13例骨盆骨折大出血的急诊介入治疗

目的:探讨经导管选择性血管栓塞术治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折所致大出血的临床价值。方法:对13例骨盆骨折所致大出血合并失血性休克的患者进行选择性动脉造影,均发现髂内动脉或其分支出血,并对出血动脉进行栓塞。结果:13例失血性休克患者栓塞成功,手术均在1～2h完成,复查DSA,动脉出血停止,血压稳步上升并保持稳定。结论:急诊经导管选择性栓塞髂内动脉是治疗骨盆骨折所致大出血的首选方法,具有安全、迅速、准确、疗效高的优点。     

经导管动脉栓塞术在骨盆骨折并大出血急救中的临床应用

目的 探讨经导管动脉栓塞术在骨盆骨折合并大出血急救中的临床应用。方法 搜集19例骨盆骨折并发盆腔大出血休克的患者，男11例，女8例，年龄18－46岁，平均28岁。术前血压为（40－90）／（0－60）mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa) ,急诊行出血动脉和（或）髂内动脉主干栓塞术，其中2例伴有脾破裂患者同时行脾动脉栓塞术。术后严密观察生命体征的变化，并进行必要的外科处理，结果 15例患者可见明显的对比剂外溢，出血动脉内髂内动脉主干3例，臀上动脉5例，阴部内动脉或闭孔动脉7例，2例表现为髂内动脉分支中断，2例血管造影未见明显阳性表现。全部19例均在1h内完成栓塞治疗，术后24h内全部患者血压逐步回升至正常水平[(90-120)/(60-90)mmHg]。未出现严重的栓塞并发症。1例于血压稳定后膀胱直肠手术修补时死亡，3例于72h内死于弥漫性血管内凝血（DIC）。结论 经导管动脉栓塞术是骨盆骨折大出血的1种安全，迅速，有效的急救止血措施。     

急诊行髂内动脉栓塞治疗16例骨盆骨折并大出血

目的探讨髂内动脉栓塞治疗骨盆骨折并大出血的临床效果。方法对16例骨盆骨折并大出血患者,经保守治疗无效,急诊行单侧或双侧髂内动脉造影,明确出血部位后,经导管用明胶海绵或弹簧圈栓塞。结果 16例骨盆骨折并大出血患者经髂内动脉栓塞后活动性出血停止,除1例死于术后70h外,绝大多数患者的出血性休克得到明显控制。结论髂内动脉栓塞是治疗骨盆骨折并大出血的一个快速、合理、有效的方法。     

经导管髂内动脉栓塞治疗外伤性骨盆骨折大出血

目的：探讨经导管栓塞髂内动脉治疗外伤引起盆腔大出血的临床价值。方法：23例创伤性盆腔大出血,经保守治疗无效,急诊行单侧或双侧髂内动脉造影,明确出血部位后,经导管用明胶海绵或微弹簧圈栓塞。结果：23例出血停止,休克症状消失,血压稳定上升。无1例死亡。结论：经导管栓塞髂内动脉或其分支治疗创伤性盆腔大出血快速有效,创伤小,并发症少。     

颅底骨折所致口鼻腔大出血的急诊栓塞治疗

目的 探讨经导管动脉急诊栓塞治疗颅底骨折所致口鼻腔大出血的临床疗效及其安全性.方法 27例颅底骨折合并口鼻腔大出血患者,经后鼻腔填塞、药物治疗等措施无效,在出血1～6 h行急诊颈内、外动脉造影,根据造影结果,选用明胶海绵、不锈钢圈和可脱球囊栓塞出血责任动脉.结果 除1例因合并颅脑损伤,1例因失血性休克在造影过程中死亡而未行栓塞外,25例均在1.5 h内完成栓塞治疗,成功率92.6%(25/27),23例栓塞后出血停止,有效率92.0%(23/25).无严重栓塞后并发症发生.结论 经导管动脉急诊栓塞是救治颅底骨折所致创伤性口鼻腔大出血的一种有效、安全、简便的方法.     

急诊髂内动脉栓塞治疗骨盆骨折大出血

目的:探讨急诊髂内动脉栓塞治疗骨盆骨折大出血的临床价值。方法:对12例骨盆骨折合并失血性休克的患者行紧急髂内动脉造影,对出血动脉用明胶海绵进行栓塞;伴有肝脾破裂者同时行肝脾动脉栓塞。结果:髂内动脉造影显示对比剂血管外溢11例,伴髂内动脉主要分支断流2例,1例仅表现为髂内动脉分支广泛痉挛伴脾下极动脉出血;栓塞后出血均停止,全部患者24h内血压回升至正常水平,术后未发生严重的并发症。除1例合并多脏器功能衰竭(MODS)死亡外,其余都得到有效救治。结论:急诊髂内动脉栓塞是院内急救骨盆骨折大出血的首选方法,具有迅速、安全的优点。     

急诊髂内动脉栓塞术在骨盆骨折伴大出血中的应用

目的:探讨急诊髂内动脉栓塞术在骨盆骨折伴大出血中的有效性和安全性。方法:18例骨盆骨折伴大出血患者在入院3~5 h内行急诊髂内动脉栓塞术,术后严密观察生命体征的变化。结果:16例术后24 h内血压逐步回升至正常水平,生命体征平稳,经后续治疗康复出院;2例分别因多器官功能衰竭及合并重型颅脑损伤死亡。无明显严重栓塞并发症。结论:髂内动脉栓塞术是一种治疗骨盆骨折引起盆腔大出血安全、迅速、有效的急救方法。     

经导管动脉栓塞术治疗骨盆骨折大出血

目的评价经导管髂内动脉栓塞术治疗骨盆骨折大出血的疗效。方法35例骨盆骨折伴大出血患者,其中车祸23例、坠落伤5例、重物砸伤4例、挤压伤3例。有合并伤18例。选择腹股沟区无血肿侧或血肿相对轻侧穿刺股动脉,将导管选择性地插入髂内动脉造影,明确出血部位后,超选择进入出血动脉分支;不能超选者,则于髂内动脉主干注入明胶海绵颗粒栓塞至血流明显缓慢,再以直径5～8mm弹簧圈栓塞髂内动脉主干。对于骨盆双侧或中心部骨折者行双侧髂内动脉栓塞。结果35例患者造影均见有不同程度动脉痉挛,其中29例见对比剂外溢,呈斑片状或条状染色。栓塞后于患侧髂总或髂内动脉造影复查,对比剂外溢现象消失。35例患者血压均于术后2h内逐步平稳回升,24h内恢复至正常水平。1例出现拇趾远端皮肤轻度坏死。未出现与栓塞有关的严重并发症。结论经导管动脉栓塞术治疗骨盆骨折大出血,措施简捷、微创、安全,疗效满意。     

经导管超选择性动脉栓塞治疗恶性滋养细胞肿瘤大出血

目的评价经导管超选择性动脉栓塞治疗恶性滋养细胞肿瘤大出血的疗效及安全性。方法自1994年1月至2009年12月,共80例患者因恶性滋养细胞肿瘤大出血接受经导管超选择性动脉栓塞术治疗,其中侵蚀性葡萄胎18例,绒毛膜癌59例,胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤3例。出血部位包括子宫58例,阴道14例,盆腔2例,膀胱2例,肝脏3例和直肠1例。根据临床诊断及血管造影表现栓塞出血动脉,栓塞材料采用明胶海绵、弹簧圈及聚乙烯醇颗粒。术后随访3至120个月（平均30个月）。结果全部患者超选择性动脉插管均获成功,60例（75.0%）造影见出血阳性征象。73例患者（91.3%）出血成功控制,1例患者（1.3%）术后第3天因多器官衰竭死亡,6例患者（7.5%）再次出血,经手术治疗。动脉栓塞术后不良反应包括一过性躯体疼痛30例（37.5%）和发热45例（56.3%）。结论经导管超选择性动脉栓塞治疗恶性滋养细胞肿瘤大出血有效、安全,可作为首选治疗方法 。     

急诊介入治疗在急危重上消化道出血中的临床应用

目的观察急诊血管造影及栓塞治疗在急性消化道大出血中的临床价值。 方法对49例消化道大出血患者（均出现失血性休克表现）急诊行消化道动脉血管造影,明确出血部位后,用聚乙烯醇颗粒、明胶海绵或弹簧圈栓塞。 结果49例患者全部确定出血部位,其中47例栓塞出血动脉成功止血;1例因出血量大生命体征不平稳,无法行血管栓塞治疗采用急诊手术治疗;1例因高龄且病情危重,家属放弃治疗而死亡。总有效率为95.92%（47/49）,术后栓塞成功患者未出现再次出血及严重并发症,治愈出院,平均住院时间为15天,1例经手术治疗住院2个月。 结论急诊消化道血管造影检查定位率高,出血动脉栓塞治愈率高,从生理和心理上减轻了患者痛苦,是一种安全、有效、快捷的急性消化道大出血微创治疗手段。     

Hemorrhage with pelvic fractures: efficacy of transcatheter embolization.

To determine the effectiveness of angiography in identifying bleeding sites and controlling the massive and often fatal hemorrhage accompanying pelvic fractures, the hospital course and outcome of 28 patients who underwent angiography after pelvic trauma were reviewed. In 20 patients, active bleeding was demonstrated. Transcatheter occlusions of bleeding arteries were performed in 18 of these, with angiographic ontrol of hemorrhage in 18 and clinical control in 17. Two patients with active bleeding were not embolized because of subsequent surgical intervention in one and technical angiographic difficulties in the other. Blood transfusion requirements averaged 32.1 units in the 48 hr or less before occlusion and 5.2 units during 48 hr after occlusion. Of the 18 patients who underwent arterial embolization, nine died, seven of associated injuries, one of extrapelvic hemorrhage, and one of hypotension. Nine patients survived to be discharged. These results confirm that transcatheter occlusion of bleeding vessels in the pelvis reduces hemorrhage and facilitates the management of patients with pelvic trauma.     

Pediatric Abdominal and Pelvic Trauma: Safety and Efficacy of Arterial Embolization

PurposeAlthough transcatheter embolization is a well established technique to treat adults in the trauma setting, evidence is lacking in the pediatric population. This study assesses the safety and efficacy of arterial embolization for blunt abdominal and pelvic trauma in the pediatric population.Materials and MethodsA retrospective review of abdominal and pelvic angiograms in 97 pediatric patients with blunt trauma was conducted over an 11-year period. Abdominal angiography and embolization was performed for ongoing hepatic, renal, splenic, or nonvisceral retroperitoneal injury. Pelvic angiography was performed in the setting of pelvic fracture with ongoing pelvic hemorrhage. Complications and clinical success rates of these procedures were assessed.ResultsOf the 97 pediatric patients who underwent angiography for acute abdominal or pelvic trauma, 54 (56%) required embolization involving 62 separate sites. Injury severity score greater than 15 was present in 94% of patients. Targets of embolization included the pelvis (n = 39), liver (n = 8), kidney (n = 7), spleen (n = 6), and retroperitoneum (n = 2). Effective hemorrhage control was achieved in 47 patients (87%). Overall mortality rate was 22% (12 of 54), with most deaths related to traumatic brain injury. Five complications occurred in four patients (7%), including three major complications (hepatic abscess, bile leak, and urinary incontinence).ConclusionsAngiography and embolization is relatively safe and potentially effective in the setting of abdominal and pelvic trauma in the pediatric population. Angiography with embolization should be considered in the treatment algorithm for this patient population.     

Value of "additional arterial embolization" to bilateral internal iliac TAE in patients with severe pelvic fractures

Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of the bilateral internal iliac arteries has been shown to be of great value in controlling retroperitoneal massive hemorrhage associated with pelvic fractures. It has recently been reported, however, that TAE of only the bilateral internal iliac arteries sometimes fails to stabilize the patient's hemodynamics. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate "additional arterial embolization" to the bilateral internal iliac TAE in hemodynamically unstable cases. Sixty-eight patients who underwent emergency TAE following severe pelvic fractures were reviewed. Additional arterial embolization of the lumbar arteries in four patients, middle sacral arteries in two and inferior epigastric artery in one was carried out following bilateral internal iliac TAE. The damage to these arteries was associated with fractures of the lumbar costal process, sacrum, pubis, etc. The patients were in stable condition after the procedure, and no significant complication was experienced. When fractures and dislocations of the above-mentioned bones are seen on plain X-ray films and arterial bleeding is identified by angiography, additional embolization of the arteries should be performed immediately.     

Bleeding due to pelvic fractures in female patients: pictorial review of multidetector computed tomography imaging

Pelvic bone fractures in female patients are a result of high-energy trauma and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Their classification is based on the mechanism of the traumatic impact force and the evaluation of stability or instability of pelvic ring fracture. Vascular hemorrhage is frequently associated with pelvic bone disruption and is the main cause of death in polytrauma female patients. At many trauma centers, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) has been considered the best modality in the trauma setting as it is also useful in characterizing multiple-body traumatic lesions. Specifically, MDCT angiography can lead to fast recognition of pelvic vascular injuries to triage patients with blunt pelvic trauma and to send those with ongoing arterial hemorrhage to appropriate emergent treatment. At contrast medium enhanced MDCT, extravasation of contrast material is an accurate finding of active bleeding and enables the interventional radiologist to selectively investigate the arteries most likely to be involved with prompt angiographic embolization. The potential sites of hemorrhage include the pelvic bone, the pelvic venous plexus, the major iliac veins, the major iliac arteries, and their peripheral branches. MDCT multiphase protocol can accurately differentiate arterial from venous hemorrhage. This article discusses the use of multiphase contrast medium enhanced MDCT in detecting and characterizing vascular pelvic injuries associated with pelvic fractures in trauma female patients.     

髂内动脉输注和栓塞对盆腔肿瘤诊治的价值

目的:通过分析髂内动脉造影和栓塞治疗效果,结合CT、腔镜及术后病检结果,初步评估髂内动脉输注和栓塞治疗盆腔肿瘤的价值。方法:12例盆腔肿瘤患者,行双侧髂内动脉造影、输注后,作单侧或双侧供血血管的超选择插管栓塞,重点观察其血管造影表现和栓后临床症状的改善情况、CT扫描变化及术后病理检查结果,评估其疗效。结果:9例富血管肿瘤(6例膀胱癌、2例宫颈癌及1例子宫内膜癌)显示有典型的血管增多、增粗、不规则且有显著的肿瘤染色而得以诊断,而后行栓塞治疗,6例栓后手术病理发现瘤体不同程度的坏死,3例未行手术的患者,B超、CT发现瘤体明显缩小,血尿或阴道出血停止并维持达二月。3例少血管肿瘤(膀胱癌),没有明显的血供异常,仅行化疗并在1周内手术。结论:髂内动脉化疗输注和栓塞对盆腔肿瘤有较好的治疗价值。     

经导管栓塞治疗肝脏外伤出血

目的 探讨经导管栓塞治疗肝脏外伤出血的疗效、适应证、并发症等.方法 回顾性分析我院从1996年5月到2006年5月收治肝脏外伤出血患者33例,其中24例行肝动脉造影证实为肝动脉假性动脉瘤形成,再超选择插管至病变部位,根据载瘤动脉受损情况,予明胶海绵和(或)弹簧圈栓塞.结果 24例28枚假性动脉瘤栓塞技术上均一次成功.2例分别在栓塞后48 h、72 h再次出血.再次栓塞后1例康复,1例在第2次栓塞后1周因再出血和严重腹腔感染死亡.发热9例,均与栓塞无直接相关.结论 经导管栓塞治疗肝脏外伤出血安全、迅速、有效.