跖跗关节骨折脱位内固定方法的生物力学实验研究

通过用９只新鲜人体脚制作成分歧型脱位标本模型。解剖复位后分别采用钢丝环扎、二根克氏针、四根交叉克氏针和松质骨螺钉共四种方法做内固定并进行生物力学测验,发现各种内固定方法必须使第一、二、三跖遗传关节组成一个整体,使中足成为坚固的弓形钶防止足塌畸形氏针或松质内固定时,必须在第一跖跗关节稳定的基础上,经第一、二跖骨基底和第三楔骨交叉一克氏针或螺钉,使第二跖骨基底得两点固定。第一、二、三、四跖骨基底的横向     

AO皮质骨螺钉治疗陈旧性跖附关节损伤

目的：探讨治疗陈旧性跖跗关节损伤的手术方法及治疗效果。方法：自１９８９年１０月￣１９９８年１２月应用ＡＯ皮质骨螺钉治疗陈旧性跖跗关节损伤２４例。手术采用经足背纵切口入路，切开复位后用克氏针临时固定，于第１跖骨背侧向内侧楔骨方向垂直钻滑动孔，用３．５ｍｍＡＯ皮质骨螺钉固定，第５跖骨螺钉方向从外向内斜内固定于骰骨。对于小骨块和其余跖骨需固定可使用克氏针。结果：２４例中２２例获６月￣９年随访，手术优良率     

AO皮质骨螺钉治疗陈旧性跖跗关节损伤

目的 :探讨治疗陈旧性跖跗关节损伤的手术方法及治疗效果。方法 :自 1 989年 1 0月～ 1 998年 1 2月应用AO皮质骨螺钉治疗陈旧性跖跗关节损伤 2 4例。手术采用经足背纵切口入路 ,切开复位后用克氏针临时固定 ,于第 1跖骨背侧向内侧楔骨方向垂直钻滑动孔 ,用 3 .5mmAO皮质骨螺钉固定 ,第 5跖骨螺钉方向从外向内斜向固定于骰骨。对于小骨块和其余跖骨需固定可使用克氏针。结果 :2 4例中 2 2例获 6月～ 9年随访 ,手术优良率为 90 .9%。结论 :该手术是治疗陈旧性跖跗关节损伤较理想的方法     

跖跗关节损伤治疗方法的疗效分析

目的探讨不同方式治疗跖跗关节损伤的临床疗效。方法对35例单足跖跗关节损伤患者根据骨折分型应用石膏固定2例,闭合复位经皮内固定12例,开放复位内固定20例,二期关节融合术1例。结果 35例均获随访,时间3～9(5±2)个月。克氏针松动8例,螺钉断钉2例,创伤后关节炎8例。临床评估依据美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)中足评分标准:优12例,良17例,可5例,差1例。结论解剖复位、牢靠固定是治疗跖跗关节损伤的基本原则。中间柱复位并沿Lisfranc韧带方向固定内侧楔骨和第2跖骨基底部是重建跖跗关节复合体稳定性的关键,依据跖跗关节的"三柱"原理选择固定方式,可获得满意疗效。     

关于跗跖关节骨折脱位治疗的再认识（附61例报告）

目的：探讨跗跖关节骨折脱位的治疗、疗效。方法：对61例跗跖关节骨折脱位患者26例采取开放复位AO螺钉固定,35例行闭复位克氏针内固定,53例解剖复位,8例复位欠佳。结果：61例随访2-4年（平均3.1年）。54例获得良好的功能效果。7例出现创伤后关节炎,均伴有关节面的损伤,其中螺钉固定组3例,克氏针固定组4例。结论：跗跖关节骨折脱位后创伤性关节炎的发生与关节面的受损及复位的效果直接相关,开放复位AO螺钉固定与闭合复位克氏针内固定疗效无明显差异。     

Herbert螺钉治疗跖跗关节损伤的疗效

目的探讨Herbert螺钉内固定治疗跖跗关节损伤的疗效。方法对24例跖跗关节闭合损伤患者采用切开复位内固定治疗。根据跖跗关节三柱解剖,外侧柱采用克氏针弹性固定,内侧柱及中间柱采用Herbert螺钉坚强固定。结果患者均获得随访,时间12～19个月。所有患者无感染及内固定断裂发生。末次随访时按照AOFAS中部足功能评分标准评价疗效:优15例,良6例,可2例,差1例,优良率为21/24。结论 Herbert螺钉治疗跖跗关节损伤,能达到坚强固定、早期功能锻炼的目的,疗效满意。     

空心加压螺钉联合克氏针治疗跖跗关节骨折脱位

目的探讨切开复位空心加压螺钉联合克氏针内固定治疗跖跗关节骨折脱位的疗效。方法 35例跖跗关节骨折脱位的患者采用切开复位空心加压螺钉联合克氏针内固定治疗,术后复查X线片评估复位情况,应用美国矫形足踝协会（AOFAS）中足评分标准对患足术后功能进行评定。结果骨折脱位均解剖复位。术后伤口感染3例。35例均获随访,时间6～34个月。功能评定：优14例,良15例,可4例,差2例。发生创伤性关节炎6例,3例药物治疗后症状缓解,3例行跖楔关节融合术。结论切开复位空心加压螺钉联合克氏针内固定治疗跖跗关节骨折脱位能够达到解剖复位及坚强固定,效果满意。     

切开复位内固定治疗隐匿性跖跗关节损伤

目的探讨切开复位内固定治疗隐匿性跖跗关节损伤的临床疗效。方法 2002年7月-2009年7月,收治47例隐匿性跖跗关节损伤患者。男31例,女16例;年龄19～66岁,平均35.6岁。交通事故伤27例,高处坠落伤11例,运动伤6例,压砸伤3例。左足18例,右足29例。单纯内侧柱损伤6例,内侧柱伴中间柱损伤24例,中间柱伴外侧柱损伤13例,三柱损伤4例。患者均存在跖骨基底部骨折。受伤至手术时间为4～21 d,平均8.6 d。手术采用1～2个足背侧纵形切口,复位后用小钢板、螺钉、骑缝钉、克氏针固定内侧柱及中间柱,外侧柱均用克氏针固定。结果 1例术后切口感染,经封闭式负压引流2周后采用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣移位修复创面;其余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后32例获随访,随访时间12～75个月,平均28.3个月。骨折于术后9～15周愈合,平均12.3周。末次随访时,15例出现中足骨关节炎表现,但无需行关节融合术。采用美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)的中足评分标准评价疗效,获优9例,良16例,一般4例,差3例,优良率为78.1%。随访期间均未出现跖跗关节再脱位。结论对跖骨基底部骨折应给予足够重视,术中探查有助于发现隐匿性跖跗关节损伤,应根据不同损伤类型及伴发损伤,采用合理的固定方式,尽量做到解剖复位、可靠固定,重建中足内在稳定是获得满意疗效的关键。     

空心钉结合克氏针治疗跖跗关节骨折脱位

目的探讨应用内固定方法治疗跖跗关节骨折脱位的临床效果.方法：对21例跖跗关节骨折脱位的患者采取切开复位空心钉或克氏针内固定治疗,采取AOFAS足评分标准对术后功能进行评定.结果：21例均获随访,平均20个月（5～45个月）,功能评定好14例,较好5例,差2例.结论：切开复位空心钉或克氏针内固定治疗跖跗关节骨折脱位,能够使骨折脱位达到解剖复位及坚强固定,能取得满意的疗效.     

跖跗关节复合体损伤的诊治探讨

目的：探讨跖跗关节复合体（TJC）损伤的诊治方法。方法：2007年1月至2009年12月采用切开复位内固定治疗16例跖跗关节复合体损伤,男12例,女4例;年龄21～45岁,平均34.1岁,均为闭合性损伤。左侧7例,右侧9例,均为直接暴力所伤,其中交通伤4例,高处坠落伤5例,挤压伤7例。楔骨间脱位11例,舟楔关节脱位3例,骰骨骨折2例。跖跗关节损伤均为三柱损伤。根据手术探查和稳定性破坏情况,通常跗骨间关节,内侧、中间柱跖跗关节用螺钉固定,外侧柱用克氏针固定,对跖骨基底部粉碎性骨折和骰骨压缩性骨折等用跨关节微型钢板固定以达到解剖复位、有效固定。采用美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）中足评分标准从疼痛、功能、对线方面进行临床评估。结果：所有患者均获得随访,时间6～18个月,平均12.6个月。按AOFAS评分：疼痛为（29.3±5.9）分,功能为（32.4±5.6）分,对线为（12.9±2.6）分,总分为（74.6±10.4）分。所有切口均Ⅰ期愈合,未见皮肤坏死,感染,钢板螺钉松动、断裂等并发症。3例患者因后期出现骨性关节炎,疼痛明显,行走困难,Ⅱ期行关节融合术。4例患者影像学表现为骨性关节炎,但临床症状（疼痛）较轻,继续观察随访。结论：解剖复位有效稳定内固定是治疗跖跗关节复合体损伤的关键要素,Ⅰ期切开复位内固定有利于Ⅱ期融合手术。     

Stabilization of Lisfranc joint injuries: a biomechanical study

BACKGROUND: Lisfranc joint injuries are often misdiagnosed, leading to significant morbidity. Methods for anatomic reduction of the tarsometatarsal joint include closed reduction with casting or surgical stabilization with either Kirschner wires and/or cortical screw fixation. Controversy exists as to which fixation technique offers optimal stability. In the present study, the biomechanical stability of three fixation methods was tested: (1) four Kirschner wires, (2) three cortical screws plus two Kirschner wires, and (3) five cortical screws. METHODS: Ten matched pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric feet were dissected to their ligamentous and capsular elements. The tarsometatarsal ligaments were completely transected to replicate a Lisfranc dislocation; the "injury" was reduced and stabilized using one of the three methods. Biomechanical studies were performed by applying a 100-N cyclic load physiologically distributed to the plantar aspect of the metatarsal heads. Displacement and force measurements were taken from the first and fifth metatarsal heads. Average stiffness of each construct was calculated from the force displacement curves. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Method 2 provided significantly more stability than Kirschner wire fixation. Method 3 created more stiffness than method 2 at the medial portion of the foot; no statistical difference between the two methods was evident at the lateral foot. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cortical screw fixation provides a more rigid and stable method of fixation for Lisfranc injuries as compared to Kirschner wire fixation. This fixation method allows maintenance of anatomic reduction and possibly earlier mobilization with a decreased risk of posttraumatic arthrosis.     

First metatarsal-phalangeal joint arthrodesis: a biomechanical assessment of stability

BACKGROUND: First metatarsal phalangeal joint (MTP) arthrodesis is a commonly performed procedure for the treatment of hallux rigidus, severe and recurrent bunion deformities, rheumatoid arthritis and other less common disorders of the joint. There are different techniques of fixation of the joint to promote arthrodesis including oblique lag screw fixation, lag screw and dorsal plate fixation, crossed Kirschner wires, dorsal plate fixation alone and various types of external fixation. Ideally the fixation method should be reproducible, lead to a high rate of fusion, and have a low incidence of complications. METHODS: In the present study, we compared the strength of fixation of five commonly utilized techniques of first MTP joint arthrodesis. These were: 1. Surface excision with machined conical reaming and fixation with a 3.5 mm cortical interfragmentary lag screw. 2. Surface excision with machined conical reaming and fixation with crossed 0.062 Kirschner wires. 3. Surface excision with machined conical reaming and fixation with a 3.5 mm cortical lag screw and a four hole dorsal miniplate secured with 3.5 mm cortical screws. 4. Surface excision with machined conical reaming and fixation with a four hole dorsal miniplate secured with 3.5 mm cortical screws and no lag screw. 5. Planar surface excision and fixation with a single oblique 3.5 mm interfragmentary cortical lag screw. Testing was done on an Instron materials testing device loading the first MTP joint in dorsiflexion. Liquid metal strain gauges were placed over the joint and micromotion was detected with varying loads and cycles. RESULTS: The most stable technique was the combination of machined conical reaming and an oblique interfragmentary lag screw and dorsal plate. This was greater than two times stronger than an oblique lag screw alone. Dorsal plate alone and Kirschner wire fixation were the weakest techniques. CONCLUSIONS: First MTP fusion is a commonly performed procedure for the treatment of a variety of disorders of the first MTP joint. The most stable technique for obtaining fusion in this study was the combination of an oblique lag screw and a dorsal plate. This should lead to higher rates of arthrodesis.     

An assessment of oblique base wedge osteotomy stability in the first metatarsal using different modes of internal fixation.

The modified Juvara osteotomy is a classic oblique base wedge osteotomy of the first metatarsal and is often used to reduce hallux valgus deformity. However, complications attributed to osteotomy instability and currently available modes of osteosynthesis are common. The authors have developed a technique that enables them to quantitatively and objectively evaluate the stability of this osteotomy when various modes of internal fixation are used. Stability testing was performed on fresh, previously frozen human cadaveric specimens using engineering principles. Results indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in stability between crossed 0.062-inch Kirschner wire fixation and internal fixation using a single 3.5-mm. cancellous screw. The tests also indicate that both of these techniques are superior to two 2.7-mm. cortical screws for stability.     

Comparative fatigue strengths and stabilities of metacarpal internal fixation techniques

To study quantitative differences in the fatigue strength and stability obtained with 5 types of internal fixation of metacarpal fractures, 105 preserved human metacarpals were cyclically tested in bending, torsion, and axial loading after oblique osteotomies of the metacarpal and internal fixation. The dorsal plate with lag screw was superior in all modes, followed by the two dorsal lag screws, crossed Kirschner wire tension banding, and intramedullary Kirschner wire fixation. The five intramedullary and the paired intramedullary Kirschner wire fixations were not statistically different. The fatigue life of the plate fixation was significantly larger in bending (1.5 times), torsion (1.6 times), and axial loading (2.5 times) than the second strongest fixation, two dorsal lag screws. Its initial rigidity was significantly higher in axial loading (1.5 times) but was not statistically different in bending and torsion.     

Supplementary axial Kirschner wire fixation for crescentic and Ludloff proximal metatarsal osteotomies: a biomechanical study

BACKGROUND: Loss of reduction of proximal metatarsal osteotomies may result from poor bone quality, suboptimal fixation, and limitations inherent in the bony geometry of the osteotomy. This study evaluated the mechanical benefit of adding two supplementary Kirschner wires to the crescentic and Ludloff osteotomies. METHODS: Eleven and 10 matched pairs of cadaver foot specimens were used for the Ludloff and the proximal crescentic metatarsal osteotomies, respectively. Each metatarsal head specimen was then loaded to failure using a servohydraulic MTS Mini Bionix test frame (MTS Systems Corp, Eden Prairie, MN), and the failure gap was measured with an extensometer. To account for variable bone quality in the study specimens, the failure loads were normalized with the measured bone mineral density (BMD) values of the metatarsal specimens. A paired Student's t-test analysis was used to compare the failure loads between the specimens with the conventional osteotomies and the osteotomies supplemented with two axial Kirschner wires. RESULTS: The load-to-failure of the Ludloff osteotomy with two screws and with one proximal screw and two Kirschner wires was 858.5 N cm(2)/gm and 692.3 N cm(2)/gm, respectively (p > 0.05). The average load-to-failure of crescentic osteotomy with one screw and two axial Kirschner wires (458.8 N cm(2)/gm) was significantly higher than the strength of crescentic osteotomy fixed with one screw only (367.5 N cm(2)/gm) (p = 0.05). For the Ludloff osteotomy, 16 specimens (72.7%) failed by more than 2 mm of gapping. The crescentic osteotomy failures included 16 2-mm gap failures (80%). The Ludloff osteotomy showed a trend toward increased fixation stability as compared with both crescentic osteotomy constructs. CONCLUSION: The use of two supplemental axial Kirschner wires offers a simple and effective means to improve the initial mechanical stability of the proximal crescentic osteotomy and can be used in the standard Ludloff osteotomy to replace the second screw when screw purchase is poor without significant loss of fixation strength. The possible advantage of Kirschner wire flexibility in restoring position after gapping of the osteotomy site should be investigated.     

Crossed screws versus dorsomedial locking plate with compression screw for first metatarsocuneiform arthrodesis: a cadaver study

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that a dorsomedial locking plate with adjunct screw compression would provide superior rigidity compared to crossed screws for first metatarsocuneiform (MTC) arthrodesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In ten matched lower extremity pairs, specimens in each pair were randomly assigned to receive screw fixation or plate with screw fixation. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. For the crossed-screw construct, two 4.0-mm cannulated screws were used. One screw was inserted dorsal to plantar beginning from the first metatarsal 10 to 15 mm distal to the joint, and the second was inserted from the cuneiform 8 to10 mm proximal to the joint, medial to the first screw, into the first metatarsal. For the plate construct, a 4.0-mm cannulated compression screw was inserted from the dorsal cortex of the first metatarsal to the plantar aspect of the medial cuneiform. A locking plate was inserted dorsomedially across the MTC joint. Specimens were loaded in four-point bend configuration (displacement rate, 5 mm/min) until failure of the fixation or 3-mm deformation. An extensometer was used to measure deformation. RESULTS: There was no difference in load to failure or stiffness between the two groups. BMD was positively correlated with load to failure in the screw (r = 0.893, p = 0.001) and the plate (r = 0.858, p = 0.001) construct. CONCLUSION: The plate construct with compression screw did not show different rigidity as compared with the screw construct with the numbers available. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Further investigation of a dorsomedial plate with adjunct screw compression may be warranted for first MTC arthrodesis.     

Ligamentous Lisfranc joint injuries: a biomechanical comparison of dorsal plate and transarticular screw fixation

BACKGROUND: The current treatment of displaced ligamentous injuries of the tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints is open reduction and rigid fixation using transarticular screws. This technique causes further articular surface damage that theoretically may increase the risk of arthritis. Should the screws break, hardware removal is difficult. An alternative method that avoids these potential complications is rigid fixation using dorsal plates. METHODS: The displacement between the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform, the second metatarsal and intermediate cuneiform, the first and second metatarsal bases, and the medial cuneiform and second metatarsal base were measured in 10 matched pairs of fresh-frozen cadaver lower extremities in the unloaded and loaded condition. After sectioning the Lisfranc and TMT joint ligaments, measurements were repeated in the loaded condition. The first and second TMT joints of the right feet were fixed with transarticular 3.5-mm cortical screws while those of the left feet with were fixed with dorsal 2.7-mm 1/4 tubular plates. Measurements were then repeated in the unloaded and loaded condition. RESULTS: After ligament sectioning, significantly increased first and second TMT joint subluxation with loading was seen. No significant difference was noted with direct comparison between plates and screws with respect to ability to realign the first and second TMT joints and to maintain TMT joint alignment during loading. The amount of articular surface destruction caused by one 3.5-mm screw was 2.0 +/- 0.7% for the medial cuneiform, 2.6 +/- 0.5% for the first metatarsal, 3.6 +/- 1.2% for the intermediate cuneiform, and 3.6 +/- 1.0% for the second metatarsal. CONCLUSIONS: The model reliably produced displacement of the first and second TMT joints consistent with a ligamentous Lisfranc injury. Transarticular screws and dorsal plates showed similar ability to reduce the first and second TMT joints after TMT and Lisfranc ligament transection and to resist TMT joint displacement with weightbearing load. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dorsal plating may be an alternative to transarticular screws in the treatment of displaced Lisfranc injuries.     

关节镜下经皮螺丝钉内固定治疗髌骨骨折14例

目的探讨膝关节镜下螺丝钉内固定治疗髌骨骨折的疗效.方法 2001年11月～2004年6月我院在膝关节镜下对14例髌骨骨折经皮行髌骨骨折复位螺丝钉内固定术治疗14例髌骨骨折.先用手法挤压髌骨或经皮钻入克氏针撬拔协助复位, 大布巾钳抓持或克氏针临时固定, 膝关节镜观察或C形臂X机透视髌骨复位情况,并做适当调整,在进钉处做小切口,钻孔、测深、攻丝,平行打入2枚钛螺丝钉或可吸收螺丝钉.结果 13例随访6～18个月,平均10个月.术后膝关节功能恢复良好,根据胥少汀评分法,优11例(84.6%),良2例(15.4%).结论关节镜下经皮螺丝钉内固定治疗髌骨骨折创伤小,复位确切,固定可靠, 关节功能恢复好.     

克氏针和空心钉张力带内固定治疗横断型髌骨骨折生物力学研究

目的比较空心拉力钉张力带系统和克氏针张力带系统内固定治疗横断型髌骨骨折的生物力学特性。方法对6具新鲜尸体12个下肢标本,开放截骨造成横断型髌骨骨折模型,随机采用空心拉力钉张力带和克氏针张力带固定,在膝关节伸直位加载使髌骨关节面移位达3 mm或最大加载负荷达300 N、周期性牵拉股四头肌腱使膝关节在伸直和屈曲90°之间运动10个周期记录骨折的最大位移以及膝关节固定在屈曲位45°使骨折移位达6 mm的最大载荷进行生物力学测定。结果空心拉力钉张力带组在膝关节伸直位、周期性牵拉股四头肌使膝关节在伸直和屈曲90°之间运动以及屈曲45°时都较克氏针张力带组具有更好的生物力学稳定性。结论空心拉力钉张力带系统较克氏针张力带系统能够提供更稳定的固定效果,为横断型髌骨骨折的一期愈合及患者早期进行功能锻炼以更好地恢复关节功能提供可能。     

Metatarsal neck osteotomy with proximal interphalangeal joint resection fixed with a single temporary pin

BACKGROUND: Screws have been recommended for fixation of the site of the metatarsal osteotomy. METHODS: A report is presented on one surgeon's experience with a temporary, single Kirschner wire instead of screws for fixation of metatarsal neck osteotomies combined with proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint resection arthroplasty in patients with dislocated metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints and severe hammertoe deformities. Eleven consecutive patients (13 toes) were treated between January 1999 and January 2002 (mean age, 69 years; range, 44-81 years; seven women, four men) at a tertiary care foot and ankle center. Records and radiographs were reviewed retrospectively, and all patients were examined at follow-up by one of the authors (mean follow-up, 13 months; range, 6-32 months). RESULTS: All 13 metatarsal neck osteotomies had clinical and radiographic union by 6 weeks, with no evidence of nonunion, malunion, avascular necrosis of the metatarsal head, deep wound infection, pin-tract infection, broken pins, or other serious complications. Two metatarsals (18%) had minor residual plantar calluses beneath the metatarsal head. The mean postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was 76 of 95 points possible. All patients were satisfied with the procedure and would do it again. CONCLUSION: The use of a single, temporary K-wire provides adequate fixation for combined PIP joint resection arthroplasty and metatarsal neck osteotomy in patients with central metatarsalgia and severe hammertoe deformity.