吲哚胺2,3双加氧酶在急性白血病细胞的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨急性白血病细胞吲哚胺2,3双加氧酶(IDO)的表达与急性白血病临床病理参数和预后的关系.方法 分别采用免疫组织化学法及实时荧光定量反转录PCR法检测60例急性白血病患者白血病细胞IDO蛋白和RNA表达水平,并与临床资料相结合进行分析.结果 急性白血病患者IDO蛋白阳性表达率为63.3％(38/60),其中急性髓系白血病(AML)患者的阳性率为69.4％(34/49),尤其是AML-M5型患者阳性率达82.9％(29/35);而急性淋巴细胞白血病患者为36.4％(4/11).IDO蛋白在健康人外周血单个核细胞呈阴性表达.IDO RNA在AML-M5组的表达水平高于非AML-M5组(P＜0.05)和健康人组(P＜ 0.001),非AML-M5组亦高于健康人(P＜ 0.001).IDO RNA的表达水平与患者的性别、年龄、药物敏感性不相关,与患者是否合并肺部感染相关.IDO阳性表达者有较差的预后,但IDO并不是AML-M5患者独立的预后不良指标.结论 IDO在AML-M5患者的表达较非AML-M5患者和健康人明显升高.IDO的阳性表达影响AML-M5患者的预后,但不是独立预后不良指标.     

抑制吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶活性促进慢性粒细胞白血病源树突状细胞的功能

目的:研究吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)在慢性粒细胞性白血病源性树突状细胞(dendritic cells derived from chronic myeloid leukemia,CML-DCs)中的表达,及抑制IDO活性对CML-DCs免疫刺激功能的影响.方法:RT-PCR检测17例患者CML-DCs的IDO mRNA的表达情况,流式细胞仪检测CML-DCs免疫表型.在有或无IDO抑制剂1-甲基色氨酸(1-methyltroptophan,1-MT)作用下,分别以不成熟CML-DCs(imDCs)和成熟CML-DCs(mDCs)为刺激细胞,完全缓解期(complete remission,CR)CML患者外周T淋巴细胞为反应细胞建立混合淋巴细胞反应体系,ELISA法检测CML-DCs上清液IL-12水平,MTT法检测CML-DCs刺激自体T淋巴细胞的增殖能力.结果:随着CML-DCs的诱导分化和成熟,IDO mRNA表达逐渐上调;经TNF-α诱导的DCs免疫表型除CD1a外,CD80、CD86、CD83、HLA-DR的表达均明显上调(P<0.05),且上述分子的表达不受1-MT的影响.用1-MT抑制IDO活性后的imDCs和mDCs,其IL-12水平均明显增加(P<0.05,P<0.01),且激发自体T淋巴细胞增殖的能力也明显增强(P<0.05,P<0.01).结论:抑制IDO活性可提高CML-DCs的IL-12分泌水平,增强其对自体T细胞增殖的刺激能力,IDO对DCs的负性调节为白血病生物治疗提供了新的思路.     

抑制吲哚胺2，3-双加氧酶活性促进慢性粒细胞白血病源树突状细胞的功能

目的: 研究吲哚胺2,3双加氧酶（indoleamine 2,3dioxygenase,IDO）在慢性粒细胞性白血病源性树突状细胞（dendritic cells derived from chronic myeloid leukemia,CMLDCs）中的表达,及抑制IDO活性对CMLDCs免疫刺激功能的影响。方法: RTPCR检测17例患者CMLDCs的IDO mRNA的表达情况,流式细胞仪检测CMLDCs免疫表型。在有或无IDO抑制剂1甲基色氨酸（1methyltroptophan,1MT）作用下,分别以不成熟CMLDCs（imDCs）和成熟CMLDCs（mDCs）为刺激细胞,完全缓解期（complete remission,CR）CML患者外周T淋巴细胞为反应细胞建立混合淋巴细胞反应体系,ELISA法检测CMLDCs上清液IL12水平,MTT法检测CMLDCs刺激自体T淋巴细胞的增殖能力。结果: 随着CMLDCs的诱导分化和成熟,IDO mRNA表达逐渐上调;经TNFα诱导的DCs免疫表型除CD1a外,CD80、CD86、CD83、HLADR的表达均明显上调(P<005),且上述分子的表达不受1MT的影响。用1MT抑制IDO活性后的imDCs和mDCs,其IL12水平均明显增加(P<005,P<001),且激发自体T淋巴细胞增殖的能力也明显增强(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论: 抑制IDO活性可提高CMLDCs的IL12分泌水平,增强其对自体T细胞增殖的刺激能力,IDO对DCs的负性调节为白血病生物治疗提供了新的思路。     

吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶在肝癌组织的表达及其临床意义

目的：探讨吲哚胺2，3-双加氧酶（indoleamine 2，3-dioxygenase，IDO）在原发性肝癌细胞、癌旁肝细胞及肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞中的表达及其临床意义。方法：选择经临床确诊的21例原发性肝癌患者的手术切除和（或）肝穿刺所取肝癌组织及癌旁组织标本，通过免疫组织化学染色法检测肝癌及癌旁组织IDO的表达，并分析其与临床病理特征的关系。结果：IDO在原发性肝癌细胞与肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞的表达水平相对较低，在癌旁肝硬变细胞中表达明显增高（P〈0．01）。IDO表达强度与患者的年龄、性别、TNM分期无关（P〉0．05）；与患者大体病理分型有一定的相关性，浸润型IDO表达强度较块状型明显增高（P〈0．05）；有血管浸润及癌栓形成患者IDO也呈高表达状态（P〈0．05）；IDO的表达还与病理组织学分化情况相关，低分化肿瘤组织IDO的表达强度明显增高（P〈0．05）。结论：IDO的表达与肝细胞癌恶性有一定的相关，故IDO拟可以作肝癌预后差的一个参考指标。     

Expression and prognostic impact of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in oral squamous cell carcinomas

Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) is a negative immune regulator and was found to be a prognostic marker in several tumor entities. In this study, we analysed IDO expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) regarding patient's prognosis. Additionally, expression of IDO like-1 gene (INDOL-1) was analysed. Tumor tissue from 88 patients with OSCC was analysed by immunohistochemistry for IDO expression. The influence of IDO expression on survival was studied by multivariate Cox regression, adjusting for established clinical prognostic parameters. Real time PCR of tumor samples was performed in a subgroup of patients to analyse mRNA expression of IDO and INDOL-1. IDO high-expression was observed in 44.2% of OSCC patients. No significant correlation was found between IDO expression and clinical stage, sex, age, tumor site, tumor size, metastasis or tumor grade. The median overall survival time was 3.1 years for patients with IDO low tumors, compared to 1.36 years for IDO high tumors (P=.028). Subset analysis of patients receiving adjuvant radio-chemotherapy showed a significant difference (P=.0046) in overall survival between IDO low tumors (3.35 years) and IDO high tumors (1.26 years). In contrast, the impact of IDO expression on survival time in patients without adjuvant therapy was not significant (P=.574). Interestingly, INDOL-1 was not expressed in OSCC. IDO high expression represents a significant negative prognostic factor in patients with OSCC, especially in those patients undergoing adjuvant radiochemotherapy. Our data support the suggestion, co-administration of small-molecule IDO inhibitors could represent a promising new strategy to increase the anti-tumor activity of radio-chemotherapy in patients with IDO positive OSCC.     

Differentiation-inducing effect of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma-interferon in vitro on blast cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myeloid blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) have been shown to suppress clonogenic growth in cultures containing blast cells obtained from patients with acute myeloid leukemia. We report that recombinant human TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma are also able to induce functional and morphological maturation in fresh myeloid leukemic cells in vitro. Assessing suspension cultures containing cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (11 patients) or myeloid blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia (5 patients), it was found that recombinant human TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma significantly enhanced the number of cells reducing nitroblue tetrazolium, as compared to control cultures containing no cytokine (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.001, respectively). Cells from responders showed alterations characteristic of monocyte/macrophage differentiation, adherence to plastic surfaces, development of positive staining for alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, typical morphology, and expression of cell surface antigens detected by the monoclonal antibodies Mo-1, Mo-2, and My-4. Both cytokines decreased the number of viable cells, the number of blast cells, and the number of cluster-forming units in suspension culture, suggesting inhibitory actions on the growth capacity of leukemic cells. Compared to the maximum effects of either factor alone, the combination of recombinant human TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma significantly increased the extent of growth inhibition and cell adherence but did not result in further increases in nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. The presence of Auer rods in IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha differentiation-induced macrophages with cells from a patient with M5 acute myeloid leukemia demonstrates that these cytokines can induce differentiation of a leukemic clone in primary cells from patients with leukemia.     

急性髓细胞性白血病细胞表面CD分子表达及临床意义研究

目的 探讨急性髓细胞性白血病(AML)细胞表面CD分子的表达情况.方法 采用CD45分子作为靶目标抗原,应用多参数流式细胞术检测300例AML患者细胞表面的CD分子,分析患者的免疫表型.结果以表达百分比﹥20%作为阳性,300例AML患者的CD抗原表达均不相同,cyt-MPO、CD33、CD117和CD38表达最强,为强阳性(80%~100%).以CD抗原表达>60%为阳性,结果显示:CD33、CD117、CD13、cyt-MPO四种抗原阳性表达的患者,阳性细胞所占的比例高于其他抗原,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).CD15/CD64、CD15/CD33和CD33/CD64抗原的阳性表达比较,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);CD33/cyt-MPO抗原的阳性表达比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).结论 AML细胞表面的CD抗原表达具有差异性,CD13、cyt-MPO、CD33、CD117呈高表达.CD分子在AML细胞中阳性表达的差异性可为治疗提供有价值的线索.     

OTUB1基因在急性髓系白血病中的表达及对细胞生长的影响

目的:探讨去泛素化酶OTUB1在急性髓系白血病（acute myeloid leukemia,AML）中的表达及对白血病细胞增殖、凋亡的影响。方法:通过生物信息学分析探讨OTUB1在急性髓系白血病患者中的表达及与预后的关系。使用CCK-8法检测OTUB1对白血病细胞增殖的影响,流式细胞术检测对细胞周期和凋亡的影响,分光光度法检测对Caspase-3活性的影响。结果:GEPIA数据库分析显示OTUB1基因在AML患者中的表达显著升高（P<0.05）,并且OTUB1高表达的AML患者总生存率明显降低［Logrank P=0.023,HR(high)=1.9,P(HR)=0.026］。白血病HL-60细胞中使用siRNA干扰OTUB1表达后,细胞的增殖活力明显下降（P<0.05）,处于G0/G1期的细胞明显增多（P<0.05）,S期和G2/M期的细胞明显减少（P<0.05）。下调OTUB1表达后HL-60细胞的凋亡率较对照组明显增加（P<0.05）,细胞中Caspase-3的活性较对照细胞明显增强（P<0.05）。结论:OTUB1在急性髓系白血病患者中高表达并且与预后负相关,其能促进白血病细胞的增殖,抑制其凋亡。     

Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in nasopharyngeal carcinoma impairs the cytolytic function of peripheral blood lymphocytes

Background  

Tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells and infiltrating lymphocytes are frequently found in tumor tissues in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Most patients with NPC, however, especially those with advanced stages, have a poor clinical prognosis despite conventional immunotherapy. The aim of this work was to examine the effect of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an immunosuppressive enzyme, on the lymphocyte function in NPC.     

VEGF inhibition and cytotoxic effect of aplidin in leukemia cell lines and cells from acute myeloid leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Aplidine (APL) is a marine depsipeptide isolated from the Mediterranean tunicate Aplidium albicans that is under clinical phase II development. In contrast to the lack of bone marrow toxicity reported in phase I/II studies, it has been shown to induce cytotoxicity at very low concentration against lymphoblastic leukemia blast, as well as having an impact in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor 1 loop. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To confirm these findings we investigated APL-related VEGF inhibition and its cytotoxic effect on myeloid leukemic cells lines (K-562, HEL and HL60) and fresh leukemia blasts derived from 30 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The conventional active 4-demetoxi-daunorubicin (idarubicin; IDA) was included as a positive control. RESULTS: APL was found to be significantly (P<0.001) more active than IDA in obtaining 50% growth-inhibition in K-562, HEL and HL60 cell lines. Results obtained with AML blast cells were super imposible. ID(50) ranged from 0.024 to 0.610 microM for IDA (0.200+/-0.176) and from 0.001 to 0.108 microM for APL (0.020+/-0.031). Annexin V tests and cell cycle analysis performed on cell lines confirmed the stronger citotoxic capability of APL as apoptotic inducer and as a G(1) blocker. The inhibitory effects of APL on VEGF release and secretion have been confirmed by ELISA tests performed on HEL: the VEGF concentration in cell surnatant was reduced from 169 to 36 pg/ml after 24 h of exposure to a pharmacological concentration of APL. CONCLUSIONS: APL harbors a strong in vitro antileukemic activity at a concentration achievable in patients at non-myelotoxic doses. Our data also support the notion of an impact on VEGF secretion. Clinical studies with this new marine-derived compound in relapsed/resistant leukemia are underway.     

Complement synthesis influencing factors produced by acute myeloid leukemia blast cells

In a previous study, we found hypercomplementaemia in the sera of acute myeloid leukemia patients. In this study we show that the supernatants of mononuclear cells, derived from peripheral blood taken in the blastic phase, from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (CM-AML) increased thein vitro complement protein synthesis of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. This effect of CM-AML was mediated by heat labile soluble factors and involved the synthesis of mRNA and protein. Inhibition experiments with anti-cytokine antibodies and immunoaffinity chromatography revealed that this effect of CM-AML is mostly mediated by IL-1 and IL-6.     

High expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase gene in prostate cancer

Arginase 2, inducible- and endothelial-nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS and eNOS), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and TGF-beta, might impair immune functions in prostate cancer (PCA) patients. However, their expression was not comparatively analysed in PCA and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We evaluated the expression of these genes in PCA and BPH tissues. Seventy-six patients (42 BPH, 34 PCA) were enrolled. Arginase 2, eNOS and iNOS gene expression was similar in BPH and PCA tissues. TGF-beta1 gene expression was higher in BPH than in PCA tissues (p=0.035). IDO gene expression was more frequently detectable (p=0.00007) and quantitatively higher (p=0.00001) in PCA tissues than in BPH. IDO protein, expressed in endothelial cells from both BPH and PCA, was detectable in tumour cells in PCA showing evidence of high specific gene expression. In these patients, IDO gene expression correlated with kynurenine/tryptophan ratio in sera. Thus high expression of IDO gene is specifically detectable in PCA.     

Immunophenotype of blast cells in chronic myeloid leukemia

The immunophenotype of peripheral blood blast cells from 14 patients in the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) was studied using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (McAb) directed against megakaryocytic, granulomonocytic, erythroid and lymphoid antigenic determinants. The blast cells were enriched by a simple bovine serum albumin (BSA) density-cut separation and cooled in liquid nitrogen. The study was done using the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique on the thawed blast cells. A consistent pattern of reactivity with McAb was found in all patients, showing that blast cells were heterogeneous. A minor component of the blast cells react with platelet antibodies, most of them being labelled with anti-GPIIb-IIIa McAb. Anti-GPIb and Von Willebrand factor McAb detected 4 times fewer megakaryocytic blast cells, suggesting that these cells are located very early in the differentiation scheme. Two major blast cell compartments were labelled with early myelomonocytic (anti-CD13: MY7) and early erythroid (anti-CD36: FA6-152) McAb. The CD34 (My10) and DR antigens which are expressed by immature blast cells and myeloid progenitors of human bone marrow (BM) were present on more than 50% of the CML blast cells. Thus, the blast cells of chronic phase CML patients, showed the same cellular diversity as the increased progenitor cell compartment observed in this disease, and their differentiation stages seemed to be very closely related.     

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity of acute myeloid leukemia cells can be measured from patients' sera by HPLC and is inducible by IFN-gamma

The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) converts tryptophan to kynurenine, blocking T-cell activation and inducing immunosuppression. In patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the serum kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (Kyn/Trp) was raised, suggesting a higher IDO activity than in healthy people. Patients with higher Kyn/Trp ratios showed lower survival. IDO activity was also detected in AML cells after exposure to IFN-gammain vitro, suggesting that the higher Kyn/Trp ratio in serum of AML patients might have resulted from stimulated leukemic blast cells. Thus, in AML, the activity of IDO can be easily monitored, providing a tool for future clinical testing of IDO-blocking drugs.     

Accumulation of giant heterogeneous RNA molecules in acute myeloid leukemia blast cells.

Time course and "chase" experiments showed that, after incubation of acute myeloid leukemia blast cells with a labeled RNA precursor, a large proportion of radioactivity remained associated with RNA molecules larger than 45 S even after several hr. Double-labeling experiments with [5-3H]uridine and [methyl-14C]methionine indicated that unmethylated giant heterogeneous RNA larger than 45 S is processed much more slowly than the 45 S ribosomal precursor, so that relatively large amounts of fairly stable RNA of the former class accumulate in the cell. The measurement of labeled giant heterogeneous RNA molecules bound to polyuridylate-fiberglass filters showed that molecules carrying polyadenylate segments seemingly turn over faster than those lacking polyadenylate.     

Study of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in patients of thyroid cancer

We evaluated a clinical significance of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in thyroid cancers. Operative specimens obtained from 20 patients with thyroid cancers were investigated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR with specific primers against IDO. The correlations among IDO expression, clinicopathologic factors and prognosis were studied. An expression of IDO was observed in 100% for both of the cancer specimens and the non-cancer specimens. The IDO expression of cancer specimens was significantly higher than the non-cancer specimens. The expression of IDO did not correlate to histologic classification, tumor size, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion and lymph nodes metastasis, but it was correlated to clinical stage. There was no correlation for survival rate after surgery between the high IDO level group and low IDO level group. The serum IDO levels of cancer patients were higher than that of a healthy volunteer measured by semi-quantitative RT- PCR and HPLC. It is suggested that the expression of IDO in thyroid cancer patients may play critical role for immunosuppression of those patients.