数均与治疗前相比减少，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后1个月、3个月联合组的盆底肌肉收缩力评分、肛管最大收缩压、直肠最大容受阈值、直肠感知阈值评分比对照组升高，尿失禁评分、肛管静息压评分比对照组降低，POP-Q分度中治疗后1个月的Ⅱ度人数均比对照组减少，治疗后3个月的0度、Ⅰ度人数均比对照组增多，Ⅱ度人数均比对照组减少，差异均有统计学意义(P&l...     

吻合器痔上黏膜环形切除术联合止痛如神汤对痔疮患者肛肠动力学指标及疼痛程度的影响

目的 探讨吻合器痔上黏膜环形切除术（PPH）联合止痛如神汤对痔疮患者肛肠动力学指标及疼痛程度的影响。方法 选取2020年6月至2021年6月医院收治的80例痔疮患者作为研究对象,采用掷硬币法分为对照组与试验组,每组40例。两组均行PPH治疗,在此基础上,对照组采用高锰酸钾溶液坐浴,试验组采用止痛如神汤浸泡,治疗时间为2周,比较两组的肛肠动力学指标（肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压、直肠静息压）及疼痛程度[采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评估]。结果 术前,两组肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压及直肠静息压比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗2周后,两组肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压均低于术前,直肠静息压均高于术前,且试验组肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压均低于对照组,直肠静息压高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术后1 d,两组VAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗2周后,两组VAS评分均低于术后1 d,且试验组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 PPH联合止痛如神汤有助于改善痔疮患者的肛肠动力学指标,减轻术后疼痛程度。     

功能性便秘肛门直肠动力学和敏感性研究

目的：探讨功能性便秘（FC）患者肛门直肠动力学和直肠感觉特征。方法：采用肛门直肠测压方法检测44例FC患者的肛门直肠静息压、缩榨压、直肠初始感觉阈值、排便感觉阈值、窘迫感觉阈值和最大耐受容量指标,并与14例健康人做对照。结果：FC患者肛门静息压、最大缩榨压均较对照组明显降低,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;但FC患者的初始感觉阈值、排便阈值、窘迫阈值和最大耐受容量均高于对照组（P〈0.05）。模拟排便时,FC组31.82%的患者在直肠收缩时伴有肛管括约肌的矛盾收缩。结论：功能性便秘患者存在肛门直肠动力和感觉异常,可能与FC发病相关。     

糖尿病性便秘患者肛门直肠动力与感觉特点及影响因素的研究

目的 探讨糖尿病便秘患者肛门直肠动力与感觉特点及影响因素。方法 选取糖尿病便秘组42例,功能性便秘组40例,健康对照组40例。其中糖尿病组根据性别、年龄、病程、排便次数及伴随症状进一步分组。经肛门直肠测压检查,比较各组动力及感觉参数的差异。结果 糖尿病便秘组直肠静息压、直肠压力增加及收缩括约肌压力变化低于对照组（P<0.05）。两便秘组肛管静息压、初始感觉阈值、有便意阈值、排便窘迫阈值及最大耐受容量高于对照组（P<0.05）。老年及长病程糖尿病便秘组直肠感觉指标增高（P<0.05）。伴排便不尽感的糖尿病便秘组有便意阈值,且其最大耐受容量低于无排便不尽感组（P<0.05）。排便费力糖尿病便秘组直肠静息压及直肠压力增加低于无排便费力组（P<0.05）。结论 糖尿病及功能性便秘患者均存在直肠动力及感觉障碍,其中老年、长病程及排便不尽感是糖尿病的影响因素。     

改良直肠闭式修补术联合益气润肠汤治疗直肠前突型便秘研究

目的观察改良直肠闭式修补术后应用益气润肠汤治疗直肠前突型便秘的疗效。方法选取2013年1月至2017年12月温岭市中医院确诊为中、重度直肠前突型便秘患者70例,随机分为观察组(n=35例)和对照组(n=35例),对照组采用改良直肠闭式修补术治疗,观察组术后2d口服益气润肠汤治疗,4周为1个疗程,治疗2个疗程。观察治疗前后中医症候变化情况,进行Longo ODS症状评分,记录术后疼痛持续时间和肛门坠胀感持续时间,进行肛管直肠压力测量,观察直肠前突深度,术后并发症发生情况。结果治疗后,观察组排便困难、排便不尽坠胀感、粪质/粪状、肛门阻塞感、手助排便评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=3.422、3.181、3.515、3.129、3.217,P0.05)。观察组治疗后4、8周的Longo ODS症状评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=3.361、8.451,P0.05)。治疗后,观察组与对照组肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压、肛管舒张压组间差异有统计学意义(t=4.327、3.603、3.455,P0.05)。治疗后,观察组静息位和用力排便时直肠前突深度低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=5.338、5.212,P0.05)。观察组总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.224,P0.05)。观察组术后疼痛持续时间和肛门坠胀感持续时间均较对照组缩短,差异有统计学意义(t=4.916、3.612,P0.05)。观察组术后并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=10.769,P0.05)。结论改良直肠闭式修补术后应用益气润肠汤治疗直肠前突型便秘疗效确切,能有效改善中医症候,纠正直肠前突,改善肛管直肠压力,促进排便功能改善,降低术后并发症发生率。     

痔手术切断肛门括约肌对肛肠动力学影响的临床研究

目的 观察外剥内扎加括约肌切断术与单纯外剥内扎术治疗环形混合痔对肛肠动力学影响的差异.方法 采用瑞典生产的肛肠压力测量仪测量外剥内扎加括约肌切断术(治疗组,50例)和单纯外剥内扎术(对照组,52例)术前1d及术后3个月患者的肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压、直肠感知阈值量、直肠最大耐受量、直肠最大顺应性的变化.结果 治疗组术后3个月肛管静息压[(34.7±17.3)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)]较术前1d[(74.9±14.2)mmHg]明显降低(P＜0.01),对照组术后3个月肛管静息压[(50.1±18.6)mmHg]较术前1d[(76.3±20.1)mmHg]降低(P＜0.05),但两组术后3个月肛管静息压比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组术后3个月肛管最大收缩压、直肠感知阈值量、直肠最大耐受量以及直肠最大顺应性比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 痔手术切断肛门括约肌使环形混合痔患者的肛管高压状态明显改善,但不会引起肛门失禁,是一种较好的手术方法.     

吻合器痔上黏膜环形切除术对痔疮患者肛肠动力学指标及疼痛程度的影响

目的 分析吻合器痔上黏膜环形切除术（PPH）对痔疮患者肛肠动力学指标及疼痛程度的影响。方法 选取2017年1月至2022年12月医院收治的75例痔疮患者,根据随机数字表法分为对照组（37例）与试验组（38例）,对照组采用常规手术治疗,试验组采用PPH治疗,比较两组治疗前后肛肠动力学（肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压、直肠静息压）、日常生活活动能力量表（ADL）评分、视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分、手术指标及并发症发生率（尿潴留、感染、直肠黏膜下血肿）。结果 治疗前,两组ADL、VAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,治疗后,试验组ADL评分高于对照组,VAS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗前,两组肛肠动力学指标比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,治疗后,试验组直肠静息压高于对照组,肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;治疗后,试验组术中出血量低于对照组,手术时间、住院时间短于对照组,术后3 d肛门出血次数少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;试验组并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学...     

直肠癌经腹前切除术对直肠肛管功能影响的观察

目的探讨直肠癌患者经腹前切除术（Dixon术）术前术后直肠和肛管功能变化。方法采用4通道水灌注式肛门直肠压力检测系统，对46例直肠癌患者进行Dixon术前术后直肠肛门压力测定。结果①Dixon术后粪便质地与术前比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05），排便次数较术前有所增加，里急后重感明显增加，控制排便的能力较术前有所减弱。②肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压、肛管最大收缩时间均较术前明显降低（P〈0．05）。③肛管直肠抑制反射均为阳性，但压力下降值及下降的百分率均较术前有所下降（P〈0．05）。结论直肠癌患者Dixon术后肛管自制功能和肛管括约功能均有所下降。     

功能性出口梗阻型便秘患者肛管直肠功能与血胃动素的相关性研究

目的 研究血胃动素及肛管直肠功能改变在功能性出口梗阻型便秘发病中的作用，探讨胃动素及其受体激动剂可否用于治疗出口梗阻型便秘。方法 根据结肠运输时间和运输指数选择出口梗阻型便秘患者，设健康对照组，行肛管直肠测压检查，测定血胃动素并分析其与肛管直肠测压指标值的相关性。结果 出口梗阻型便秘患者的肛管静息压升高，模拟排便时直肠肛管压差显著降低，引起直肠肛管抑制反射的最小松弛容积及直肠感觉阈值均高于健康人。患者血胃动素无明显变化，胃动素水平与肛管静息压、最大缩榨压及模拟排便时肛管压力成正相关，与模拟排便时直肠肛管压差成负相关。结论 出口梗阻型便秘发病基础是肛门括约肌舒张失调，排便时直肠肛管不协调，直肠敏感性低；血胃动素正常便秘惠者可能有更多出口梗阻问题，出口梗阻型便秘患者不宜采用胃动素或其受体激动剂治疗。     

生育行为对女性直肠动力学及肛管疾病的影响分析

目的 分析生育行为对女性直肠动力学及肛管疾病的影响,把握生育女性肛肠疾病发生规律,从而早期发现无明显临床症状女性直肠动力学改变状况及肛管疾病,预防或减轻此类疾病所致的生活质量下降。方法 抽取2020年6月—2021年2月于衢州市人民医院建档立卡参与围产保健且具有生育行为的女性共计83例;为保证整体抽样精准度和完整性,研究考虑到5%~10%的观察样本量存在排除的可能性,研究最终纳入符合标准的生育女性89例作为观察对象设为经阴道分娩组和剖宫产组。再次按照1∶1比例标准纳入未曾有生育行为的健康女性89例作为对照组。并完成《生育行为对女性直肠动力学及肛管疾病的影响观察表》,包括纳入女性年龄、孕周、胎次、体质量指数(BMI)、生育行为等一般资料以及直肠动力学检查结果、肛管疾病发生率、肛管功能。结果 肛管静息压、肛管缩榨压、排便压水平以经阴道分娩女性最低,其余依次分别为剖宫产女性、未有生育行为女性,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);直肠初始感觉阈值、排便阈值、最大耐受量水平以经阴道分娩女性最高,其余依次分别为剖宫产女性、未有生育行为女性,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经阴道分娩女性、剖宫产女性、未有生育行为女性直肠肛管抑制反射比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肛管疾病发生率以经阴道分娩女性最高(8.62%),其余依次为剖宫产女性(3.23%)、未有生育行为的女性(1.12%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。肛管功能完全控制率以未有生育行为女性最高(100.00%),其余依次为剖宫产女性(96.77%)、经阴道分娩女性(89.66%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 生育行为影响着女性直肠动力学及肛管疾病的发生率,尤其是经阴道分娩行为更为明显,易成为导致肛肠疾病发生的潜在风险;但在临床进行生育行为抉择时,应综合考虑生育女性具体状况,衡量利弊,进而选取最佳的生育行为;另外,积极开展产后直肠动力学检查和肛管功能评定,是避免具有生育行为女性肛肠疾病发生的有利保障,值得借鉴与推广。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.