下颈椎前路椎弓根螺钉置入的实验研究

目的 探讨下颈椎前路椎弓根螺钉置入技术的可行性.方法 取18具成人尸体正常颈椎标本,剔除其周围软组织至清楚显露椎体前壁.CT扫描后,用Mimics软件重建三维模型,并测量C3～C7个体化置钉参数,包括进钉点(即椎弓根中轴线在椎体前壁投影点)、置钉方向(螺钉在横断面和矢状面上的倾斜角度)以及螺钉长度.严格按照测量结果,直视下置入椎弓根螺钉.术后作CT扫描,评价置钉效果.结果 进针点:C3、C4位于置钉椎弓根对侧,正中矢状面旁2～3 mm,距上终板6～7 mm;C5～ C7与置钉椎弓根同侧,其中C5位于正中矢状面旁1～2 mm,距上终板7.0～7.5 mm,C6、C7则为4～5 mm和7.5 ～8.5 mm.置钉方向:理想角度在C3、C4为外倾角46°～47°,头倾角-11°～-7°;在C5外倾角约48°,头倾角接近0°;C6、C7为36°～40°和8～13°.螺钉长度:可选择28、30、32 mm,其直径为3.5 mm.本组共置钉144枚.术后CT示,全部螺钉均经椎体前方置入椎弓根内抵达侧块.其中,有16枚胀破椎弓根外侧皮质,3枚穿破外侧皮质(均发生在C3、C4节段).结论 下颈椎前路椎弓根螺钉置入技术是可行的.     

下颈椎前路椎弓根螺钉置入相关的解剖学观察

目的：观察成人下颈椎前路椎弓根螺钉（Anterior pedicle screw,ＡＰＳ）置入相关的径线和角度,为该术的临床应用提供相关解剖学参数。方法：成人干燥尸体下颈椎（C3～C7）标本22具,分别用手工和CT测量椎弓根最窄处的高度、宽度及内外侧皮质厚度,椎弓根中轴线全长,轴线夹角,并进行统计学分析。随机在CT室资料库中抽取100例成人活体颈椎CT图像,用Mimics软件行三维重建,除以上参数外,还测量进钉点位置的相关数据,计算置钉参数的95%CI。结果：22具标本的相关径线及角度,其手工测量值与CT测量值间无统计学差异。成人活体下颈椎CT图像测量结果通过95%CI的计算,可以得出：C3、C4进钉点位于椎体正中矢状面受术椎弓根对侧 2~3 mm,距椎体上终板平面 6~7 mm,进钉角度为外倾角 46°~ 48°,头倾角 C3：-11°~-12°,C4 -6°~-7°。C5 进钉点位于椎体正中矢状面受术椎弓根同侧旁 1~2 mm,距椎体上终板平面 7~8 mm,进钉角度为外倾角 47°~49°,头倾角 1°~2°。C6、C7 进钉点位于受术椎弓根同侧,正中矢状面旁 4~5 mm,距椎体上终板平面 7.5~8.5 mm,进钉角度为外倾角 C6：40°~42°,C7：36°~38°,头倾角 C6：6°~7°,C7：11°~13°。置钉长度选择 30、32、34 mm 较为适宜,螺钉直径可选择 3.5 mm 或 4.0 mm。结论：本实验证实了CT测量下颈椎APS置入技术相关参数的准确性,同时在国内首次利用大样本研究对该技术置钉参数进行了探索。     

耻骨上支髓内螺钉固定的应用解剖学研究

目的研究耻骨上支的解剖学基础,为耻骨上支髓内螺钉固定提供参数。方法取半骨盆标本30个,用游标卡尺依次测量骨盆的外径、内径、矢状径,耻骨上支上下径及前后径,同时沿耻骨上支长轴以层距1mm作螺旋CT横断面扫描,确定最小横断面的上下径及前后径为可打入螺钉的最大安全直径。耻骨结节内缘进针点为A点,置入直径为2mm的克氏针,髋臼外上缘出针点为B点,测量A8的距离、克氏针与矢状面和横断面的角度、B点至坐骨大切迹外上缘（C点）的距离。AB距离为耻骨上支螺钉钉道的长度。置钉后进行CR拍片及螺旋CT扫描,应用图像处理软件进行分析,观察钉道与髋臼及盆腔的关系。结果耻骨上支前后径及匕下径游标卡尺测量值与螺旋CT影像学测量值比较差异均无统计学意义（P〈0.05）,耻骨上支的最细部位在髋臼内侧壁内缘处,即髂耻粗隆内侧,该截面为近似为水滴状。AB距离左侧骨盆为（118．3±1.22）mm,右侧骨盆为（117．9±1.36）mm;BC左侧为（36．63±1．43）mm,右侧为（37.21±1．21）mm.最佳置钉点在耻骨结节内侧缘,克氏针与躯体矢状面成角40（°）～45（°）,与横断面成角20（°）～35（°）。顺行置钉角度与逆行置钉角度相反,但是数值相同。螺钉的安全直径可达72mm,最大长度可达110．0mm。结论临床应用耻骨上支髓内钉内固定是可行的,术前一定要进行螺旋CT虚拟置钉评估,置钉点和置钉角度要有个体化差异。     

枢椎以横突后支下缘与下关节突交界处为解剖标志行椎弓根植钉的CT测量

为枢椎以横突后支下缘与下关节突交界处为解剖标志行椎弓根植钉提供CT测量数据及影像学依据。对20具成人枢椎尸体标本进行CT扫描及三维重建,测量植钉相关参数,观察植钉位置,分析植钉角度。结果显示,枢椎椎弓根的高度、中部宽度、长度分别为8.77±1.30mm、5.79±0.94mm和26.13±1.65mm。植钉过程顺利,螺钉偏置率为7.5%(3/40)。枢椎以横突后支下缘与下关节突交界处为解剖标志,取内倾角 30°～35°、头倾角20°～23° 进行植钉,从CT影像学方面证实是安全可行的。     

关节镜下复位空心钉内固定治疗前交叉韧带下止点撕脱骨折

目的 探索在关节镜下复位,使用空心钉内固定微创手方法术方法治疗前交叉韧带下止点撕既骨折.方法 在关节镜下行骨折块周围软组织清理或使骨折创面新鲜化后复位,置入导向套筒,钻入导向克氏针固定骨折块,然后使用直径2.8mm空心钴头沿导针扩大钻孔后.沿导向克氏针拧入1～3枚空心钉固定骨折块;术后可调角度肢具保护.早期行cPM功能饭炼.结果 术后22例骨折块复位满意,无一例骨折块浮动,前相不稳消失,所有病例均获正常活动范围.结论 本术式为治疗前交叉韧带下止点撕脱骨折提供了一个微创手术方法,关节镜下复位空心钉内固定治疗前交又韧带下止点撕脱骨折简便可行. 钉内固定微创手方法术方法治疗前交叉韧带下止点撕既骨折.方法 在关节镜下行骨折块周围软组织清理或使骨折创面新鲜化后复位,王入导向套筒,钻入导向克氏针固定骨折块,然后使用直径2.8mm空心钴头沿导针扩大钻孔后.沿导向克氏针拧入1～3枚空心钉固定骨折块;术后可调角度肢具保护.早期行cPM功能饭炼.结果 术后22例骨折块复位满意,无一例骨折块浮动,前相不稳消失,所有病例均获正常活动范围.结论 本术式为治疗前交叉韧带下止点撕脱骨折提供了一个微创手术方法,关节镜下复位空心钉内固定治疗前     

肋横突结合区进钉途径研究

目的研究经肋横突结合区置钉固定脊柱的可行性和有效性。方法取4具成人防腐胸椎标本及相连的一段肋骨(长5～6cm),在椎体的一侧按常规方法置入椎弓根螺钉,对侧经肋横突结合区置入螺钉。对螺钉的位置和螺钉钉道的组成进行解剖学和影像学测量。结果经肋横突结合区置入的螺钉位于肋横突结合区和椎体内。螺钉经过横突,进入椎弓根占居椎弓根外侧的大部分和肋骨内侧部分,再进入椎体。正确放置的螺钉未进入椎间孔,不会损伤血管神经和胸膜。椎弓根螺钉误置率(21.4%)比肋横突结合区螺钉的(5.0%)要显著高。结论影像学和解剖学均证实,以横突中外1/3头侧处为进钉点,沿肋横突沟的方向进钉,可以在肋横突结合区安全地置入螺钉。     

双重固定治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折18例

目的:分析双重固定在治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折中的效果。方法:应用外固定加局部克氏针、螺钉固定治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折18例。按AO分型:A3型5例,C2型7例,C3型6例,开放性骨折2例。手术中用手法复位,结合透视下克氏针撬拔复位进行固定。结果:术后随访3～12个月,平均7个月。根据影像学结果,解剖复位5例,功能复位13例,手术前尺倾角-10°～12°,掌倾角-20°～5°,术后尺倾角18°～30°(平均24°),掌倾角0-16°(平均11°)。关节功能按Dienst评定,优6例,良11例,可1例,无钉道感染,无神经血管损伤,无创口感染等并发症。结论:双重固定(外固定加局部克氏针、螺钉固定)治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折疗效确切,简便、实用,并发症少,易推广使用。     

寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉通道选择的影像学研究

目的:设计寰椎椎弓根螺钉的理想进钉通道,减少进钉时的阻力及穿透并发症?方法:选择60例(男?女各30例)行寰椎薄层扫描的志愿者影像资料,利用Mimics10.01软件三维重建寰椎内部松质骨及其形态,根据三维重建图像及原始影像资料确定寰椎椎弓根松质骨中心点C(寰椎椎弓根无松质骨者以寰椎椎弓根中心点代替),以C点为螺钉理想钉道中心点,寰椎椎弓根头倾角为螺钉头倾角,探讨螺钉在侧块松质骨内的移动范围,并观察螺钉有无穿破椎弓根,以最大内?外倾角的角平分线作为理想钉道?结果:男女理想螺钉进钉点至椎弓根内侧壁的距离L1分别为(7.89 ± 1.39)?(7.30 ± 0.98)mm;至正中矢状面的距离L2分别为(22.86 ± 2.30)?(21.23 ± 1.64)mm;至椎弓根上下缘距离之比L3/L4分别为(1.00 ± 0.10)?(1.01 ± 0.11)?男女理想螺钉的内倾角度α分别为(11.70 ± 5.68)°?(11.70 ± 5.48)°;其中最大内倾角度α1分别为(32.51 ± 5.79)°?(30.52 ± 6.40)°;最大外倾角度α2分别为(9.10 ± 7.80)°?(7.04 ± 7.13)°?男女椎弓根宽度D分别为(9.70 ± 1.57)?(8.70 ± 1.24)mm;高度H分别为(5.24 ± 1.15)?(4.38 ± 0.81)mm,其中有10侧(男1例1侧,女5例9侧)因椎弓根高度较小或解剖变异而穿破椎弓根,比例为8.33%?结论:理想螺钉的进钉点在椎弓根内侧壁旁开7~8 mm处后弓上下缘的中央,螺钉内倾(11~12)°左右,并与椎弓根共轴?     

三维CT重建测量对下颈椎椎弓根置钉点的定位研究

目的 定位下段颈椎椎弓根的置钉点。 方法　37套成人颈椎CT数据, 三维重建下透视模拟椎弓根在侧块背面的投影,标记其中轴点为置钉点。观察各节段置钉点的分布特征,将侧块背面外上象限等分为九个区域, 观察各节段置钉在九区的分布。以置钉点为原点, 建立直角坐标系, 测量其距侧块背面上外界的坐标值x、y 。结果　C3 、C4节段置钉点多位于W2区和Z2区, C5、 C6节段置钉点大多位于Z2区, C7 节段置钉点则多位于N2区。置钉点距侧块背面外界的分布,在C3 、C4 、C5 、C6节段< C7节段（P<0.05）, 置钉点距侧块背面上界的分布, C3～C7 各节段特征接近( P>0.05)。从C3 到C7, 置钉点分布表现为从外向内的特征,C3 ～C6特征接近, C7特征较特殊。结论 侧块外上象限的九分法有别于其他定位方法,具有较高的临床可行性。     

经口前路寰椎椎弓根螺钉的应用解剖学研究

目的通过60具寰椎标本的观察和测量,建立经口前路寰椎椎弓根螺钉的置钉技术。方法60具成年人体寰椎干骨标本,观察并确定前路寰椎椎弓根螺钉的安全进钉点,测量其与寰椎上关节面、前正中矢状面及与横突孔内侧壁的距离,寰椎侧块宽度,侧块长度,前路寰椎椎弓根螺钉的骨性钉道长度,椎弓根厚度,安全的进钉方向(向外倾斜角度)。结果经口前路寰椎椎弓根螺钉的安全进钉点为:与前正中矢状面的距离为(14.1±1.0)mm,寰椎侧块长度为(20.8±2.8)mm,宽度(19.6±2.4)mm;与横突孔内侧壁的距离为(10.1±2.0)mm。前路寰椎椎弓根的骨性钉道长度为(28.8±1.8)mm,椎弓根的高度为(5.6±0.8)mm。安全置钉方向为向外倾斜(9°±3°)。结论①经口前路寰椎椎弓根螺钉的最佳进钉点为距离前正中失状面14mm处;②安全进钉方向为向外倾斜9°置入的寰椎椎弓根螺钉均位于骨性钉道内,安全可靠。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.