Complex liver retransplantation to treat graft loss due to long-term biliary tract complication after liver transplantation: A case report

BACKGROUND Loss of graft function after liver transplantation(LT) inevitably requires liver retransplant. Retransplantation of the liver(Re LT) remains controversial because of inferior outcomes compared with the primary orthotopic LT(OLT).Meanwhile, if accompanied by vascular complications such as arterial and portal vein(PV) stenosis or thrombosis, it will increase difficulties of surgery. We hereby introduce our center’s experience in Re LT through a complicated case of ReLT.CASE SUMMARY We report a patient who suffered from hepatitis B-associated cirrhosis and underwent LT in December 2012. Early postoperative recovery was uneventful.Four months after LT, the patient’s bilirubin increased significantly and he was diagnosed with an ischemic-type biliary lesion caused by hepatic artery occlusion. The patient underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage and repeatedly replaced intrahepatic biliary drainage tube regularly for 5 years.The patient developed progressive deterioration of liver function and underwent liver re-transplant in January 2019. The operation was performed in a classic OLT manner without venous bypass. Both the hepatic artery and PV were occluded and could not be used for anastomosis. The donor PV was anastomosed with the recipient’s left renal vein. The donor hepatic artery was connected to the recipient’s abdominal aorta. The bile duct reconstruction was performed in an end-to-end manner. The postoperative process was very uneventful and the patient was discharged 1 mo after retransplantation.CONCLUSION With the development of surgical techniques, portal thrombosis and arterial occlusion are no longer contraindications for ReLT.     

三维超声造影评价活体肝移植供肝Ⅳ段肝动脉起源的应用价值

目的 探讨三维超声造影(3D-CEUS)评价活体肝移植供肝Ⅳ段肝动脉起源的价值.方法 对20例拟捐献供肝的活体肝移植(LDLT)供体行3D-CEUS检查.以手术/CTA为对照,评价3D-CEUS对Ⅳ段肝动脉起源的诊断符合率.结果 3D-CEUS正确判断13例Ⅳ段肝动脉起源于左肝动脉,2例起源于肝固有动脉,1例Ⅳ段由左肝、右肝动脉各发出一支动脉供应,另4例因3D-CEUS图像显示欠清而无法判断其起源,3D-CEUS诊断符合率为80%(16/20).结论 3D-CEUS诊断Ⅳ段肝动脉起源符合率较高,能够为LDLT手术提供有用信息,具有临床实用价值.     

肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的超声造影与增强螺旋CT对比研究

Objective To observe the perfusion pattern of hepatic angiomyolipomas using contrastenhanced ultrasound(CEUS) and compare diagnostic efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound with contrastenhanced helical CT(CECT).Methods Nineteen patients with 21 resected and pathologically proven hepatic angiomyolipomas were included in this study.Low mechanical index (mechanical index less than 0.2) realtime CEUS was performed in nineteen patients (5 patients with pulse inversion harmonic, 14 patients with contrast pulse sequencing, CPS) after 2.4ml bolus injection of contrast agent SonoVue.CECT was performed using 16-slice helical CT and contrast agent Ultravist.The diagnostic performance was calculated by considering histologic results as the reference standards.Results Fifteen tumors were correctly diagnosed as hepatic angiomyolipomas,4 tumors were misdiagnosed (including 1 hepatocellular carcinoma,2hepatic adenomas, 1 hemangioma) and 2 tumors were characterized as benign lesions by CEUS.Eight tumors were correctly diagnosed as hepatic angiomyolipomas, 13 tumors were misdiagnosed (including 7hepatocellular carcinoma, 1 liposarcoma, 2 lipomas, 1 hepatic adenomas, 2 hemangiomas) by CECT.The preoperative diagnostic accuracy was 71.4% for CEUS and 38.1 % for CECT(P＜0.05 ).Conclusions CEUS can demonstrate typical imaging characteristics of most hepatic angiomyolipomas, and has higher diagnostic performance than CECT in characterization of hepatic angiomyotipomas.     

肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的超声造影表现

Objective To investigate the features of hepatic angiomyolipoma(AML) on contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Methods Ten pathologically proved AML lesions in 9 patients were evaluated by using baseline ultrasound and CEUS. CEUS was performed with contrast pulse sequencing technique and the contrast agent of SonoVue. Results On baseline ultrasound, 7 lesions exhibited mixed echoic,which was obvious hyperechoic combined with partly of hypoechoie; 3 lesions exhitited obvious hypereehoic. On color Doppler flow imaging artery signals were detected in all lesions. And the lesions had plenty or slightly plenty of artery supply,with resistive index about 0.53 4±0.10 (0.48~0.62). On CEUS, in the arterial phase, 9 lesions exhibited hyper-enhanced. In the portal phase, 5 lesions exhibited iso-enhancement,1 lesion was slightly hyper-enhancement and 3 lesions was hypo-enhancement. In the late phase 6 lesions were iso-enhancement and 3 lesions were hypo-enhancement. One lesion was all hypo-enhancement in all three phases. Conclusions There are some characteristic manifestations of hepatic AML in CEUS, which are helpful for the diagnosis of hepatic AML in a way,but we still need more experiences.     

肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的超声造影表现

Objective To investigate the features of hepatic angiomyolipoma(AML) on contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Methods Ten pathologically proved AML lesions in 9 patients were evaluated by using baseline ultrasound and CEUS. CEUS was performed with contrast pulse sequencing technique and the contrast agent of SonoVue. Results On baseline ultrasound, 7 lesions exhibited mixed echoic,which was obvious hyperechoic combined with partly of hypoechoie; 3 lesions exhitited obvious hypereehoic. On color Doppler flow imaging artery signals were detected in all lesions. And the lesions had plenty or slightly plenty of artery supply,with resistive index about 0.53 4±0.10 (0.48~0.62). On CEUS, in the arterial phase, 9 lesions exhibited hyper-enhanced. In the portal phase, 5 lesions exhibited iso-enhancement,1 lesion was slightly hyper-enhancement and 3 lesions was hypo-enhancement. In the late phase 6 lesions were iso-enhancement and 3 lesions were hypo-enhancement. One lesion was all hypo-enhancement in all three phases. Conclusions There are some characteristic manifestations of hepatic AML in CEUS, which are helpful for the diagnosis of hepatic AML in a way,but we still need more experiences.     

肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的超声造影与增强螺旋CT对比研究

Objective To observe the perfusion pattern of hepatic angiomyolipomas using contrastenhanced ultrasound(CEUS) and compare diagnostic efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound with contrastenhanced helical CT(CECT).Methods Nineteen patients with 21 resected and pathologically proven hepatic angiomyolipomas were included in this study.Low mechanical index (mechanical index less than 0.2) realtime CEUS was performed in nineteen patients (5 patients with pulse inversion harmonic, 14 patients with contrast pulse sequencing, CPS) after 2.4ml bolus injection of contrast agent SonoVue.CECT was performed using 16-slice helical CT and contrast agent Ultravist.The diagnostic performance was calculated by considering histologic results as the reference standards.Results Fifteen tumors were correctly diagnosed as hepatic angiomyolipomas,4 tumors were misdiagnosed (including 1 hepatocellular carcinoma,2hepatic adenomas, 1 hemangioma) and 2 tumors were characterized as benign lesions by CEUS.Eight tumors were correctly diagnosed as hepatic angiomyolipomas, 13 tumors were misdiagnosed (including 7hepatocellular carcinoma, 1 liposarcoma, 2 lipomas, 1 hepatic adenomas, 2 hemangiomas) by CECT.The preoperative diagnostic accuracy was 71.4% for CEUS and 38.1 % for CECT(P＜0.05 ).Conclusions CEUS can demonstrate typical imaging characteristics of most hepatic angiomyolipomas, and has higher diagnostic performance than CECT in characterization of hepatic angiomyotipomas.     

肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的超声造影表现

Objective To investigate the features of hepatic angiomyolipoma(AML) on contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Methods Ten pathologically proved AML lesions in 9 patients were evaluated by using baseline ultrasound and CEUS. CEUS was performed with contrast pulse sequencing technique and the contrast agent of SonoVue. Results On baseline ultrasound, 7 lesions exhibited mixed echoic,which was obvious hyperechoic combined with partly of hypoechoie; 3 lesions exhitited obvious hypereehoic. On color Doppler flow imaging artery signals were detected in all lesions. And the lesions had plenty or slightly plenty of artery supply,with resistive index about 0.53 4±0.10 (0.48~0.62). On CEUS, in the arterial phase, 9 lesions exhibited hyper-enhanced. In the portal phase, 5 lesions exhibited iso-enhancement,1 lesion was slightly hyper-enhancement and 3 lesions was hypo-enhancement. In the late phase 6 lesions were iso-enhancement and 3 lesions were hypo-enhancement. One lesion was all hypo-enhancement in all three phases. Conclusions There are some characteristic manifestations of hepatic AML in CEUS, which are helpful for the diagnosis of hepatic AML in a way,but we still need more experiences.     

肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的超声造影表现

Objective To investigate the features of hepatic angiomyolipoma(AML) on contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Methods Ten pathologically proved AML lesions in 9 patients were evaluated by using baseline ultrasound and CEUS. CEUS was performed with contrast pulse sequencing technique and the contrast agent of SonoVue. Results On baseline ultrasound, 7 lesions exhibited mixed echoic,which was obvious hyperechoic combined with partly of hypoechoie; 3 lesions exhitited obvious hypereehoic. On color Doppler flow imaging artery signals were detected in all lesions. And the lesions had plenty or slightly plenty of artery supply,with resistive index about 0.53 4±0.10 (0.48~0.62). On CEUS, in the arterial phase, 9 lesions exhibited hyper-enhanced. In the portal phase, 5 lesions exhibited iso-enhancement,1 lesion was slightly hyper-enhancement and 3 lesions was hypo-enhancement. In the late phase 6 lesions were iso-enhancement and 3 lesions were hypo-enhancement. One lesion was all hypo-enhancement in all three phases. Conclusions There are some characteristic manifestations of hepatic AML in CEUS, which are helpful for the diagnosis of hepatic AML in a way,but we still need more experiences.     

肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的超声造影表现

Objective To investigate the features of hepatic angiomyolipoma(AML) on contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Methods Ten pathologically proved AML lesions in 9 patients were evaluated by using baseline ultrasound and CEUS. CEUS was performed with contrast pulse sequencing technique and the contrast agent of SonoVue. Results On baseline ultrasound, 7 lesions exhibited mixed echoic,which was obvious hyperechoic combined with partly of hypoechoie; 3 lesions exhitited obvious hypereehoic. On color Doppler flow imaging artery signals were detected in all lesions. And the lesions had plenty or slightly plenty of artery supply,with resistive index about 0.53 4±0.10 (0.48~0.62). On CEUS, in the arterial phase, 9 lesions exhibited hyper-enhanced. In the portal phase, 5 lesions exhibited iso-enhancement,1 lesion was slightly hyper-enhancement and 3 lesions was hypo-enhancement. In the late phase 6 lesions were iso-enhancement and 3 lesions were hypo-enhancement. One lesion was all hypo-enhancement in all three phases. Conclusions There are some characteristic manifestations of hepatic AML in CEUS, which are helpful for the diagnosis of hepatic AML in a way,but we still need more experiences.     

肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的超声造影表现

Objective To investigate the features of hepatic angiomyolipoma(AML) on contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Methods Ten pathologically proved AML lesions in 9 patients were evaluated by using baseline ultrasound and CEUS. CEUS was performed with contrast pulse sequencing technique and the contrast agent of SonoVue. Results On baseline ultrasound, 7 lesions exhibited mixed echoic,which was obvious hyperechoic combined with partly of hypoechoie; 3 lesions exhitited obvious hypereehoic. On color Doppler flow imaging artery signals were detected in all lesions. And the lesions had plenty or slightly plenty of artery supply,with resistive index about 0.53 4±0.10 (0.48~0.62). On CEUS, in the arterial phase, 9 lesions exhibited hyper-enhanced. In the portal phase, 5 lesions exhibited iso-enhancement,1 lesion was slightly hyper-enhancement and 3 lesions was hypo-enhancement. In the late phase 6 lesions were iso-enhancement and 3 lesions were hypo-enhancement. One lesion was all hypo-enhancement in all three phases. Conclusions There are some characteristic manifestations of hepatic AML in CEUS, which are helpful for the diagnosis of hepatic AML in a way,but we still need more experiences.     

三维灰阶超声造影对肝动脉解剖形态学特征的评价

目的探讨三维灰阶超声造影（3D—CEUS）在评价肝移植肝动脉解剖形态学特征中的价值。方法对26例肝移植供体或怀疑肝动脉并发症的肝移植受体行二维灰阶超声造影（2D—CEUS）和3D—CEUS检查，其中15例经CT血管成像、磁共振血管成像或数字减影血管造影证实，纳人研究组。将肝动脉分为肝总动脉、肝固有动脉、左右肝动脉及段动脉4个节段，评估2D—CEUS和3D—CEUS提供的肝动脉解剖信息有无差别。结果与2D—CEUS相比，3D—CEUS可获得更丰富的肝动脉解剖形态学信息，但对不同节段动脉3D—CEUS显示水平不一，在评价肝总动脉和肝固有动脉时，3D—CEUS与2D—CEUS水平相当（P〉0．05）；在评价肝左动脉、肝右动脉和段动脉时，3D—CEUS优于2D—CEUS（P〈0．05）。结论在评价肝移植肝动脉解剖形态学特征方面，3D—CEUS可提供较2D—CEUS更丰富的诊断信息，有望发挥重要作用。     

三维超声造影评价肝动脉解剖分型的价值

目的探讨三维超声造影评价肝动脉解剖分型的应用价值。方法对10例上腹部肿瘤患者和20例拟捐献供肝的活体肝移植供体的肝脏行二维超声造影和三维超声造影检查。肝动脉解剖分型参照Michels分型标准,以CTA/MRA/DSA/手术为对照,比较二维超声造影与三维超声造影判断肝动脉解剖分型的符合率。结果二维超声造影与三维超声造影判断肝动脉解剖分型的总符合率分别为40.0%(12/30)和83.3%(25/30),两者之间的差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。其中对于正常解剖类型,二维超声造影与三维超声造影判断符合率分别为40.9%(9/22)和90.9%(20/22),两者之间的差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);对具有解剖变异类型病例,二维超声造影与三维超声造影判断符合率分别为37.5%(3/8)和62.5%(5/8),两者之间的差异无统计学意义(P=0.196)。结论三维超声造影是评价肝动脉解剖结构及变异的新方法,可能成为CTA、MRA、DSA等的重要补充。     

超声造影三维成像在移植肝肝动脉检查中的初步研究

目的探讨超声造影三维成像技术在移植肝肝动脉检查中的应用价值。方法对25例移植肝患者肝动脉进行二维及三维超声造影检查。评价三维图像中肝动脉显示的分支分级、图像质量水平;评价三维超声造影对移植肝动脉并发症的诊断价值。结果三维超声造影诊断移植肝血管通畅者20例,三维超声造影可显示肝动脉的树状结构,三维超声造影显示的肝动脉分级及图像质量均优于二维造影(P=0.0000)。三维超声造影正确鉴别诊断了3例移植肝动脉扭曲及2例肝动脉狭窄。结论三维超声造影可更清晰显示移植肝动脉结构,可提供比二维超声造影更丰富的诊断信息。     

肝动脉三维灰阶超声造影在肝移植中的临床应用

目的 探讨肝动脉三维灰阶超声造影(3D-CEUS)在肝移植中的临床应用价值.方法 26例肝移植供体或怀疑肝动脉并发症的肝移植受体行二维灰阶超声造影(2D-CEUS)和3D-CEUS检查,评价3D-CEUS图像重建成功率、图像质量和对肝动脉并发症的诊断准确性,并与2D-CEUS相比较.结果 26例患者3D-CEUS可显示21条肝动脉,图像重建成功率80.8%,重建图像血管连续性好,可显示冠状面上的分支或属支,能帮助判定段动脉起源,能明确显示血管空间关系.5例确诊肝动脉并发症者,2D-CEUS和3D-CEUS能明确诊断并与结果 相符者均为4例,2D-CEUS将1例肝动脉迂曲误诊为动脉狭窄,3D-CEUS予以纠正.结论 肝动脉3D-CEUS可获得直观、立体、清晰的肝动脉重建图.在评价肝移植术后肝动脉并发症方面,当血管走行迂曲、有复杂的解剖空间关系时,3D-CEUS能提供更丰富的诊断信息,可对2D-CEUS发现的一些病变作进一步的证实或纠正.     

超声造影在肝移植术后血管源性并发症中的应用

目的探讨超声造影在检测肝移植术后血管源性并发症中的应用价值。方法对肝移植术后经彩色多普勒血流显像检查疑肝血管血流异常患者行超声造影检查，观察肝动脉、门静脉、下腔静脉及肝实质的血流灌注，对其中29例经数字减影血管造影（DSA）或CT血管造影（CTA）／MR血管造影（MRA）证实的病例进行分析。结果术后血管源性并发症患者28例，其中肝动脉狭窄22例，肝动脉血栓闭塞3例（肝动脉血栓闭塞合并肝梗死2例），门静脉狭窄2例，下腔静脉狭窄1例，另1例为肝门部血肿并肝动脉、门静脉受压狭窄。超声造影可明确诊断肝动脉血栓闭塞，显示肝动脉、门静脉及下腔静脉狭窄，与DSA或CTA／MRA结果符合率分别为100％（3／3）、90．9％（20／22）、100％（2／2）及100％（1／1）。结论超声造影对肝移植术后血管源性并发症的诊断具有较高的准确率，对指导临床诊断及治疗具有重要的临床应用价值。     

超声造影在肝移植肝动脉栓塞诊断中的应用

目的 探讨超声造影在肝移植后肝动脉栓塞诊断中的应用价值.方法 对475例肝移植受者于术后常规进行肝动脉彩色多普勒超声检查,对11例怀疑肝动脉栓塞患者进行超声造影检查.结果 11例患者超声造影均与血管造影或CT血管成像检查结果一致.11例可疑肝动脉栓塞患者中,超声造影明确诊断肝动脉栓塞6例,其中3例伴肝内梗死灶形成.另5例未栓塞患者肝动脉直径纤细,其中3例合并重度脂肪肝.结论 超声造影诊断肝动脉栓塞的准确性与血管造影或CT血管成像一致,具有重要的临床应用价值.     

彩色多普勒及超声造影检测肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的应用

目的 评价彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）和超声造影在检测肝移植术后肝动脉并发症中的应用价值并对两者进行比较。 方法 CDFI检查肝移植术后患者158例共267人次，观察肝动脉有无血流显示、血流峰值、加速度时间、阻力指数、有无湍流及其峰值。对33例CDFI可疑异常者，用SonoVue及实时超声造影匹配成像技术行超声造影，观察肝动脉及肝实质的血流灌注。 结果 19例经DSA和／或CT血管造影（CTA）证实，其中肝动脉狭窄17例，血栓闭塞2例。17例狭窄均有血流参数异常，但CDFI不能判断狭窄部位及程度；2例血栓闭塞者动脉血流难以显示，不能肯定诊断。超声造影可明确诊断血栓闭塞，显示狭窄部位及其程度，与DSA和／或CTA结果符合率分别为100％（2／2）、94．1％（16／17）和88．2％（15／17）。 结论 CDFI与超声造影互为补充，有利于提高肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的诊断准确性。     

Sono Vue实时超声造影在原位肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成诊断中的应用研究

目的 探讨低机械指数实时超声造影在肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成（HAT）诊断中的应用价值。 方法 175例肝移植患者术后进行肝动脉彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）检查，对其中22例CDFI未显示肝动脉血流信号的患者，采用造影剂SonoVue和脉冲反向谐波技术进行低机械指数（MI〈0．2）实时超声造影。 结果 肝移植术后CDFI对肝动脉的显示率为87．4％（153／175），22例CDFI未显示肝动脉的患者中有18例（81．8％）实时超声造影后清晰显示肝动脉（P〈0．01），避免了血管造影检查，超声造影未显示肝动脉的4例患者，经血管造影证实为肝动脉血栓形成（HAT）。 结论 低机械指数实时超声造影可提高肝移植术后肝动脉的显示率，诊断HAT的价值与血管造影相当，可明显减少不必要的有创性血管造影检查。     

超声造影、术中超声在肝移植术后血管并发症中的应用

目的探讨超声造影、术中超声在肝移植术后血管并发症中的诊断价值。方法对CDFI检查疑有肝动脉、门静脉及下腔静脉狭窄或血栓形成的9例患者进行超声造影检查,对疑有门静脉血栓的3例患者进行术中超声检查;检查结果与数字减影血管造影(DSA)进行对照分析。结果超声造影提示门静脉血栓形成3例,并经术中超声检查证实肝动脉血栓形成3例,下腔静脉狭窄1例,均经DSA证实。另2例超声造影提示肝动脉未见明显异常的患者中,1例DSA诊断为肝动脉狭窄,1例肝动脉无明显异常;超声造影诊断符合(7/9)。结论超声造影可确诊门静脉、肝动脉血栓,但对准确诊断肝动脉狭窄仍有一定困难。