经阴道超声鉴别诊断葡萄胎与胚胎停育价值

目的：探讨经阴道超声鉴别诊断葡萄胎与胚胎停育的价值。方法：回顾性分析经病理证实29例完全性葡萄胎患者、22例部分性葡萄胎患者、62例胚胎停育患者阴道超声资料。结果：经阴道超声诊断完全性葡萄胎、部分性葡萄胎及胚胎停育的符合率分别为100％、72．7％、98．4％;完全性葡萄胎超声声像显示宫腔内水泡样结构,水泡回声密集,囊壁薄,回声强,与周围组织分界清楚,呈蜂窝状,水泡后方回声较均匀;19例（86．4％）部分性葡萄胎超声声像显示宫腔内见水泡样结构,声像图表现与完全性葡萄胎相同;宫腔内均可见孕囊或胎儿及附属物结构;6例（9．7％）胚胎停育超声声像显示宫腔内见水泡样结构,水泡多稀疏,囊壁欠清晰,水泡后方回声杂乱,强弱不均;62例均未合并卵巢黄素囊肿。无胎盘退行性变时超声声像显示子宫多小于孕周,宫腔内无水泡样结构,若存在胎盘退行性变,可见类水泡样结构,水泡较稀疏,与周围组织分界不清,水泡后方回声杂乱。结论：经阴道超声在葡萄胎、胚胎停育的诊断与鉴别诊断中具有较高临床价值。     

孕早期不典型葡萄胎超声诊断92例分析

目的：分析孕早期不典型葡萄胎的超声误诊原因,进一步明确其与胚胎停育的诊断与鉴别诊断。方法：我院2008年超声诊断为胚胎停育的92例患者均行清宫术,术后将组织物送病检。结果：有9例病检为葡萄胎,其中水疱状胎块7例,部分性葡萄胎2例。结论：不典型葡萄胎与早孕期流产致胚胎停育单纯从临床表现、声像图等方面二者难以区别,还应结合血清β-HCG生化检查和宫腔诊刮物病检综合分析得出最终诊断。     

经阴道三维超声在纵隔子宫合并妊娠中的应用价值

目的探讨经阴道三维超声在纵隔子宫合并妊娠中的应用价值。方法应用经阴道三维超声获得26例纵隔子宫合并妊娠的子宫冠状切面,观察宫底及宫腔形态。结果26例纵隔子宫合并妊娠患者,不完全纵隔合并妊娠22例,完全纵隔合并妊娠4例;其中10例显示正常早孕声像,8例显示早孕合并宫腔积液,8例显示胚胎停育或稽留流产。合并肌瘤5例。结论经阴道三维超声的冠状面可以清晰显示宫底及宫腔形态,对纵隔子宫合并妊娠有重要的诊断价值,是保胎治疗及人工流产术成功的关键。     

超声诊断对纵隔子宫的探讨

目的探讨纵隔子宫的超声扫查方法及声像图特征。方法对超声诊断的36例纵隔子宫进行回顾分析。结果完全性纵隔子宫3例,其中1例合并早孕。不完全性纵隔子宫33例,其中合并早孕26例,早孕中1例合并对侧宫腔积血,3例合并子宫肌瘤,2例合并妊娠黄体囊肿,1例合并卵巢畸胎瘤;合并宫外孕2例,合并胚胎停止发育1例,误诊1例,1例漏诊。结论连续横断及纵断扫查,观察子宫外形、宫腔内回声,对诊断纵隔子宫及分型有很大帮助。     

彩色多普勒血流显像对不典型葡萄胎的诊断价值探讨

目的 探讨彩色多普勒血流显像对不典型葡萄胎的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析经彩色多普勒血流显像检查后经手术病理证实的30例不典型葡萄胎的声像图及彩色多普勒血流特征.结果 30例不典型葡萄胎声像图无特异性,其中13例声像图类似不全流产,17例声像图类似宫腔积血.彩色多普勒血流显像:30例不典型葡萄胎中25例宫腔内团块样病变(类似不全流产10例、类似宫腔积血块15例)及宫壁可见较丰富的血流信号,均呈低阻动脉血流信号,阻力指数(RI):0.45±0.08.结论 二维超声对不典型葡萄胎无特异性,彩色多普勒血流显像对不典型葡萄胎宫腔团块内可记录到高速低阻血流信号,因此彩色多普勒血流显像对不典型葡萄胎诊断具有重要的临床价值.     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断宫内双胎合并输卵管妊娠的分析

目的 探讨经阴道超声下宫内早孕双胎合并输卵管妊娠及黄体囊肿的声像图特征及其诊断价值。方法 采用经阴道超声检查13例确诊为宫内早孕双胎合并输卵管妊娠及黄体囊肿患者。结果 宫内早孕双胎合并输卵管妊娠及黄体囊肿主要表现为多种不同声像图特征：1、宫内早孕双胎声像图：宫腔内见两个清晰的妊娠囊，位于子宫腔的不同部位或两个妊娠囊相互紧靠，妊娠囊的囊壁厚度均匀，回声强度一致；2、输卵管妊娠的声像图：附件区可见低回声均质的包块或囊实性混合性肿块，在囊实性肿块内可见部分妊娠囊，其内见胚芽及胎心管搏动。在子宫直肠窝及盆腔等部分可见多少不等的液性暗区；3、部分患者的输卵管侧及对侧见圆形或椭圆形的囊性肿块，边界清楚，边缘规则，见包膜回声，后方回声增强。结论 经阴道超声检查宫内早孕双胎合并输卵管妊娠及黄体囊肿的诊治有重要的价值。     

异常早期妊娠的超声诊断

目的探讨超声在诊断异常早期妊娠中的应用价值。方法对2010例早孕期出现阴道流血，下腹隐痛或急性下腹疼痛伴晕厥、休克的患的超声检查进行结果回顾性分析，并经临床、手术病理证实。结果B超诊断宫腔内无异常早孕229例，异常早期妊娠1781例(早期妊娠死胎380例，先兆流产817例，难免流产115例，不全流产225例，葡萄胎13例，异位妊娠231例)，均具有较典型的声像图特征。结论超声在诊断与鉴别诊断异常早期妊娠中具有非常重要的价值。对受孕时间短，孕卵发育小，声像图表现不典型，结合血β-HCG化验进行B超动态观察便可明确诊断。     

希恩综合征患者经诱导排卵受孕致双胎之一完全性葡萄胎一例并文献复习

目的探讨希恩综合征患者受孕致双胎之一完全性葡萄胎的可能性及其发病机制。方法对1例希恩综合征患者经诱导排卵受孕致双胎之一完全性葡萄胎的临床资料进行回归性分析,并复习相关文献。结果本例患者因第一胎引产出现严重出血,导致垂体功能不全,有关的内分泌学检查、兴奋性试验和核磁共振影像学检查示希恩综合征。经诱导排卵后受孕,腹部超声示双胎之一葡萄胎。因葡萄组织增长过快,孕15周终止妊娠。病理组织学检查和遗传学检查证实为完全性葡萄胎。结论本文现首次报道了1例希恩综合征患者受孕致双胎之一完全性葡萄胎,提示希恩综合征患者受孕后也是可以发生葡萄胎,临床应予以警惕。     

双胎妊娠胎儿异常的产前超声特征

目的探讨产前超声诊断双胎妊娠胎儿异常的价值。方法回顾性分析14对双胎妊娠胎儿异常的产前声像图特征及临床资料。结果超声诊断5对为双胎之一结构畸形,1对为双胎均结构畸形,1对为双胎输血综合征,2对为选择性胎儿宫内发育迟缓,1对为双胎之一死亡后孪生胎神经系统损伤,2对为联体双胎,2对为双胎反向动脉灌注序列症。结论超声有助于诊断多种双胎妊娠并发症和畸形,有重要临床指导意义。     

MRI联合超声在异常双胎妊娠中的应用价值

目的:探讨MRI联合超声在异常双胎妊娠中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析经我院产前超声和MRI联合检出的40例异常双胎妊娠,并于分娩、引产或手术后证实,回顾性分析产前MRI影像图象和检查结果。结果:40例双胎中,其中双绒双羊12例,单绒双羊有24例,单绒单羊4例。胎儿检出异常有1胎胎死宫内、另一胎正常有10例,其中1例合并宫内完全性葡萄胎;1例双胎均胎死宫内;1胎胎死宫内、另一胎儿颅内出血有4例;1胎正常,其余胎儿合并畸形共有25例,其中合并一胎儿侧脑室扩张有22例、后颅窝池扩张1例、胼胝体缺如有2例、透明隔缺如合并胼胝体缺如有1例。MRI检出母体胎盘异常有完全性前置胎盘6例、部分性前置胎盘1例、胎盘植入2例;母体并发症有1例合并母体子宫平滑肌瘤;1例母体内脏转位。母体并发症有一侧附件区囊肿3例,均为黄体囊肿;1例并发有右侧卵巢粘液性囊腺瘤和左侧卵巢成熟性畸胎瘤。结论:产前MRI联合超声能准确的检出异常双胎妊娠以及其他合并症,对尽早的指导临床干预并采取有效措施、减少不良妊娠结局具有重要的意义。     

联体双胎的早孕期超声诊断

目的探讨联体双胎早孕期超声声像图特征,总结早孕期超声诊断联体双胎的技巧。 方法对2011年1月至2017年12月因早孕期先兆流产在深圳市妇幼保健院超声筛查发现颈项透明层（NT）增厚、规范化超声筛查诊断为联体双胎21例胎儿的超声声像特征、联体部位、联体类型、合并畸形及妊娠结局进行分析,总结早孕期超声诊断联体双胎的技巧。 结果早孕期超声诊断的21例联体双胎平均头臀径相当于平均孕周;8例获得较满意的NT测量,其中7例NT厚度大于0.3 cm;21例双胎联体部位及联体类型：胸脐联胎12例（12/21）,头部联胎3例（3/21）,双头联胎3例（3/21）,脐部联胎2例（2/21）,坐骨联胎1例（1/21）。21例联体双胎二维超声检出合并脊柱畸形、单心室、腹裂、膈疝、脐膨出、脊柱裂等其他畸形;三维超声对联体类型和范围及外观特征的观察更直观。妊娠结局：21例联体双胎中4例胎死宫内,17例超声检查后孕妇选择终止妊娠,产后标本检查证实21例均为联体双胎。 结论早孕期超声检查可对联体类型及合并畸形做出明确诊断,有利于孕妇进行产前咨询。     

The accuracy of first trimester ultrasound in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have examined ultrasound findings in histopathologically confirmed cases of hydatidiform mole. The aim of this study was to assess the first-trimester ultrasonographic findings in all women suspected of having hydatidiform mole on ultrasound and those subsequently diagnosed with hydatidiform mole after histological examination of removed products of conception after surgical evacuation of the uterus. The aim was to obtain a true sensitivity and positive predictive value for ultrasound in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of all cases of sonographically suspected hydatidiform mole and histologically proven hydatidiform mole presenting to the Early Pregnancy Unit of an inner city hospital over a 4-year period. The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of ultrasound in the detection of histologically proven hydatidiform mole was calculated. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 90 women; 56 were suspected of having hydatidiform mole on ultrasound, and of these 27 (48%) had hydatidiform mole confirmed after histopathological examination of the products of conception, while no changes suggestive of hydatidiform mole were present in the other 29 cases. Overall, 61 women had hydatidiform mole confirmed on histology-41 (67%) partial hydatidiform moles (PHM) and 20 (33%) complete hydatidiform moles (CHM). The ultrasound findings in the 34 cases not suspected of hydatidiform mole were an empty sac in 8/34 (24%) women and a delayed miscarriage in the other 26/34 (76%). The overall sensitivity and positive predictive value for the ultrasound diagnosis of hydatidiform mole was 44% and 48%, respectively. For PHMs the respective values were 20% and 22% and for CHMs they were 95% and 40%. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography is more reliable for diagnosing CHMs than for PHMs. Overall, the sensitivity of ultrasound for accurately predicting hydatidiform mole is 44%, and one in two women with an abnormal scan will have the disease confirmed on histology.     

The sonographic appearance of the normal gastric wall: an in vitro study

In order to evaluate the real number and anatomical correspondence of the ultrasonographically recognizable layers within the gastric wall, we used a high frequency (7.5 MHz) rotating transducer to examine five surgical specimens of the stomach suspended in a water bath. Five layers were always clearly distinguishable within the gastric wall, whose thickness was 3–6 mm. Fine needles and lancets were localized at the level of the 3^rd hyperchoic layer when inserted in the submucosa and in the 4^th hypoechoic layer when inserted in the muscolaris propria. Thin echogenic bands were always displayed on both sides of other homogeneous tissues (spleen, myometrium) suspended in water. On the basis of these findings and also taking in account the physical laws of ultrasound interactions with tissues, we conclude that the 1^st and the 5^th hyperechoic layers are partially generated by ultrasound reflection at the interface liquid/wall. The 2^nd hypoechoic layer corresponds to the deepest part of the mucosa; the 3^rd hyperechoic to the submucosa and the submucosa/muscularis propria interface and the 4^th hypoechoic layer to the muscularis propria.     

The diagnostic implications of routine ultrasound examination in histologically confirmed early molar pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: Early ultrasound examination is being used increasingly in the diagnosis of molar pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic implications of routine ultrasound examination for histologically confirmed molar pregnancies. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of sonographic and histological findings in a series of consecutive cases referred to the National Trophoblastic Disease Surveillance Centre with suspected molar pregnancies. In 194 cases referred to the center over a 6-month period in whom results of a preceding ultrasound examination were documented, review of ultrasound findings and final histological diagnosis was carried out. RESULTS: There were 155 cases with a reviewed histological diagnosis of complete or partial hydatidiform mole. In 131 (67%) cases, the sonographic diagnosis was that of a missed miscarriage/anembryonic pregnancy with no documented suspicion of molar pregnancy, referral being on the basis of histological examination of products of conception. In 63 cases, ultrasound examination suggested molar pregnancy; in 53 (84%) of these, the diagnosis of molar pregnancy was correct. Overall, 37 of 64 (58%) complete moles had sonographic evidence of molar pregnancy compared to 16 of 91 (17%) partial moles. Of 155 histologically confirmed complete or partial hydatidiform moles, only 53 (34%) were suspected as molar sonographically. CONCLUSION: The majority of cases of molar pregnancy now present as missed miscarriage/anembryonic pregnancy sonographically, highlighting the importance of histological examination to diagnose gestational trophoblastic disease.     

葡萄胎的超声诊断价值及误诊分析

目的探讨葡萄胎的超声诊断价值及误诊原因分析。方法回顾性分析22例葡萄胎的超声声像特征,并与手术病理结果对照,分析误诊原因。结果经刮宫术及病理证实的22例葡萄胎,超声确诊19例,超声误诊为不全流产2例,超声误诊为孕卵枯萎1例,超声诊断葡萄胎符合率86.4%。结论超声检查对葡萄胎有较高的诊断价值,但声像图复杂,需结合临床各项检查指标。     

经腹及经阴道超声对宫角妊娠的诊断与分析

目的探讨经腹及经阴道超声联合诊断宫角妊娠的价值。方法回顾性分析148例经腹及经阴道超声首次诊断为可疑宫角妊娠患者的超声声像图特点,评价其准确率。结果经手术和(或)病理证实,77例为宫角妊娠,29例为输卵管间质部妊娠,42例为宫内妊娠。84例超声首次诊断为可疑孕囊型宫角妊娠,诊断准确率为46.43%(39/84);经动态观察1～2周后二次诊断准确率为88.64%(39/44)。64例超声首次诊断为可疑包块型宫角妊娠,诊断准确率为59.37%(38/64);经动态观察1周后二次诊断准确率为66.66%(38/57)。结论对经腹及经阴道超声首次诊断为可疑宫角妊娠、特别是可疑孕囊型宫角妊娠者,进行动态观察并二次诊断是有必要的。     

Routine pre-evacuation ultrasound diagnosis of hydatidiform mole: experience of more than 1000 cases from a regional referral center.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the accuracy of sonographic findings of routine ultrasound examinations in patients with a proven histological diagnosis of complete or partial hydatidiform mole referred to a supra-regional referral center, and to examine the relationship of sonographic findings to gestational age across the first and early second trimesters. METHODS: Review of consecutive cases referred to a trophoblastic disease unit from June 2002 to January 2005 with a diagnosis of possible or probable hydatidiform mole in whom results of a pre-evacuation ultrasound examination were documented. Ultrasound detection rates for partial and complete hydatidiform moles were calculated and comparison of detection rates between complete and partial mole, and gestational age groups carried out. RESULTS: 1053 consecutive cases were examined. The median maternal age was 31 (range, 15-54) years and the median gestational age was 10 (range, 5-27) weeks. 859 had a final review diagnosis of partial or complete hydatidiform mole (82%), including 253 (29%) complete moles and 606 (71%) partial moles. Non-molar hydropic miscarriage was diagnosed following histological review in 194 (18%). Overall, 378 (44%) cases with a final diagnosis of complete or partial hydatidiform mole had a pre-evacuation ultrasound diagnosis suggesting hydatidiform mole, including 200 complete moles and 178 partial moles, representing 79% and 29%, respectively, of those with complete (253) or partial (606) moles in the final review diagnosis. The ultrasound detection rate was significantly better for complete versus partial hydatidiform moles (Z = 13.4, P < 0.001). There was a non-significant trend towards improved ultrasound detection rate with increasing gestational age, with an overall detection rate of 35-40% before 14 weeks' gestation compared to around 60% after this gestation. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for routine pre-evacuation ultrasound examination for detection of hydatidiform mole of any type were 44%, 74%, 88% and 23%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Routine pre-evacuation ultrasound examination identifies less than 50% of hydatidiform moles, the majority sonographically appearing as missed or incomplete miscarriage. Detection rates are, however, higher for complete compared to partial moles, and improve after 14 weeks' gestation. Histopathological examination of products of conception remains the current gold standard for the identification of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.     

Clinical Findings of Multiple Pregnancy With a Complete Hydatidiform Mole and Coexisting Fetus

Objective. The aim of this series was to evaluate the clinical features, management, and outcomes of multiple pregnancy with a complete hydatidiform mole and coexisting fetus (CHMCF). Methods. Between 1998 and 2008, we investigated 6 women with a diagnosis of a CHMCF. The gestational age at diagnosis, symptoms, serum b‐human chorionic gonadotropin levels, cytogenetic and molecular analysis findings, complications, routes of delivery, and pregnancy outcomes were assessed. Results. All cases were diagnosed before 14 weeks' gestation by sonography. Only 1 ended with the delivery of a live‐born neonate, whereas the other 5 cases required termination of pregnancy (TOP) before 21 weeks' gestation because of severe maternal complications (eg, preeclampsia, thyrotoxicosis, lung metastasis, and heavy bleeding) or intrauterine fetal death. The pathologic diagnosis of a complete hydatidiform mole was confirmed in all cases. Two patients required methotrexate for treatment of persistent trophoblastic disease (PTD). Conclusions. On the basis of our experience, in cases with a normal karyotype and no gross fetal abnormalities on sonography, we carefully recommend continuation of pregnancy as long as maternal complications are absent or controllable. However, updated treatment criteria are still needed, and intensive maternal follow‐up is necessary in the postpartum period because maternal complications during pregnancy and PTD after TOP are not uncommon.     

探讨超声诊断非辅助生殖技术所致的宫内外同时妊娠的临床价值

目的：探讨超声诊断非辅助生殖技术所致的宫内外同时妊娠的临床价值。方法：对16例非辅助生殖技术所致的宫内外同时妊娠患者经腹及经阴道超声检查结果以及临床资料进行回顾性分析,并随访宫内妊娠结局以及手术病理检查结果。结果：通过经腹壁及经阴道超声联合应用,结合病史及临床症状,14例首诊高度怀疑并提示宫内宫外同时妊娠,超声仅发现宫内孕囊及附件区包块,但无法确认包块是宫外孕或黄体破裂者1例,经后穹窿穿刺出不凝血而高度怀疑;附件包块漏诊1例,1周后腹痛复查时证实。上述16例患者均由手术病理证实,经腹壁及经引道超声检查两者联合应用,宫内外同时妊娠诊断符合率达87.50%。其中仅4例宫内继续妊娠,2例得以足月生产,另外2例分别于16周4天和18周1天流产。结论：经腹和经阴道超声联合应用是提高宫内外同时妊娠诊断率的有效方法,同时结合病史及临床症状、仔细全面的超声检查、超声图像的认真分析,可有效减少宫内外同时妊娠的误、漏诊。早期的诊断对选择合适的治疗方案具有十分重大的临床意义。