肺源性与肺外源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征呼吸力学的异同及机械通气策略

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)按其病因可分为肺源性ARDS和肺外源性ARDS.肺源性ARDS早期多为肺泡损害,而肺外源性ARDS多为间质性肺水肿.肺源性ARDS患儿肺顺应性降低,而肺外源性ARDS由于腹腔内压增高其胸壁顺应性更低.肺外源性ARDS中应用呼气末正压、肺复张手法及俯卧位通气效果更好,而两者的小潮气量通气效果相似.     

肺源性与肺外源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征呼吸力学的异同及机械通气策略

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)按其病因可分为肺源性ARDS和肺外源性ARDS.肺源性ARDS早期多为肺泡损害,而肺外源性ARDS多为间质性肺水肿.肺源性ARDS患儿肺顺应性降低,而肺外源性ARDS由于腹腔内压增高其胸壁顺应性更低.肺外源性ARDS中应用呼气末正压、肺复张手法及俯卧位通气效果更好,而两者的小潮气量通气效果相似.     

肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿肺内/肺外源性急性肺损伤研究

目的 探讨肺表面活性物质（PS）治疗肺内源性与肺外源性新生儿急性肺损伤（ALI）的治疗效果.方法 选择2010年6月至2012年9月本院新生儿科收治的ALI患儿,按病因分为肺源性组与肺外源性组,均予以肺保护性通气策略机械通气以及PS气管插管内注入,在PS治疗前后监测肺顺应性以及氧合指数（OI）,分析两组患儿的治疗及预后.结果 使用PS前,肺源性组（21例）肺顺应性低于肺外源性组（31例）[（0.23＆#177;0.09）比（0.34＆#177;0.12）,P＜0.05];使用PS后,两组肺顺应性改善明显,均先增高,后逐步回落;使用PS后2、24、48 h肺外源性组肺顺应性均高于肺源性组[2 h：（0.60＆#177;0.21）比（0.35＆#177;0.16）,24 h：（0.54 ＆#177;0.18）比（0.28 ＆#177;0.13）,48 h：（0.55＆#177;0.12）比（0.29＆#177;0.17）,P＜0.05];两组患儿OI在使用PS后均明显改善,使用后2、24、48 h肺外源性组明显低于肺源性组[2 h：（15.1＆#177;2.8）比（20.3＆#177;3.9）,24 h：（18.4＆#177;4.2）比（25.2＆#177;5.3）,48 h：（10.4＆#177;5.6）比（16.4＆#177;4.4）,P＜0.05].肺源性组机械通气时间、住院时间均长于肺外源性组,病死率高于肺外源性组（P＜0.05）.结论 新生儿肺源性与肺外源性ALI存在肺顺应性的差异;肺外源性ALI对PS治疗的反应优于肺源性ALI.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患儿肺力学特点

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的病因不一,发病机制各有所异,病情进展过程中肺力学的改变存在个体差异。顺应性、压力、容量等的变化与病因、病情轻重、年龄等密切相关。正确采用肺保护性通气策略、合理调节呼吸机参数、减少呼吸机相关性肺损伤是提高ARDS救治成功率的关键。因此,在ARDS机械通气治疗中必须高度注意患儿肺力学的特点和变化。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗

ARDS自1967年首次报道以来,已在人类进行了大量研究。其低氧血症、肺顺应性降低和肺浸润等特点已被充分认识。尽管呼吸支持疗法不断改进,病死率仍在50%以上。目前支持疗法仍然是ARDS病人的主要治疗方法之一,其目的在于缓解呼吸衰竭,纠正低氧血症和治疗先驱疾病。缓解呼衰为治疗先驱病争取时间,治疗先驱病为恢复有效气体交换争取可能性,二者兼顾不可偏废。一、纠正低氧血症:低氧血症是肺泡陷闭、通气不足、通气血流比例失调、肺内静动脉分流、等的后果。因此治疗的根本措施是促进肺泡扩张和积极氧     

肺与肺外原因导致的急性呼吸窘迫综合征研究进展

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）按诱发途径可分为两种，即由直接肺损伤因素引起的ARDS和间接肺损伤因素导致的ARDS。越来越多的研究发现，两者在病理生理学、影像学、呼吸力学、对通气治疗策略（俯卧位通气、呼气末正压通气及肺复张策略、小潮气量通气）及药物治疗（吸入一氧化氮及前列环索、皮质类固醇激素）的反应等许多方面不尽相同，也有一些研究结果认为两者无明显区别，只是在发病机制和形态改变上存在交叉与重叠。对其机制的认识有助于对不同原因引起的ARDS采取更为有效的个体化治疗。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气策略的新进展

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）机械通气的目标是保证足够的氧合和最小的呼吸机相关肺损伤。无创机械通气应慎用于ARDS。小潮气量通气的肺保护性通气策略能降低ARDS死亡率,以驱动压为导向设置潮气量更合理。建议根据静态压力-容积曲线采用低位转折点法来确定理想的呼气末正压（PEEP）,不支持常规使用高水平PEEP。俯卧位通气、高频振荡通气和体外膜氧合技术可用于拯救重症ARDS。机械通气中保持ARDS患者自主呼吸很重要,可采用双相气道正压通气、压力支持通气和神经电活动辅助通气等辅助通气模式。不推荐补充外源性肺泡表面活性物质、吸入一氧化氮或支气管扩张剂、气道压力释放通气和部分液体通气。     

肺表面活性物质联合持续经鼻正压通气至生后72小时治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征临床观察

早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征是早产儿多发病、病死率高的主要病因。目前多采用外源性肺表面活性物质联合有创性机械通气治疗,效果已得到肯定,但机械通气后,可造成多种相关性并发症[1],例如气压伤[2]、呼吸机相关性肺炎、支气管肺发育不良等。经鼻持续正压通气(NCPAP)保持气道处于一定     

儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征肺复张策略的研究进展

近年来肺复张策略因可打开肺泡,减少肺泡萎陷所致的肺损伤,改善肺顺应性,提高动脉氧分压与氧合指数,减少肺内分流而成为急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气治疗手段之一.本文就肺复张在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征的应用做一综述.     

肺表面活性物质联合持续经鼻正压通气至生后72小时治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征临床观察

早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征是早产儿多发病、病死率高的主要病因。目前多采用外源性肺表面活性物质联合有创性机械通气治疗，效果已得到肯定，但机械通气后，可造成多种相关性并发症，例如气压伤、呼吸机相关性肺炎、支气管肺发育不良等。经鼻持续正压通气（NCPAP）保持气道处于一定的扩张状态。经鼻CPAP与机械通气相比，     

肺炎诱发急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊治策略的思考

肺炎诱导的急性呼吸窘迫综合征( acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)较肺外因素导致的ARDS在病理、临床表现、影像学改变及肺力学等方面更为复杂,有更为显著的异质性,不仅有肺泡的弥漫性损伤,还有气道的严重损害,常有肺气漏、肺出血、肺水肿同时存在;不仅有肺顺应性下降,还可有气道阻力增加。机械通气策略遵循肺保护通气策略,但应个体化;临床诊断ARDS并不一定是病理学意义的ARDS,很多病例仅仅是肺炎的改变,因此ARDS的治疗策略并非都适合所有临床诊断肺炎合并ARDS的患者,反之一些循证医学认为证据不充分的手段也并非无效;肺炎诱发ARDS需要综合性治疗措施,包括抗感染、脏器支持、营养免疫支持等,呼吸支持仅是其中的主要手段之一。     

Ventilation in special situations. Mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome/acute pulmonary lesion

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which was first described by Ashbaugh in 1967, consists of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (PaO2/FiO2< or =200) associated with bilateral infiltrates on the chest radiograph caused by noncardiac diffuse pulmonary edema. Although ARDS is of multiple etiology, pulmonary or extrapulmonary injury can produce systemic inflammatory response that perpetuates lung disturbances once the initial cause has been eliminated. Most patients with ARDS require mechanical ventilation. Currently, the old standard is conventional ventilation optimized to protect against ventilator-associated lung injury. Other mechanical ventilation strategies such as high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, which is also based on alveolar recruitment and adequate lung volume, can be useful alternatives. In this review, the level of evidence for other therapies, such as prone positioning, nitric oxide and prostacyclin inhalation, exogenous surfactant, and extracorporeal vital support techniques are also analyzed.     

Inhaled nitric oxide therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome in children

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) therapy on oxygenation and mortality in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Thirty-three children with ARDS and an arterial SatO2 <88% despite mechanical ventilation were analyzed. Patients in the iNO group were prospectively enrolled and treated with conventional therapy plus iNO. The control group consisted of retrospectively analyzed patients treated only with conventional therapy. A significant increase in PaO2/FiO2 ratio (25.6%) and decrease in oxygenation index (19.5%) was observed after 4 h of iNO treatment, when compared to baseline values. A positive response to iNO was detected in 69% of patients, and there was no difference between pulmonary and extrapulmonary ARDS. There was no difference in mortality and duration of mechanical ventilation between iNO and control group.     

Acute lung injury: pathophysiology, assessment and current therapy

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinically defined entity describing the severity of diffuse alveolar injury caused by direct or indirect injury to the lung. Pathophysiology, clinical course and outcome of ARDS depend on the underlying cause, the severity of the disease and co-morbidities. Pulmonary function tests show restrictive lung disease, which is characterised by a reduction in lung compliance and functional residual capacity, resulting in marked ventilation-perfusion inequality. Current ventilator strategies aim to minimise ventilator-induced lung injury by targeting mechanical ventilation between the lower and upper inflection point of the pressure volume curve. This includes recruitment manoeuvres and the use of high PEEP to open the atelectatic lung and the use of permissive hypercapnia and the limitation of peak inspiratory pressure below 35 cm H2O to avoid overinflation. The clinical benefit of newer modes of ventilatory support such as inverse ratio ventilation, high frequency oscillatory ventilation, surfactant replacement, prone positioning and inhaled nitric oxide has yet to be determined in children.     

新生儿急性肺损伤的诊断与治疗策略

急性肺损伤(ALI)和急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)是新生儿临床的常见危重症,随着对ALI/ARDS实验与临床研究的不断深入,人们对新生儿ALI/ARDS的认识明显提高,文章提出了新生儿ALI/ARDS诊断依据与治疗策略,在控制原发疾病基础上,应用肺保护性通气策略、加强液体管理、降低肺动脉压力和给予抗炎治疗等,对提高新生儿ALI/ARDS抢救成功率具有重要意义.