老年人慢性HBV感染的临床特点分析

目的探讨老年人慢性乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染的疾病谱及临床特点。方法比较53例老年慢性HBV感染者与相同例数的低年龄组慢性HBV感染者的性别、疾病谱、血清HBVDNA和ALT水平。结果老年组慢性HBV感染的疾病谱与低年龄组有显著不同,前者以非活动性HBsAg携带者为主（66.0%）,后者中HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者较多（47.2%）。老年组慢性HBV感染者血清HBVDNA和ALT均明显低于低年龄组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。两组总体性别组成差异无统计学意义。结论非活动性HBsAg携带者是老年慢性HBV感染的主要疾病谱,但HBeAg阳性或阴性慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）和乙型肝炎肝硬化的发生率仍较高,且存在HBV复制和肝脏病变。     

镇江地区B、C基因型慢性乙型肝炎临床因素分析

目的：比较B、C基因型慢性乙型肝炎患者（慢乙肝）在临床特征上的差异，总结与C基因型乙型肝炎有关的临床因素。方法：选择经肝穿刺行肝组织病理检查、并经基因型检测确定为B、C基因型的患者共78例，检测血清HBV DNA载量，统计重型肝炎、肝硬化、肝细胞癌和HBeAg阳性发生率，确定肝组织病理炎症分级及纤维化分期。通过x^2检验和多分类Logistic多元回归，分析B、C基因型患者间上述指标的差异，总结与HBVC基因型有关的临床因素。结果：HBVC基因型慢乙肝患者血Alb、前白蛋白均低于B基因型，而ALT、TBil及凝血酶原时间（PT）均高于B基因型，差异有统计学意义。HBVC基因型慢乙肝患者比率随肝组织炎症分级G0～G4（1．8％、11、1％、20．4％、33．3％、33．3％）及纤维分期S0～S4（5．6％、5．6％、14．8％、33．3％、40．7％）进展均明显增加，而B基因型患者随炎症分级（16、7％、25、0％、25、0％、20．8％、12．5％）及纤维分期（16．7％、29．2％、20、8％、16、7％、16．7％）进展变化不大，两种基因型分布与炎症分级（x^2=11．49，P=0．022）及纤维分期（x^2=13.56，P=0．006）差异均有统计学意义。在HBV DNA〉1．0×10^6拷贝／mL时，C基因型患者比率明显高于B基因型（51．8％比12、5％），5．0×10^2～1．0×10^6拷贝／mL时差异不大（35.2％比45．8％），〈5．0×10^2拷贝／mL时明显低于B基因型（13．0％比41．7％），两种基因型分布与DNA载量差异有统计学意义（x^2=13．25，P=0．001）；C基因型慢乙肝患者HBeAg阳性率明显高于B基因型（61．1％比25．0％），差异有统计学意义（x^2=8、67，P=0、003）；C基因型患者发生失代偿期肝硬化比率明显高于B基因型（40．7％比4．2％），未发生肝硬化比率明显低于B基因型者（37.0％比75．0％），两种基因型患者发生肝硬化比率差异有统计学意义（x^2=12.47，P=0．002）。结论：C基因型慢乙肝患者与肝纤维化、炎症损伤程度、HBV标志物、肝硬化发生率及程度等均有较高的相关性。     

Association between metabolic factors and chronic hepatitis B virus infection

There are limited data regarding the relationship between chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and metabolic factors. This article aims to highlight the link of metabolic factors with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) serostatus, HBV load, and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although HBsAg-positive serostatus was positively correlated with a high risk of metabolic syndrome in students, chronic HBV-infected individuals have high serum adiponectin levels. The androgen pathway in HBV carriers with a low body mass index is more triggered which leads to enhanced HBV replication. High HBV load was inversely associated with obesity in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-seropositive HBV carriers; while in HBeAg-seronegative HBV carriers, high HBV load was inversely related to hypertriglyceridemia rather than obesity. For overweight and obese HBV-infected patients, high HBV load was positively associated with serum adiponectin levels. Several large cohort studies have revealed a positive link of diabetes with incidence of HBV-related HCC. However, the association between incidence of HCC and metabolic factors other than diabetes is still inconclusive. More long-term prospective studies should elucidate the association of chronic HBV infection and its outcomes with metabolic factors in clinical practice.     

近红外波辅助治疗慢性乙型肝炎及肝硬化临床疗效评价

目的探讨近红外波辅助治疗慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)及乙型肝炎后肝硬化的临床疗效。方法选择CHB患者54例,随机分为治疗组与对照组(各27例);肝硬化患者12例,随机分为治疗组与对照组(各6例)。对照组应用抗病毒药物和保肝药物治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗基础上使用近红外波治疗,比较两组治疗效果。结果两组CHB患者实际住院天数,症状改善时间差异均有统计学意义(P=0.041、0.015);治疗后丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)复常差异无统计学意义(P=0.082);治疗后白细胞(WBC)、血红蛋白(HB)、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P=0.560、0.471、0.520)。治疗组CHB患者血小板(PLT)显著高于对照组(P=0.001)。乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者治疗组实际住院天数、ALT与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.021、0.023);治疗后症状改善时间与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.075);治疗后WBC、HB、HBsAg比较,差异均无统计学意义(P=0.721、0.562、0.895)。治疗组肝硬化患者治疗后PLT数量与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.012)。结论近红外波辅助治疗乙型肝炎及肝硬化患者具有一定的临床疗效,可作为乙型肝炎及肝硬化患者的辅助治疗手段。     

乙型肝炎病毒感染不同状态下血清病毒反转录酶区准种特点及其临床意义

目的 研究HBV感染不同状态下血清病毒反转录酶(RT)区准种特点和临床意义.方法 50例未接受抗病毒治疗的HBV感染者分为慢性HBV携带者(ASC)组10例、慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)组30例和乙型肝炎肝硬化(LC)组10例.收集患者外周血血清,抽提HBV DNA,PCR扩增RT区基因组后克隆、测序.每例患者获得15～30个序列,进行HBV RT区的准种异质性分析及相关基因突变统计等生物信息学分析.多均数比较采用方差分析,中位数比较采用非参数检验分析,非计量资料比较采用x2检验.结果 总共测序1221个克隆,其中ASC组152个,CHB组780个,LC组289个.3组间基因型构成差异无统计学意义.准种复杂度为LC组＞CHB组＞ASC组,3组间差异有统计学意义(F=33.400,P＜0.05).准种离散度为LC组＞CHB组＞ASC组,LC组与CHB组及ASC组均差异有统计学意义(F=18.070,P＜0.05),CHB组与ASC组间差异无统计学意义.结论 慢性HBV感染过程中,免疫清除期比免疫耐受期具有更宽的HBV变异谱系,随着病程的延长和病情加重,HBV的准种趋向复杂.     

饮酒对乙型肝炎病程影响的临床流行病学研究

目的：研究饮酒对乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染之病程经过的影响。方法：1392例男性成年HBV感染者依饮酒与否分为两组，各以复查时或死亡诊断为转归诊断并同初诊诊断作对比分析。结果：两组的病情发展（持续携带→慢性肝炎→肝硬化→肝细胞癌）比例均具统计学显著性差异。饮酒组的脂肪肝B超显像和血清抗－HCV阳性率亦明显高于不饮酒组。结论：本文研究分析认为，饮酒对于HBV感染的病变过程确有促进影响。     

X region mutations of hepatitis B virus related to clinical severity

Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection remains a major health problem, with more than 240 million people chronically infected worldwide and potentially 650000 deaths per year due to advanced liver diseases including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). HBV-X protein(HBx) contributes to the biology and pathogenesis of HBV via stimulating virus replication or altering host gene expression related to HCC. The HBV X region contains only 465 bp encoding the 16.5 k Da HBx protein, which also contains several critical cis-elements such as enhancer Ⅱ, the core promoter and the micro RNA-binding region. Thus, mutations in this region may affect not only the HBx open reading frame but also the overlapped ciselements. Recently, several types of HBx mutations significantly associated with clinical severity have been described, although the functional mechanism in most of these cases remains unsolved. This review article will mainly focus on the HBx mutations proven to be significantly related to clinical severity via epidemiological studies.     

慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者肝细胞癌筛查和监测

肝细胞癌是我国常见恶性肿瘤,疾病负担十分沉重。筛查和监测是提高肝细胞癌患者早诊早治和生存率的有效措施。慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染是我国肝细胞癌的主要病因,有必要制定专门的筛查和监测策略。中国肝炎防治基金会组织国内有关专家,参考国内外相关指南,并结合当前研究进展和临床实践经验共同讨论后达成一致意见,旨在为规范开展慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者肝细胞癌的筛查和监测提供参考,进而改善我国肝细胞癌的防控效果和患者预后。     

慢性乙型肝炎的临床转归及其影响因素

乙型病毒性肝炎是严重危害我国人民健康的一种重大传染病.尽管经过推广新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗接种使我国人群中HBsAg携带率下降至7.18%,但我国仍属HBV感染较高的地区.     

"免疫耐受期"慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者临床与肝脏病理学特点

目的 了解免疫耐受期慢性HBV感染者临床及肝脏病理学特征.方法 分析98例"免疫耐受期"慢性HBV患者年龄、性别、血清HBV DAN水平、肝脏炎症活动度及纤维化程度、肝脏HBsAg和HBcAg表达情况.并对不同血清ALT水平的肝脏炎症活动度及纤维化程度进行比较.采用X2检验.结果 98例患者中,＜30岁者83例,占84.7%,≥30岁者15例,占15.3%.有48.0%感染者的母亲HBsAg阳性.所有感染者血清HBVDNA为高水平复制,＞1×107拷贝/mL者占78.5%.仅5例感染者肝脏炎症活动度为Go,占5.1%;其中G1 64例,占65.3%;G2 29例,占29.6%.56例肝脏无明显纤维化(SO),占57.1%;S1 23例,占23.5%;S2 14例,占14.3%;S3 5例,占5.1%;未发现肝硬化.肝组织HBsAg阳性79例,占80.6%;HBeAg阳性80例,占81.6%.血清ALT在正常范围高水平的感染者肝脏纤维化程度明显高于ALT低水平者(X2=8.112 3,P=0.043 7).结论绝大部分"免疫耐受期"慢性HBV感染者肝脏存在轻度炎性反应,部分已出现纤维化;对"免疫耐受期"HBV感染者进行肝脏病理学检查,有利于正确判断病情和确定治疗方案.     

不同肝纤维化程度慢性乙型肝炎患者的血浆蛋白质组学分析

目的 探索与肝纤维化程度相关的新血浆标志物,为开发有临床应用价值的肝纤维化无创诊断提供新型检测分子. 方法 收集慢性乙型肝炎患者血浆,并根据肝活组织病理学诊断肝纤维化的分期进行分组,包括S0～1组40例,S2 ～3组20例和S4组20例.血浆样品去除血浆中的白蛋白和免疫球蛋白G后,通过二维凝胶电泳进行分离,采用ImageMaster软件分析获得的电泳图谱,找到与疗效相关的差异蛋白质.差异蛋白质点经过胰酶酶切后,通过在线纳升级反向液相色谱串联电喷雾离子阱质谱分析进行鉴定.结果 通过比较不同组血浆蛋白质的二维凝胶电泳图谱,共发现了14个在S0～1组、S2～3组和S4组血浆样品中表达差异的蛋白质点.液相色谱串联质谱分析鉴定差异蛋白质点,包括人纤维蛋白原Y链、接联球蛋白、补体蛋白C3、免疫球蛋白κ链C区和载脂蛋白A-I.结论 通过对不同肝纤维化程度的慢性乙型肝炎患者血浆进行蛋白质组学分析,发现和鉴定了5种在乙型肝炎患者血浆中表达水平与肝纤维化进程相关的差异蛋白质,这些蛋白质可能是评价患者肝纤维化程度的潜在生物标志物.     

免疫清除期慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBsAg水平与肝组织炎症分级及纤维化分期的关系

目的 探讨处于免疫清除期(IC)的慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者血清HBsAg水平与肝组织炎症分级和纤维化分期的关系.方法 2009年3月至2011年6月确诊为IC期的CHB患者,同步进行肝组织病理学检查、血清HBsAg定量及生物化学指标检测.Spearman等级相关分析法判断HBsAg水平与肝组织炎症分级和纤维化分期之间的相关性;logistic回归分析法分析相关指标的诊断意义,并构建肝脏纤维化诊断预测模型,受试者工作曲线(ROC)法评价模型的诊断价值.结果 共165例IC期CHB患者纳入本研究.炎症G1、G2、G3、G4级患者的血清HBsAg水平分别为(27716.07±32870.69) IU/ml、(34478.75±40899.55)IU/ml、(19408.09±24881.07) IU/ml、(14286.31±28610.14) IU/ml,G2、G3、G4级患者间HBsAg水平差别有统计学意义(x2=10.508,P＜0.05);纤维化S1、S2、S3、S4期的血清HBsAg水平分别(41337.23±43236.39) IU/ml、(27264.32±32517.29) IU/ml、(11541.77±11538.93) IU/ml、(11447.37±22215.44) IU/ml,不同纤维化分期患者的HBsAg水平差异有统计学意义(x2=22.005,P＜0.01).Spearman等级相关分析结果显示,HBsAg水平与炎症分级及纤维化分期均呈负相关关系(r值分别为-0.244和-0.365,P值均＜0.01).HBsAg≤32995 IU/ml判断纤维化S≥4的特异度为95.16％,灵敏度35.92％.二元logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、白蛋白、胆碱酯酶和HBsAg水平的组合模型有助于判断S≥4,建立诊断模型:S=6.3087+0.0492 ×年龄(岁)-0.5827×HBsAg (log10IU/ml)-0.1109×白蛋白(g/L)-0.0003×胆碱酯酶(IU/L),其灵敏度为75.73％,特异度为69.35％.结论 IC期CHB患者的血清HBsAg水平与肝脏炎症分级和纤维化分期呈负相关关系,且随病理分级的增加而呈阶梯状降低.HBsAg水平可作为无创性判断肝脏纤维化状态的一项重要指标.     

Role of hepatitis B virus infection in chronic liver disease of diabetic patients: A case-control study

Summary In the literature there is no agreement on the prevalence of chronic liver disease (CLD) and the role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in diabetics. We undertook an epidemiological case-control study of the prevalence of CLD and HBV infection in 394 diabetics and 265 healthy subjects from Seriate and Como. The results did not show any significant differences between: 1) the prevalence of CLD in the diabetic population and in controls (4.8%vs 4.5%); 2) the prevalence of HBV infection in diabetics (HBsAg+: 8.3%: HBVAb+: 55.8%) and in controls (HBsAg+: 8.6%; HBVAb+: 54.7%); 3) the prevalence of HBV infection in diabetics with CLD (HBsAg+: 21%; HBVAb+: 52.6%) and in controls with CLD (HBsAg+: 16.6%; HBVAb+: 50%); 4) the prevalence of HBV infection in diabetics with and without CLD (HBsAg+: 21%vs 7.7%; HBVAb+: 52.6%vs 56%); 5) the prevalence of HBV infection in diabetics treated by injection and orally (HBsAg+: 6.9%vs 8.6%; HBVAb+: 58.3%vs 55.2%). The relative risk of CLD for the factor HBsAg+ was 3.2 in the diabetic populationvs 1.4 in controls. In view of the presence of antidelta antibodies (HDVAb) in 25% of HBsAg+ diabetics with CLD and the lack of HBV markers in 26.3% of diabetics with CLD, we assume that other viruses (Delta, nonA-nonB) may play roles. Probably the interaction of all possible etiopathogenetic factors (alcohol, viruses, glycometabolic derangement) is determinant for CLD in diabetics.     

替比夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎108周的临床疗效

目的 探讨替比夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者108周的临床疗效.方法 随机选择就诊于吉林大学中日联谊医院未经过抗病毒治疗的72例CHB患者,其中包括35例肝硬化患者,给予口服替比夫定600 mg,1次/d,连续治疗108周.观察患者治疗前、后血清HBV DNA水平,肝功能及HBV标志物.根据12周和24周时的HBV DNA水平将患者分为＜3 log_(10)拷贝/ml和≥3 log_(10)拷贝/ml两组,比较其在治疗108周时的疗效.疗效比较采用χ~2检验.结果 替比夫定治疗4周时,HBV DNA不可测率及ALT复常率分别为37.5%和33.3%,至108周时达到87.5%和91.7%.46例HBeAg阳性患者治疗108周时HBeAg消失率及血清学转换率分别为39.1%和23.9%.12周时HBV DNA水平＜3 log_(10)拷贝/ml的患者,108周时的HBV DNA不可测率及HBeAg血清学转换率明显高于HBV DNA≥3 log_(10)拷贝/ml的患者(χ~2值分别为7.96和3.94,P值均＜0.05).24周时HBV DNA＜3log_(10)拷贝/ml的患者,108周时的HBV DNA不可测率高于HBVDNA≥3 log_(10)拷贝/ml的患者(χ~2=10.13,P＜0.05),耐药发生率低于HBV DNA≥3 log_(10)拷贝/ml的患者(χ~2=4.82,P＜0.05).替比夫定抗病毒治疗108周时肝硬化患者Child-Pugh分级较治疗前明显改善,其中Child A级患者比例明显增加(χ~2=5.83,P＜0.05).结论 替比夫定可强效、快速抑制HBV DNA复制,HBeAg血清学转换率高,长期治疗可明显改善肝硬化患者Child-Pugh评分,获得早期病毒学应答者的耐药发生率低.     

重叠乙型和丙型肝炎病毒感染的临床与病理分析

目的 观察HBV和HCV重叠感染的临床与病理,探讨HBV和HCV相互作用的特点.方法 收集226例慢性肝病患者的血清学指标,实时荧光定量PCR法测定HBV DNA和HCVRNA,ELISA检测HBV血清标志物、抗-HCV抗体.行肝穿刺活组织病理检查、免疫组织化学HBsAg、HBcAg和原位杂交HBV DNA、HCV RNA检测.计数资料比较采用X2检验或Fisher确切率检验.结果 HBV和HCV重叠感染的重度慢性肝炎患者比例为62.50%,高于HBV或HCV单独感染者的27.05%和30.56%(X2=14.70,P＜0.01).HBV感染组的血ALT、AST、TBil、DBil和Alb高于HBV和HCV重叠感染组和HCV感染组,差异均有统计学意义(X2=8.52,P＜0.05).重叠感染组和HBV感染组的血HBsAg与肝内HBsAg一致率比较,差异均有统计学意义(X2=15.60,P＜0.01).HBV和HCV重叠感染组血清HBV DNA阳性率为12.5%,低于HBV单独感染组的87.7%(X2=17.66,P＜0.01);而HBV和HCV重叠感染组HCV RNA阳性率为75.0%,低于HCV单独感染组的80.6%,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 HBV和HCV重叠感染导致的肝损伤更明显.     

HBeAg水平与免疫清除期慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床病理关系

目的 探讨免疫清除(IC)期慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者血清HBeAg水平与肝脏炎症活动度分级(G)、纤维化分期(S)的关系.方法 连续收集2007年3月至2010年6月福建医科大学附属第一医院肝病中心确诊为IC期的CHB患者,同步行肝组织病理学检查及血清HBeAg和HBVDNA检测.Spearman等级相关分析法判断HBeAg水平与肝脏病理学分级间的相关性,受试者工作曲线(ROC)法判断HBeAg水平对肝脏G分级及S分期的预测价值.结果 共249例IC期CHB患者纳入本研究,G1～G4患者血清HBeAg水平分别为(2.93±2.85)、(2.96±2.74)、(2.69±2.67)和(2.30±2.41) lg s/co,S1～S4患者血清HBeAg水平分别为(2.99±2.74)、(2.89±2.73)、(2.58±2.55)和(2.32±2.44)lg s/co,提示4组患者G分级及S分期间HBeAg水平差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为47.13和74.12,均P＜0.01).Spearman等级相关分析提示血清HBeAg水平与G分级、S分期呈负相关(r值分别为-0.418和-0.532,均P＜0.01).判断G≥3和G≥4,S≥3和S≥4患者的受试者工作曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.74和0.73,0.80和0.77; HBeAg最佳截点分别为2.95、2.64、2.99和2.82 lg s/co.结论 在IC期CHB中,肝组织学G分级及S分期与HBeAg水平呈负相关.结合HBeAg水平,有助于肝脏病理学变化程度的判断.     

乙型肝炎和肝癌患者乙型肝炎病毒前C区1896位点突变的研究

为探索乙型肝炎病毒前Ｃ区突变是否与肝损程度及肝癌发生有关，对１３９例ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＢＶＤＮＡ和抗－ＨＢｅ阳性，ＨＢｅＡｇ阴性的慢性ＨＢＶ感染者和肝癌患者的血清标本，采用３＇碱基特异性聚合酶反应进行了第１８９６位核苷酸突变的检测分析。     

白细胞介素-17肝内表达与慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染所致肝纤维化的相关性

目的 探讨IL-17肝内表达与慢性HBV感染所致肝纤维化的相关性.方法 免疫组织化学法测定30例慢性HBV携带者、55例慢性乙型肝炎患者、20例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肝组织内不同炎症程度分级和肝纤维化分期中IL-17的表达,ELISA法测定血清IL-17及肝纤维化指标HA、LN、PCⅢ、ⅣC的水平.组间差异性检验采用Kruskal-Wallis检验和Mann-Whitney检验,相关性分析采用Spearman分析.结果 肝组织IL-17表达水平在肝硬化组高于慢性乙型肝炎组(x2=25.3982,P=0.004),在慢性乙型肝炎组高于慢性HBV携带组(x2=11.5056,P=0.001);不同炎症程度及纤维化分级与IL-17表达强度呈正相关(r=0.718、0.693,均P＜0.01);肝组织IL-17主要集中于汇管区,其表达强度与血清HA、LN、PCⅢ、ⅣC呈正相关(r=0.793、0.834、0.722、0.883,均P＜0.01).结论 IL-17的肝内表达与肝内炎症程度分级及肝纤维化程度密切相关.     

恩替卡韦治疗慢性乙型肝炎和乙型肝炎肝硬化96周疗效观察

目的探讨恩替卡韦治疗慢性乙型肝炎和乙型肝炎肝硬化96周的临床疗效。方法应用恩替卡韦治疗HBV DNA阳性的34例慢性乙型肝炎患者和24例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者,观察96周。结果 34例慢性乙型肝炎患者治疗12周、24周、48周和96周时HBV DNA低于检测下限比率分别为61.76%（21/34）,82.35%（28/34）,94.12%（32/34）和94.12%（32/34,P〈0.05）;22例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者也分别为72.73%（16/22）,81.82%（18/22）,81.82%（18/22）和90.91%（20/22,P〈0.05）;治疗期间未发生与应用恩替卡韦相关的不良反应。结论恩替卡韦治疗慢性乙型肝炎和乙型肝炎肝硬化患者有明显的疗效,安全性较好。     

Antiviral therapies for chronic hepatitis C virus infection with cirrhosis

Patients who are infected with hepatitis C virus(HCV) and also have advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis have beenrecognized as "difficult-to-treat" patients during an era when peginterferon and ribavirin combination therapy is the standard of care. Recent guidelines have clearly stated that treatment should be prioritized in this population to prevent complications such as decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent advances in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C have been achieved through the development of direct-acting antiviral agents(DAAs). Boceprevir and telaprevir are first-generation DAAs that inhibit the HCV NS3/4A protease. Boceprevir or telaprevir, in combination with peginterferon and ribavirin, improved the sustained virological response rates compared with peginterferon and ribavirin alone and were tolerated in patients with HCV genotype 1 infection without cirrhosis or compensated cirrhosis. However, the efficacy is lower especially in prior non-responders with or without cirrhosis. Furthermore, a high incidence of adverse events was observed in patients with advanced liver disease, including cirrhosis, in real-life settings. Current guidelines in the United States and in some European countries no longer recommend these regimens for the treatment of HCV. Next-generation DAAs include second-generation HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors, HCV NS5 A inhibitors and HCV NS5 B inhibitors, which have a high efficacy and a lower toxicity. These drugs are used in interferon-free or in interferon-based regimens with or without ribavirin in combination with different classes of DAAs. Interferon-based regimens, such as simeprevir in combination with peginterferon and ribavirin, are well tolerated and are highly effective especially in treatmentnave patients and in patients who received treatment but who relapsed. The efficacy is less pronounced in nullresponders and in patients with cirrhosis. Interferonfree regimens in combination with ribavirin and/or two or more DAAs could be used for treatment-nave, treatment-experienced and even for interferon-ineligible or interferon-intolerant patients. Some clinical trials have demonstrated promising results, and have shown that the efficacy and safety were not different between patients with and without cirrhosis. There are also promising regimens for genotypes other than genotype 1. Interferonis contraindicated in patients with decompensated cirrhosis, and further studies are needed to establish the optimal treatment regimen for this population. In the future, interferon-free and ribavirin-free regimens with high efficacy and improved safety are expected for HCVinfected patients with advanced liver diseases.