Contemporary techniques and outcomes of robotic assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion

The open approach to radical cystectomy continues to be accompanied by significant morbidity despite enhanced recovery protocols (ERP). Robotic assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with intracorporeal urinary diversion (ICUD) has become an increasingly popular technique for removal of aggressive bladder cancer and subsequent urinary diversion. Randomized clinical trials comparing the robotic and open techniques address the uncertainty surrounding oncological efficacy of the RARC and show that RARC is at least comparable to open radical cystectomy (ORC) in terms of oncologic adequacy and survival. Although RARC with ICUD is a technically challenging procedure, surgeons have noted ergonomic advantages while patients experience less blood loss and quicker time to recovery and to adjuvant chemotherapy (AC), if necessary. Even with these benefits, there is a paucity of data describing outcomes of ICUD. For those surgeons who have switched to ICUD, priority remains standardization of a protocol for the reconstructive component and for a safe transition from extracorporeal urinary diversion (ECUD) to ICUD. Additionally, there is a need for evidence of reduced financial toxicity for the patient, as well as more comprehensive cost-effectiveness analyses. The literature from this review represents 10 years of accumulating data on techniques and outcomes of RARC with ICUD.     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with urinary diversion: completely intracorporeal technique

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with urinary diversion performed using intracorporeal techniques exclusively is a new development in the growing field of minimally invasive urology. This report details step by step the completely intracorporeal laparoscopic technique of cystectomy, bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy, and urinary diversion with creation of an ileal conduit or neobladder, including the isolation of ileum, restoration of bowel continuity, retroperitoneal transfer of the left ureter to the right side, bilateral stented ureteroileal anastomoses, and urethroileal anastomosis in case of orthotopic diversion. Although at present, this is still a technique in development at high-volume medical centers, it holds promise as a minimally invasive yet appropriately radical form of treatment for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Definition of its true role awaits greater experience and long-term comparisons of the outcomes with those of traditional open surgery.     

机器人辅助根治性膀胱切除术+体内回肠膀胱术手术经验分享(附光盘)

虽然开放根治性膀胱切除术(open radical cystectomy,ORC)是治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的金标准,但机器人辅助根治性膀胱切除术(robot-assisted radical cystectomy,RARC)的应用报道目前越来越多。RARC在达到和ORC一样的瘤控手术效果的同时更为微创。机器人手术系统的巨大优势是开放和传统腹腔镜无法比拟的,例如手术视野、灵巧性、精确性和稳定性。因此,RARC在背深静脉复合体缝合,新膀胱和尿道吻合,神经血管束的保留等操作方面有得天独厚的优势。机器人手术系统的应用也使完全体内尿流改道成为可能。     

加速康复外科理念在机器人辅助全腔内STAPLER法根治性膀胱切除术中的初步应用

目的探讨应用加速康复外科(ERAS)理念行机器人辅助全腔内STAPLER法根治性膀胱切除术的初步应用效果和安全性。方法回顾性分析浙江省人民医院2014年10月至2019年4月收治的71例膀胱浸润性尿路上皮癌患者的病例资料,男59例,女12例。年龄(65.2±5.6)岁。体质指数(22.18±3.75)kg/m^2。中位年龄矫正Charlson合并症指数(aCCI)为4。中位美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)评分2分。所有患者术前完善肺部X线片、血管超声(颈内静脉等)、腹部超声、尿路增强CT,以及膀胱镜活检或诊断性膀胱电切等检查,确诊为浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌,无全身脏器转移证据。术前均无外放疗和静脉化疗史,腹部无传统开放手术史。71例均行完全机器人辅助STAPLER法根治性膀胱切除术+标准盆腔淋巴结清扫术+原位回肠U形新膀胱。以ERAS理念的引入时间为分组依据,其中2016年10月至2019年4月34例围手术期采用ERAS处理方案(ERAS组),重点增加营养风险筛查评估及处理、血栓风险评估及防治、疼痛评估及处理、围手术期饮食管理等ERAS策略。男30例,女4例。年龄(64.5±4.3)岁。体质指数(21.87±4.85)kg/m2。中位aCCI为4。中位ASA评分2分。选择2014年10月至2016年9月37例围手术期采用传统处理方案的患者为对照组。男29例,女8例。年龄(65.3±5.7)岁。体质指数(23.66±3.47)kg/m2。中位aCCI为4。中位ASA评分为2分。两组患者的一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。记录两组围手术期资料及术后随访情况。结果两组手术均顺利完成,术后均随访3~51个月。ERAS组根治术后病理分期为pT2期22例,pT3期12例;合并前列腺偶发癌2例。对照组根治术后病理分期为pT2期25例,pT3期12例;合并前列腺偶发癌1例。ERAS组和对照组术后首次排气时间[(20.5±18.7)h与(29.9±17.4)h,P=0.032]、首次排便时间[(72.6±27.1)h与(88.7±35.8)h,P=0.004]、术后住院时间[(14.1±3.3)d与(16.2±4.8)d,P=0.037],以及术后8.0、24.0、48.0 h疼痛数字评分(NRS)[(3.2±0.5)分与(3.6±0.8)分,P=0.015;(1.9±0.3)分与(2.2±0.6)分,P=0.011;(1.3±0.4)分与(1.6±0.7)分,P=0.032]差异均有统计学意义。ERAS组和对照组的手术时间[(290±65)min与(282±46)min,P=0.549]、术中失血量[(190.5±235.6)ml与(221.1±250.3)ml,P=0.438]、围手术期输血率[5.9%(2/34)与8.1%(3/37),P=0.922]、术后30 d再入院率[2.9%(1/34)与5.4%(2/37),P=0.940]、术后0.5 h疼痛NRS评分[(2.5±0.6)分与(2.7±0.7)分,P=0.241]、术后早期(≤30 d)严重并发症发生率[2.9%(1/34)与2.7%(1/37),P=0.940]、术后晚期(>30 d)严重并发症发生率[5.9%(2/34)与8.1%(3/37),P=0.922]等差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论应用ERAS理念行机器人辅助全腔内STAPLER法根治性膀胱切除术安全、有效,降低了术后疼痛反应,肠道功能恢复更快,不增加术后主要并发症,缩短了术后住院时间,可促进患者早日康复。     

Hand‐assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy and extracorporeal urinary diversion: Experience with 31 cases

Objectives: To report our techniques and experience with hand‐assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy and extracorporeal urinary diversion for bladder cancer. Methods: Between May 2004 and November 2007, 31 patients (mean age 61.3 years, range 40–79) underwent hand‐assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy with extracorporeal urinary diversion for bladder cancer. Five patients had previously undergone abdominal surgeries. Data were collected with respect to patient demographics, perioperative outcomes and short‐term oncological follow up. Results: Twenty‐four patients underwent an ileal conduit and seven patients underwent an orthotopic neobladder. Mean operative time was 365.7 min (range 245 to 530). Estimated blood loss was 250.9 cc (range 100 to 500), with a transfusion rate of 9.7%. Oral liquids were resumed at 4.3 days and the mean hospital stay was 19.7 days. There were no intraoperative complications. Postoperative early complications (within 30 days of surgery) occurred in six patients (19.4%). Two wound infections, one urinary leak, one wound dehiscence, one bowel obstruction and one alimentary tract hemorrhage were all treated conservatively. Late complications occurred in three patients (two parastomal hernias and one ureteroenteric stricture). With a mean follow up of 18 months, 27 patients had no evidence of disease. One patient died because of cancer and one died for unrelated causes. One was alive with local recurrences and one with lung metastasis. Conclusions: Hand‐assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy is a safe, reproducible and minimally invasive option for bladder cancer patients.     

Review of the evidence for robotic-assisted robotic cystectomy and intra-corporeal urinary diversion in bladder cancer

Radical cystectomy, pelvic lymph node dissection and urinary diversion is the gold-standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The surgery is both complex and highly morbid. Robotic cystectomy is now in its 16^th year with established techniques and sufficient research maturity to enable comparison with its open counterpart. The present review focuses on the current evidence for robotic cystectomy and assesses various metrics including oncological, perioperative, functional, surgeon-specific and cost outcomes. The review also encapsulates the current evidence for intra-corporeal urinary diversion and its current status in the cystectomy arena.     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with intracorporeal ileal conduit diversion: five cases with a 2-year follow-up

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and intermediate-term outcome of laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) with ileal conduit urinary diversion in patients with organ-confined muscle-invasive carcinoma of the urinary bladder, the entire procedure undertaken intracorporeally only using laparoscopic techniques. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Five patients (four men and one woman) underwent LRC with intracorporeal ileal conduit diversion in February 2000, using a six-port transperitoneal technique. LRC, ileal conduit exclusion, restoration of ileo-ileal continuity, and bilateral stented uretero-ileal anastomoses were completed intracorporeally in all patients. The follow-up data up to 2 years are reported. RESULTS: All procedures were completed laparoscopically with no open conversion or intraoperative complications. The mean duration of surgery was 7.5 h; the blood loss was 360 mL and no patient required perioperative blood transfusion. The mean (range) hospital stay was 7 (6-22) days; the specimen weight was 225-400 g. The surgical margins of the bladder specimen were negative in each patient. One patient developed intestinal obstruction after surgery, requiring a diverting ileostomy for 12 weeks. At a follow-up of 2 years, two patients died, both from unrelated causes (myocardial infarction and septicaemia from pulmonary infection in one each). The three surviving patients are asymptomatic with normal upper tracts and no evidence of local recurrence or metastatic disease. CONCLUSION: LRC with ileal conduit diversion undertaken completely intracorporeally is a feasible option for muscle-invasive organ-confined carcinoma of the urinary bladder, with good outcomes over a 2-year follow-up.