基于结构-过程-结果模型构建结肠镜检查患者护理敏感性质量指标体系

目的 构建结肠镜检查患者护理敏感性质量指标,为结肠镜检查护理质量评价及管理提供参考依据。方法 参考结构-过程-结果模型理论为框架依据,采用循证方法、Delphi法及层次分析法构建结肠镜检查护理敏感性质量指标体系及计算各级指标权重。结果 2轮Delphi专家函询问卷有效回收率分别为89%、92%,专家权威系数为0.890、0.904,专家协调系数为0.160、0.299(P<0.001),指标体系一致性检验达到标准（CR<0.1）。最终指标体系包含一级指标3项,二级指标6项,三级指标20项。结论结肠镜检查患者护理敏感性质量指标体系具有科学性与实用性,可为结肠镜检查护理质量持续改进提供指导。     

基于循证的消化道出血护理质量指标体系构建

目的 构建基于循证的消化道出血护理质量指标体系，为消化道出血护理质量评价提供科学的标准化工具。方法 在循证护理方法指导下，以“结构-过程-结果”模式为理论框架，结合小组头脑风暴，2轮德尔菲专家函询构建消化道出血护理质量指标体系，运用层次分析法确定指标权重。结果 2轮专家函询专家积极系数权重分别为89.5%与100%，权威系数分别为0.885与0.9，协调系数分别为0.157～0.163，0.134～0.215。最终形成了包含3项一级指标、13项二级指标、47项三级指标消化道出血护理质量指标体系。结论 该消化道出血护理质量指标体系过程科学、严谨，具有可靠性与临床适用性，权重分配合理，可为临床消化道出血护理质量的客观评价提供参考依据。     

乳腺癌专科护理质量指标体系的构建

目的构建乳腺癌专科护理质量指标体系,为乳腺癌护理质量评价与监控提供理论依据。方法基于Donabedian“结构-过程-结果”理论,采用文献研究法和半结构式访谈提取潜在的乳腺癌专科护理质量指标,形成乳腺癌专科护理质量指标体系,通过专家函询法,明确乳腺癌专科护理质量指标体系内容。结果3轮专家函询的专家权威系数分别为0.836、0.835和0.910,判断系数分别为0.961、0.945和0.980,熟悉程度分别为0.711、0.725和0.840,专家协调系数W值分别为0.080、0.128和0.117(P<0.05)。最终形成乳腺癌专科护理质量指标体系一级指标3项、二级指标15项、三级指标47项。结论构建的乳腺癌专科护理质量指标体系科学、合理,专科特色突出,具有科学性和合理性,能为临床乳腺癌护理质量评价提供参考依据。     

介入治疗三叉神经痛护理敏感质量指标体系的构建

目的构建介入治疗三叉神经痛护理敏感质量指标体系, 为介入治疗三叉神经痛护理质量评价和管理提供参考依据。方法于2022年6—12月, 以"结构-过程-结果"质量评价模型为理论框架, 基于文献回顾制订专家函询问卷, 通过德尔菲法确立指标体系, 采用层次分析法确定指标权重。结果 2轮专家函询问卷回收率分别为92.6%(25/27)、100.0%(25/25), 专家权威系数分别为0.860、0.888, 肯德尔和谐系数分别为0.073、0.058(P<0.05), 变异系数分别为0～0.330、0～0.191, 最终形成了包含3项一级指标、14项二级指标和54项三级指标的介入治疗三叉神经痛护理敏感质量指标体系。结论该指标体系具有较强的科学性和临床适用性, 可以为介入治疗三叉神经痛护理质量评价和管理提供参考依据。     

乳腺癌术后患者快速康复护理敏感质量指标体系的构建

目的 构建一套乳腺癌术后患者快速康复护理敏感质量指标体系,为护理管理者及临床护理人员科学评价乳腺癌术后患者快速康复护理质量提供参考。方法 以Donabedian的“结构-过程-结果”三维质量结构模型为理论框架,采用文献研究、半结构化访谈、德尔菲法和层次分析法,确立乳腺癌术后患者快速康复护理敏感质量指标体系及各指标权重。结果 共进行2轮专家函询,2轮专家函询问卷的有效回收率均为100%,专家权威系数分别为0.861、0.875,专家意见的肯德尔协调系数分别为0.402、0.410,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。最终形成包括一级指标3项、二级指标9项、三级指标13项的乳腺癌术后患者快速康复护理敏感质量指标体系。结论 构建的乳腺癌术后患者快速康复护理敏感质量指标体系规范、实用,符合乳腺专科特色,对提高乳腺癌术后患者快速康复护理质量安全、规范其护理质量管理、促进其护理质量持续改进具有重要指导意义。     

天津市护理质量评价核心指标体系的初步构建

目的：构建一套符合临床实际需求,能够较为客观评价护理质量的指标体系。方法：遵循PDCA持续质量改进原则,基于“结构-过程-结果”质量管理模式架构,经过文献回顾、专家访谈和德尔菲法专家2轮函询的筛选和确认,最终确定天津市护理质量核心指标。结果：两轮函询问卷有效回收率均为100%,函询专家权威系数为0.85,0.82,肯德尔和谐系数分别为0.26,0.33。最终确定了以结果指标为主的护理质量核心指标体系,其中一级指标3项（护理管理体系、护理质量结果、护士职业环境）,二级指标7项,三级指标17项。结论：本研究构建的临床护理质量指标体系科学、可信,易于操作,为临床各级医院护理质量评价提供了相对可靠的量化指标。     

儿童血液肿瘤护理质量指标体系的构建

目的 构建儿童血液肿瘤护理质量指标体系。方法在中国抗癌协会小儿肿瘤专业委员会及其护理学组的支持下,以Donabedian质量管理模式为依据,采用文献分析、半结构式访谈、Delphi法和层次分析法,确定儿童血液肿瘤护理质量指标及各指标权重。结果 3轮函询问卷的有效回收率分别为100%、93.3%和100%,专家权威系数Cr值分别为0.93、0.93、0.96,协调系数W值分别为0.209、0.166和 0.332,卡方检验均P＜0.01。最终形成的指标体系包括一级指标3项,二级指标8项,三级指标29项,并确定了各指标权重。结论 儿童血液肿瘤护理质量指标体系设置科学、合理,专科特色突出,有利于专科持续发展。     

静脉输液治疗专科护理质量指标评价体系的构建

目的 构建科学、系统、实用的静脉输液治疗专科护理质量指标体系。方法 以三维质量结构管理模式为依据,通过逐条分析《静脉治疗护理技术操作规范》中涉及的静脉输液条目,结合文献检索法、专家小组讨论法、德尔菲专家函询法、百分比权重法,确定静脉输液治疗护理质量指标体系及指标权重。结果 2轮专家函询中,专家积极系数分别为90.9%,100%,专家权威程度Cr值分别为0.864,0.940,总体协调系数W值分别为0.310,0.254,经卡方检验,均具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。指标体系包括3项一级指标（要素质量、环节质量、终末质量）,10项二级指标和48项三级指标。结论 该指标体系设置合理,构建过程科学,具有较高的科学性和可靠性,能够为护理管理者进行静脉输液治疗护理质量评价提供客观、可量化的依据。     

肺移植护理质量指标体系构建

目的 建立肺移植围术期护理质量指标体系，以提高肺移植患者的护理质量。方法 在文献回顾的基础上，以“结构-过程-结果”理论为依托，拟定肺移植护理质量指标体系，形成专家咨询表，应用德尔菲法对15名护理管理、肺移植专科医师、重症监护室护士进行两轮专家咨询。结果 两轮咨询的专家积极系数均为100%，平均权威系数分别为0.87、0.89，专家对所有指标的肯德尔和谐系数在0.135-0.247之间，P值均小于0.001，表示两轮专家对各指标的意见一致，协调程度较好，各指标的变异系数在0.16以内。所构建的肺移植护理质量评价指标体系共包括Ⅰ级指标3项，Ⅱ级指标8项，Ⅲ级指标27项。结论 本研究所构建的肺移植围术期护理质量评价指标体系具有较好的科学性及可操作性。     

心脏介入护理敏感质量指标体系的构建

目的 构建心脏介入护理敏感质量指标体系,为心脏介入护理质量的评价与监测提供依据。方法 通过系统的文献检索收集心脏介入护理敏感质量相关备选指标,按照“结构-过程-结果”理论模型,结合专家小组讨论初步筛选指标后编制专家函询问卷。采用德尔菲法对心脏介入护理领域的33名专家进行2轮专家问卷函询,并对心脏介入护理敏感质量指标进行修正。结果 2轮函询的专家积极系数为100.00%、66.67%,权威系数为0.86、0.91,协调系数为0.214～0.361(P0.001)。构建的心脏介入护理敏感质量指标体系包含3项一级指标、8项二级指标和20项三级指标。结论 构建的心脏介入护理敏感质量指标体系具有一定的科学性和实用性,可以先经临床实践验证其在护理质量控制与评价中的作用,进而逐步实现有效的数据共享。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.