268例车内滥用甲基苯丙胺者监测数据分析

目的:通过对药物滥用场所为车内的甲基苯丙胺滥用者监测数据进行分析,从侧面反映我省甲基苯丙胺"毒驾"人群的滥用特征。方法:对2015年度我省"药物滥用监测网络信息管理系统"采集到的药物滥用场所含"车内"的甲基苯丙胺滥用者监测数据进行描述性分析。结果:2015年度,共有268例甲基苯丙胺滥用者涉及滥用场所在"车内"的报告,滥用者平均年龄29.75±7.44岁,主要分布在21-35岁(77.62%),254例为男性(94.78%),大部分滥用者为初中文化程度(78.36%),多为无业(60.45%)或自由职业者(16.42%),未婚(47.39%),已婚(45.90%)。滥用方式主要为"溜冰"(80.97%)。滥用物质主要来源于同伴(87.69%),滥用原因主要为追求欣快、刺激(66.79%)和空虚无聊,为消遣(54.10%),72.39%滥用者药物滥用史在1年以内。结论:甲基苯丙胺滥用者中男性、初中文化程度、20-30岁、职业为无业、个体经营、自由职业者和农民、滥用方式为烟枪吸(溜冰)、获得途径为同伴、滥用原因为追求欣快、刺激和空虚无聊为消遣者、滥用药物年限在半年以内者,在车内滥用药物的风险较大。     

2013～2015年山东省甲基苯丙胺滥用监测数据分析

摘 要 目的：了解山东省2013～2015年甲基苯丙胺的滥用流行情况。方法：采用国家药物滥用监测中心编制的《药物滥用监测调查表》,对2013～2015年山东省缉毒部门查获的和戒毒机构收治的甲基苯丙胺滥用者进行问卷调查。内容包括：人口学特征、药物滥用史、药物滥用行为特征与药物滥用相关的疾病及检测结果等。结果：17 656例甲基苯丙胺滥用者中,3年数据分别为2 925例,4 858例和9 873例,分别占该省全部监测人群比例的89.12%,93.01%和96.15%。滥用人群以男性、初中文化程度、21～40岁、无配偶、无业人员为主。女性滥用者、无配偶、无业人员比例有逐年升高和向更高年龄层扩散趋势。滥用药物的主要原因为追求欣快、刺激;同伴提供为获得药物的主要途径,“溜冰”为主要滥用方式,且滥用方式趋于多样化。车内滥用比例增加,滥用甲基苯丙胺者尤其是注射方式滥用者感染HIV比例有所上升。结论：该省甲基苯丙胺滥用呈增长态势,但发展速度有所减慢,应开展针对性的预防教育、关注注射用方式滥用甲基苯丙胺者HIV感染情况并加强干预、加快立法遏制毒驾的发生。     

407例甲基苯丙胺滥用者的心电图分析

目的:了解甲基苯丙胺滥用对心电图的影响。方法:对安康医院2005年1月-2006年12月间收治的407例甲基苯丙胺滥用者末次吸毒48h内完成的心电图检查结果进行分析,并与同期360例健康体检者的心电图进行比较。结果:甲基苯丙胺滥用者中心电图改变204例,异常发生率为50.12%;健康体检者中心电图改变34例,异常发生率为9.44%;两组比较差异有显著性,P<0.001。甲基苯丙胺滥用者的心电图改变顺序排前两位的为:S-T段和T波改变(184例,占45.21%)和心律失常(78例,占19.16%)。结论:滥用甲基苯丙胺易导致较高的心电图异常发生率。     

甲基苯丙胺滥用者外周血清多巴胺水平变化的临床研究

目的:探讨甲基苯丙胺吸食者外周血清中多巴胺水平的变化。方法:将甲基苯丙胺滥用者分为偶吸组和依赖组,测定两组滥用者上、下午时间段外周血清多巴胺水平的变化,并与正常对照组相比较,同时,测定两组滥用者距末次吸食后不同时间的外周血清多巴胺水平的动态变化。结果:甲基苯丙胺偶吸者上、下午时间段外周血清多巴胺水平分别为129.81nmol.L-1和115.71nmol.L-1,与正常对照组相比升高了46.20%和29.55%(P<0.05),而组内相比没有统计学意义(P>0.05);与正常对照组相比,依赖组外周血清多巴胺水平显著降低,分别为56.96nmol.L-1和61.12nmol.L-1(P<0.001),下降了35.85%和31.57%,而组内相比没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。偶吸甲基苯丙胺后升高的多巴胺水平虽有一定波动,随着时间的推移逐渐回落,在2周左右接近正常人水平,而依赖者在距末次吸食的11h至72d过程中外周血清多巴胺水平持续降低。结论:甲基苯丙胺滥用者外周血清中多巴胺水平发生了变化,偶吸者多巴胺水平升高,而依赖者多巴胺水平下降。偶吸者升高的多巴胺水平在距末次吸食后两周左右恢复至正常水平,依赖者多巴胺的下降呈持续性。     

甲基苯丙胺类混合物-摇头丸滥用方式及其对精神活动的影响

了解甲基苯丙胺类混合物滥用者的滥用模式及其对精神活动的影响。方法··:用GC -MS方法对当场截获的毒品成分进行检测 ,以问卷方式收集滥用者的滥用方式、滥用后的主观感受和行为表现。结果··:被称为“摇头丸”的主要成分为甲基苯丙胺和MDMA的混合物 ,并掺有杂质。被调查者平均年龄24.80a±s3.98a ,滥用场所均为周末或朋友聚会时的舞厅 ,平均滥用剂量为每次0.36±s0.12片 (每片约250mg),多数随啤酒送服。每周使用2次者占23.8 %。“摇头丸”的作用时间为4.58h±s5.17h。滥用后主要感受有愉快心境、体力充沛、亲密感增强 ;主要行为表现有随音乐摇摆 ,活动增多和磨牙等。“摇头丸”作用消失后部分滥用者感到疲乏、焦虑和渴求等 ,但未见明显戒断症状。结论··:甲基苯丙胺类物质的滥用趋势及长期使用后对健康的不良影响不容忽视。     

甲基苯丙胺对男性滥用者人格的影响

目的 探讨甲基苯丙胺对男性滥用者人格的影响.方法 164例男性甲基苯丙胺滥用者和103例健康男性(健康对照组)填写艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)进行比较. 结果 与健康对照组比较:甲基苯丙胺滥用者的内外向性(E)、神经质(N)、精神质(P)及说谎(L)分数均显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 甲基苯丙胺可导致滥用者出现明显的人格缺陷,治疗时应加强人格干预,重建健康的人格结构.     

甲基苯丙胺滥用对多巴胺递质及其认知和运动技能的伤害

<正> 动物实验已经表明甲基苯丙胺(以下简称苯丙胺)滥用会伤害参与多巴胺传送功能的脑细胞。目前NIDA资助的研究工作对苯丙胺滥用者戒断一段时间后,其多巴胺神经递质的变化以及这种变化导致的伤害进行了试验观察。现将观察     

短期甲基苯丙胺类物质滥用者的脑诱发电位变化

目的:探讨短期滥用甲基苯丙胺类物质者的脑诱发电位变化。方法:对73例滥用时间≤12个月的甲基苯丙胺类物质者行听觉诱发电位AEP、视觉诱发电位VEP、体感诱发电位SEP及事件相关电位P300检测,并以30例正常人作对照。结果:短期滥用甲基苯丙胺类物质者AEP的P1、N1、P2、N2潜伏期;VEP的P1潜伏期;SEP的N2潜伏期均长于正常对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05);SEP的N1潜伏期短于正常对照组(P<0.05)。AEP的P2、N1-P2、P2-N2波幅;VEP的P2、N1-P2、P2-N2波幅;SEP的P2、P2-N2波幅均低于正常对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。P300靶刺激各项指标:N1、P2、N2、P3潜伏期,P2、P3波幅及非靶刺激各指标:N1、P2潜伏期,P2波幅,与正常对照组比较,差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:甲基苯丙胺类物质短期滥用者出现了AEP、VEP、SEP的多项改变;但未出现事件相关电位P300异常;滥用时间长短对认知功能的损害程度有影响。     

1382例新发生药物滥用者药物滥用监测数据分析

目的 通过对1382例新发生药物滥用者药物滥用监测数据的回顾性分析,预测药物滥用流行趋势,为预防药物滥用和禁毒工作决策提供技术支撑。方法 通过流行病学对比分析法,对安徽省2017—2021年收集的1382例新发生药物滥用者有效《药物滥用监测调查表》,利用EXCEL和监测系统数据分析等功能,对药物滥用者人口学特征和滥用行为特征进行分析。结果 (1)安徽省新发生药物滥用人群以男性、未婚、无业、初中及以下文化程度为主;(2)主要滥用物质为冰毒,新型毒品和医疗用药品滥用呈增长趋势;(3)滥用药品多数来源于同伴,便利店/小卖部、医院/个体诊所等来源呈增长趋势;(4)滥用方式以烟枪吸、烫吸为主,香烟吸、溶入饮料等方式呈现增长趋势;(5)滥用原因主要以满足好奇心、家人或同伴影响/教唆及吸毒环境影响为主;(6)滥用场所以暂住地/租住屋、宾馆、居家住所等为主,滥用地点多而杂。结论 近五年来,安徽省新发生药物滥用者趋向低龄化且初次滥用年龄偏低,滥用新型毒品和医疗用药品增加,建议加强药物滥用监测工作和特殊药品监管,加大青少年教育力度,有效遏制药物滥用的发生。     

贵州、甘肃两地部分药物滥用者监测数据分析

贵州省和甘肃省药物滥用监测站采用“药物滥用监测登记表”．于1992年下半年分别对本地戒毒所收治的部分药物滥用成瘾者进行登记调查。从上报的998例调查数据分析两地药物滥用的情况和特征，结果显示：     

冰毒滥用伴发精神障碍的临床特征分析

目的：了解冰毒滥用伴发精神障碍的临床特点及预后情况，提供诊断及治疗临床经验。方法：分析了2005年6月．2006年7月在上海市自愿戒毒中心住院治疗的25例冰毒滥用伴发精神障碍者的临床特征、治疗及预后情况，报道3例典型病例来描述冰毒滥用伴发精神障碍的临床特点。结果：精神障碍与冰毒滥用密切相关，症状表现以幻觉、妄想为主，精神障碍持续时间较短，多数停止使用冰毒后2周内缓解，预后较好。结论：冰毒滥用可伴发各种精神障碍，临床上应加以重视、注意鉴别诊断。     

The Patients in Recovery (PIR) Perspective: Teaching Physicians About Methamphetamine

ABSTRACT

Methamphetamine dependence is an emerging epidemic confronting physicians. In an effort to improve understanding of its impact, the authors presented an educational workshop at a national meeting for general internists featuring small group discussions with patients in recovery (PIR) from methamphetamine dependence. Participants rated the workshop highly, stating it would lead to concrete change in their teaching, research, or patient care practices and they would invite the workshop to their institution for presentation. Direct interaction with PIR was the most valued aspect of the workshop. Lessons learned included patient's fear of being “turned in” limits disclosure of methamphetamine use to physicians; active users have little insight into methamphetamine-related changes in physical appearance; and a sense of productivity reinforces ongoing methamphetamine use. Workshops that include small group discussions between physicians and PIR are an innovative, practical, and acceptable method to teach physicians about their role in helping patients with substance dependence.     

药物滥用者对毒品及艾滋病相关知识了解情况调查

目的:了解药物滥用者对毒品(包括香烟、酒)及艾滋病相关知识﹑吸毒行为及其所造成危害的认识程度。方法:自拟《毒品及艾滋病相关知识调查问卷》对武汉某戒毒所收治的药物滥用者进行问卷调查。调查数据采用STATA软件处理。结果:共收回有效问卷219份,其中男性158例(78.15%),女性61例(27.85%);平均年龄为30.2±6.6a;滥用药物主要为海洛因,占92.23%;滥用时间为5.1±2.5a。绝大多数人知道阿片类是毒品,但多数人不认为精神药品是毒品。依赖者身受其害,但仍有半数人不了解能引起的具体疾病。大多数(85.84%)人认为吸毒是一种堕落行为,90.70%的人反对自己亲属吸毒,仅25.57%的人认为一旦成瘾将不可救药,表明大多数人有改邪归正的潜力。药物依赖者普遍对AIDS的知识了解不够,可能是吸毒者中HIV感染率高的原因之一。结论:本次调查的药物滥用者对吸毒及艾滋病等方面缺乏全面、基本的正确认知,与初始吸毒密切相关,并很可能直接影响到戒毒的远期效果,有必要在戒毒中对药物依赖者进行相关知识的教育。     

Analysis of drug abuse data reported by medical institutions in Taiwan from 2002 to 2011

Drug abuse has become a global issue of concern. It affects not only individual users, but also their families and communities. Data were retrieved from the database of the Taiwan Surveillance System of Drug Abuse and Addiction Treatment (SSDAAT) from 2002 to 2011, and 147,660 cases reported by medical institutions in Taiwan were reviewed. This study showed that the top five reported abused drugs by medical institutions during the last decade were heroin, methamphetamine, benzodiazepines, ketamine, and zolpidem. Heroin and methamphetamine continued to be the first two abused drugs reported by medical institutions. Heroin abuse was significant, but has shown a downward trend. However, emerging abused drugs, such as ketamine and zolpidem, presented upward trends. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) abuse seems to have re-emerged and has increased gradually since 2010. Injection without needle sharing has become the most common route of administration of abused drugs since 2002. The majority of causes for these reported drug abuses were drug dependence, followed by peer influence and stress relief. Hepatitis C was the most commonly reported infectious disease, followed by hepatitis B and AIDS in the drug abusers reported by medical institutions. It should be noted that access to drugs via the Internet increased year by year, and this is clearly an area needing constant monitoring.     

Differentially Expressed Genes in Period 2-Overexpressing Mice Striatum May Underlie Their Lower Sensitivity to Methamphetamine Addiction-Like Behavior

Previous reports have demonstrated that genetic mechanisms greatly mediate responses to drugs of abuse, including methamphetamine (METH). The circadian gene Period 2 (Per2) has been previously associated with differential responses towards METH in mice. While the behavioral consequences of eliminating Per2 have been illustrated previously, Per2 overexpression has not yet been comprehensively described; although, Per2-overexpressing (Per2 OE) mice previously showed reduced sensitivity towards METH-induced addiction-like behaviors. To further elucidate this distinct behavior of Per2 OE mice to METH, we identified possible candidate biomarkers by determining striatal differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both drug-naïve and METH-treated Per2 OE mice relative to wild-type (WT), through RNA sequencing. Of the several DEGs in drug naïve Per2 OE mice, we identified six genes that were altered after repeated METH treatment in WT mice, but not in Per2 OE mice. These results, validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, could suggest that the identified DEGs might underlie the previously reported weaker METH-induced responses of Per2 OE mice compared to WT. Gene network analysis also revealed that Asic3, Hba-a1, and Rnf17 are possibly associated with Per2 through physical interactions and predicted correlations, and might potentially participate in addiction. Inhibiting the functional protein of Asic3 prior to METH administration resulted in the partial reduction of METH-induced conditioned place preference in WT mice, supporting a possible involvement of Asic3 in METH-induced reward. Although encouraging further investigations, our findings suggest that these DEGs, including Asic3, may play significant roles in the lower sensitivity of Per2 OE mice to METH.     

Assessing Correlates of the Growth and Extent of Methamphetamine Abuse and Dependence in California

Using aggregate-level data, this study performed cross-sectional analyses on all 1,628 populated California zip code areas and longitudinal analyses on 581 consistently defined zip codes over six years (1995–2000), relating place and population characteristics of these areas to rates of hospital discharges for amphetamine dependence/abuse using linear spatial models. Analyzing the data in two ways, spatial time series cross-sections and spatial difference models, amphetamine dependence/abuse were greatest in rural areas with more young low-income whites, larger numbers of retail and alcohol outlets, and smaller numbers of restaurants. Growth rates of these problems were greater in areas with higher income and larger non-White and Hispanic populations. This suggests that there was some change in the penetration of the methamphetamine epidemic into different population groups during this time. Study implications and limitations are discussed.     

Methamphetamine use: A comprehensive review of molecular,preclinical and clinical findings

Methamphetamine (MA) is a highly addictive psychostimulant drug that principally affects the monoamine neurotransmitter systems of the brain and results in feelings of alertness, increased energy and euphoria. The drug is particularly popular with young adults, due to its wide availability, relatively low cost, and long duration of psychoactive effects. Extended use of MA is associated with many health problems that are not limited to the central nervous system, and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in drug users. Numerous studies, using complementary techniques, have provided evidence that chronic MA use is associated with substantial neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment. These pathological effects of the drug, combined with the addictive properties of MA, contribute to a spectrum of psychosocial issues that include medical and legal problems, at-risk behaviors and high societal costs, such as public health consequences, loss of family support and housing instability. Treatment options include pharmacological, psychological or combination therapies. The present review summarizes the key findings in the literature spanning from molecular through to clinical effects.     

853例药品不良反应报告分析

目的:总结我院2010年药品不良反应(ADR)监测情况,为安全用药提供参考。方法:对2010年经审核合格评价上报的853例ADR报告中涉及的药品种类进行分类、统计排名,重点分析新的、严重的ADR的发生情况及相关因素。结果:抗菌药物排名前3位的是阿奇霉素、左氧氟沙星、依诺沙星;中药制剂排名前3位是鹿瓜多肽注射液、舒血宁注射液、尿石通丸;营养药及生化制剂排名前3位的是复方氨基酸注射液(18F)、三磷酸腺苷二钠氯化镁注射液、水解蛋白。其中新的ADR125例,严重ADR27例。结论:应重视ADR的监测和上报工作,把安全用药放在合理用药第一位,减少新的、严重的ADR发生。     

2005年江西省药物滥用情况的流行病学调查

目的:了解江西省收治或收戒人员药物滥用发生的情况和危害,为相关政府部门制订更好的防治措施提供依据。方法:采用国家药物滥用监测中心设计的《药物滥用监测调查表》,对全省戒毒机构2005年收治或收戒的所有戒毒人员进行滥用毒品情况调查。结果:药物滥用者中男性占79.81%,男女比例为3.97∶1(或1∶0.25);平均年龄31±5.72岁,主要集中在26～45岁,占96.42%。药物滥用者中初中及以下文化水平者占82.80%、未婚者比例达到59.10%,无业者的人数占总调查人口67.55%,主要滥用的药物为海洛因,占98.93%。多用注射方式滥用(占80.90%,其中40.17%有共用注射器史)。结论:①药物滥用者以未婚男青壮年、低学历、无业人员居多;②主要滥用的药物为海洛因,复吸率高,戒断困难;③注射吸毒和共用注射器等行为促使性病、肝炎等感染性疾病发病率增高。