脑膜瘤的DSA及术前栓塞治疗

目的探讨脑膜瘤血管造影表现及手术前栓塞治疗的应用。方法36例经病理确诊的脑膜瘤,术前全部行全脑血管DSA造影,将其中主要由颈外动脉供血的22例患者用PVA栓塞,栓塞治疗后3～10d行手术切除。结果36例患者中,单纯由颈外动脉供血的9例,颈外动脉和颈内动脉供血的25例,颈内动脉供血2例。22例行肿瘤供血动脉栓塞的患者中,栓塞后肿瘤血管染色完全消失16例,染色明显减轻6例。栓塞后行手术切除的22例脑膜瘤患者,病灶被全部切除,术中平均出血150～500ml。结论脑膜瘤可由颈内、颈外动脉单独或混合供血,脑膜瘤的术前颈外动脉栓塞有利于减少术中出血及肿瘤的完整切除。     

选择性鼻咽纤维血管瘤供血动脉术前栓塞的应用

目的 探讨选择性鼻咽纤维血管瘤供血动脉术前栓塞的应用价值。方法 对15例鼻咽纤维血管瘤行数字减影血管造影(DsA)检查和栓塞治疗。供血动脉主要为颈外动脉的颌内动脉和(或)咽升动脉，栓塞材料用明胶海绵。结果15例在选择性颈外动脉栓塞后行手术治疗，13例术中出血量明显减少，2例由颈外动脉，颈内动脉系统同时供血，仅选择性颈外动脉栓塞，术中出血量较多。栓塞后2～5d手术最为理想。结论鼻咽纤维血管瘤供血动脉术前栓塞是临床有效的治疗方法之一。     

纯脑膜动静脉瘘的血管造影及血管内治疗

目的 探讨纯脑膜动静脉瘘的诊断及其治疗效果。资料与方法 对41例纯脑膜动静脉瘘的血管造影表现及血管内栓塞治疗进行回顾性总结、分析。选择性颈内、颈外动脉及椎动脉造影，了解供血动脉及瘘口的部位、血流方向及静脉窦显示情况。诊断明确后，将导管插入靶动脉靠近瘘口行栓塞治疗。41例中，37倒单纯行血管内栓塞治疗，3例栓塞后再行手术，1例先手术再行血管内栓塞。结果 单侧颈外动脉1支血管供血5倒；双侧颈外动脉多支血管供血23例；双侧颈内、外动脉和／或椎动脉的脑膜支同时参与供血13例。瘘口位于海绵窦壁18例，上矢状窦壁7例，横窦壁5例，乙状窦壁3例，脑膜静脉壁3例，皮层静脉壁5例。颈外动脉栓塞治疗有效率87．5％，颈内动脉和／或椎动脉的脑膜支栓塞治疗有效率23．1％。结论 脑血管造影是确诊和研究本病唯一可靠的手段。对单有颈外动脉供血的纯脑膜动静脉瘘采用血管内栓塞治疗是安全、有效的方法。颈内动脉及椎动脉的脑膜支参与供血的情况下，则应对血管内栓塞后再手术为宜。     

脑膜瘤的数字减影血管造影和术前栓塞

脑膜瘤患者行数字减影血管造影及术前栓塞已成为脑膜瘤诊治的重要手段之一。对于颅底部位较大的脑膜瘤和累及静脉窦的脑膜瘤，多行DSA检查。其血管造影成像特点是呈放射状影像，其供血动脉多为颅内外的脑膜支。术前栓塞可使脑膜瘤变小、变软、血供减少，因此，可使手术时间缩短，术中出血减少，减少由于牵拉和操作脑组织而引起的对脑组织的损伤。应用的栓塞剂多为多聚乙醇(polyvinyl alcohol，PVA)颗粒，直径多为255-350μm，目的是栓塞肿瘤的血管床而非仅仅栓塞肿瘤的供血动脉。只要避开颅内外危险吻合和颅内正常分支，脑膜瘤的术前栓塞是安全有效的。     

富血供巨大脑膜瘤术前栓塞的临床应用

目的评价经动脉栓塞术（TAE）对巨大富血供脑膜瘤术前栓塞的临床意义。方法 32例巨大富血供脑膜瘤患者（男性18例,女性14例,年龄38～65岁,平均56.5岁）为确认肿瘤供血动脉,先经选择性血管造影（DSA）,随后又经术前TAE。全部TAE操作是采用Seldinger技术将150～300μm的聚乙烯醇（PVA）微粒或海藻酸钠（KMG）微球超选择地注入病灶血管床及供血动脉完成。对全部患者获自DSA与TAE的资料进行了回顾性分析。结果 DSA证实,在32例脑膜瘤患者的肿瘤供血动脉中,主要为颈外动脉分支供血者见于22例,颈内、外动脉供血各占50%者6例,颈内动脉供血者占90%以上者4例;脑膜瘤供血动脉大部分栓塞者15例,部分栓塞10例,未栓塞7例。在肿瘤大部分栓塞患者的切除术中,出血量明显减少,手术时间显著缩短,肿瘤易被彻底切除。未发生与栓塞操作有关的严重并发症。结论脑膜瘤术前介入栓塞能减少术中出血,降低手术难度,可作为富血供脑膜瘤切除术前的一项重要的、常规性辅助措施。     

颅内表皮样囊肿破裂的MRI诊断

目的:探讨普通家犬的颈内动脉DSA显示情况、颅内血管沟通情况及颅内动脉栓塞后表现,为犬脑血管病模型的制作、脑血管病实验研究提供参考。方法:将6只家犬分为A、B两组,A组3只,B组3只,分别行颏顶位经股动脉插管选择性颈内动脉(ICA)DSA检查。颈内动脉及远端血管显示清楚后,A组3只犬用明胶海绵颗粒(直径500～710μm)行动脉栓塞,B组3只犬用明胶海绵颗粒(直径1000～1400μm)行动脉栓塞,栓塞后复查造影。结果:造影显示犬颈内动脉形态、远端分支及分布大体与人相似,但部分犬眼动脉起自于同侧大脑前动脉近心端;颈内动脉进颅处有一明显血管袢,微导丝及导管无法通过;犬的颈内动脉造影过程中,在无对比剂反流的情况下,颈外动脉系统经同侧大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉远端分支显示;A组3只犬均为栓塞侧大脑中动脉及大脑前动脉阻塞,而B组3只犬均显示栓塞剂直接阻塞颈内动脉。栓塞后A组3只犬缺血性脑卒中表现较B组3只犬明显。结论:普通家犬颅内动脉系统之间及其与同侧颈外动脉系统之间存在广泛沟通。血管内介入方法制作犬急性脑梗死模型过程简单,犬存活率高。     

52例蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的DSA分析及术前栓塞

目的探讨蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤血液供应的特点及其术前栓塞对手术切除的意义.方法52例蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤患者中,发生于右侧者31例,左侧者21例;52例患者全部行DSA造影,30例患者行颈外系统供血动脉栓塞治疗,栓塞治疗后5～7 d行手术切除.结果 (1)脑膜瘤的占位改变可导致邻近周围脑血管的异常改变.(2)52例患者中,单纯由颈外动脉系统分支供血的有11例,颈外动脉分支和颈内动脉分支双重供血的29例,单纯由颈内动脉系统供血的12例.(3)30例行肿瘤供血动脉栓塞的患者中,25例采用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞,5例采用丝线栓塞.栓塞的颈外供血动脉主要为脑膜中动脉18例,脑膜中动脉与脑膜副动脉同时被栓塞者10例.栓塞后肿瘤染色明显减轻者20例,染色消失者5例,肿瘤染色减轻不明显者5例.(4)栓塞后行手术切除的30例患者中,24例被完整切除,而未行栓塞的22例患者中,仅10例被全切除,二者统计学上差异具有显著性意义(χ2=3.86,P<0.05).结论蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的术前造影和栓塞有利于肿瘤的完整切除.     

鼻咽部纤维血管瘤血管造影及术前超选择栓塞治疗

目的探讨鼻咽部纤维血管瘤术前超选择栓塞的临床价值方法14例经CT和MRI诊断并为手术病理证实的鼻咽部纤维血管瘤患者,术前全部行双侧颈内外动脉及椎动脉血管造影肿瘤颈外系统供血动脉术前使用100～300μm明胶海绵颗粒或聚乙烯醇(PVA)颗粒超选择性栓塞治疗,栓塞后1～3d行手术切除结果14例患者,颌内动脉分支供血9例,颌内动脉和咽升动脉分支供血4例,颌内动脉、咽升动脉和颈内动脉分支供血1例所有患者颈外动脉供血分支微导管超选择性栓塞均获得成功栓塞后,8例肿瘤染色完全消失,6例肿瘤染色大部分消失手术全切率92.8%(13/14),手术平均出血约420m,l手术时间平均150min所有患者栓塞后均未发生严重并发症结论使用微导管术前血管内超选择栓塞鼻咽部纤维血管瘤,是一种安全有效的辅助治疗方法     

脑膜瘤术前的颈外动脉栓塞术

本文对14例脑膜瘤行术前预外动脉栓塞,7例止血效果良好,7例出血仍偏多。影响栓塞止血效果的原因有:(1)术中损伤较大血管;(2)肿瘤有预外和颈内动脉的双重供血;(3)或有双颈外动脉供血;(4)靶血管距颈总动脉近,为避免返流而栓子量注入不足。这几种因素尤其(2)、(3)二项影响栓塞效果较大,但仍起到较大止血作用。并对有关栓塞技术作了介绍。     

颅内脑膜瘤的术前栓塞

笔者用冻干硬脑膜微体对６例脑膜瘤的颈外动脉供血分支进行术前栓塞，栓塞后造影５例显示肿瘤血管明显减少或消失，肿瘤染色明显变淡或消失，供血动脉闭塞，手术切除肿瘤容易，术中出血量减少５０％～６０％。笔者认为术前栓塞是手术切除脑膜瘤有效的辅助手段。     

DSA技术在顽固性鼻出血介入治疗中的应用

目的探讨顽固性鼻出血的数字减影(DSA)成像技术,评价其在顽固性鼻出血介入治疗中的价值。资料与方法搜集顽固性鼻出血患者20例,经颈外动脉DSA充分显示动脉走行并行栓塞治疗,术后复查DSA评价栓塞效果。对介入治疗前后图像作回顾性分析。结果20例患者造影均清晰显示鼻区出血血管及供血动脉,其中单侧供血18例,双侧供血2例;单纯由颌内动脉供血16例,由颌内动脉和面动脉同时供血4例。20例患者在供血血管栓塞后均成功止血,无严重并发症发生。结论合理的注射参数、合适体位、恰当的后处理技术和延长采像时间等方法可提高出血动脉的显示率。     

Maximum stenosis of extracranial internal carotid artery: effect of luminal morphology on stenosis measurement by using CT angiography and conventional DSA.

PURPOSE: To assess the luminal morphology of the extracranial internal carotid artery at three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) angiography and how this factor affects measurement of maximum carotid arterial stenoses at conventional intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospectively, conventional intraarterial DSA and 3D CT angiography were performed in 42 carotid arteries in 21 patients with suspected carotid artery disease. The longest axis length-perpendicular axis length (L/P) ratios of the arterial lumen on the cross-sectional images at the most stenotic area and distal nonstenotic area were analyzed by acquiring multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) images at 3D CT angiography. The maximum stenosis was measured at each modality with North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial criteria. RESULTS: The L/P ratios in the most stenotic areas ranged from 1.0 to 3.2 (mean, 1.5 +/- 0.5 [SD]). The mean difference in maximum percentage of stenosis between the two modalities for L/P ratios of 2.0 or greater was significantly greater than that for L/P ratios of less than 1.5 (P < .05). Three carotid arteries with 70%-99% stenosis, with grades determined only with 3D CT angiography, had L/P ratios of 2.0 or greater. CONCLUSION: On MPR images at 3D CT angiography, the lumen of extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis showed a wide range of shapes. When a carotid artery has a high L/P ratio, the luminal morphology of the carotid artery stenosis may affect the assessment of maximum stenosis of the internal carotid artery at conventional DSA.     

Value of a contrast agent in equivocal carotid ultrasound studies: pictorial essay

The aim of the present study was to assess the use of an echo-enhancing agent (Levovist; Schering AG) in equivocal carotid bifurcation ultrasound studies and compare the information obtained with digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Contrast-enhanced carotid ultrasound studies were performed on 30 carotid bifurcations in 28 patients. The standard carotid ultrasound examinations were considered equivocal for two reasons: apparent acute internal carotid artery occlusions (n = 10), and possibly patent but critically stenosed internal carotid arteries with the residual flow lumen being incompletely visualized (n = 20). All patients underwent subsequent carotid digital subtraction angiography. All patients with apparent acute carotid occlusions (n = 10) were correctly characterized on contrast-enhanced ultrasound when compared with DSA. The majority were complete occlusions (n = 8) although in two cases there were critical carotid stenoses requiring surgical endarterectomy. In the 'incompletely visualized lumen' group (n = 20), the majority (n = 16) were correctly characterized on contrast enhanced ultrasound: 13 cases of critically stenotic but patent internal carotid arteries, two cases without a haemodynamically significant stenosis and one case of a carotid occlusion with patent vasa vasorum. One of the critical carotid stenoses was prospectively reported as occluded on the 'gold standard' angiography. In three cases the flow lumen was still incompletely visualized due to calcified plaque despite an echo-enhancing agent; angiography revealed no significant stenosis in all cases. There was one false negative for internal carotid occlusion. This occurred early in the series and could be considered to be a technical error. Importantly, there were no false positives for carotid occlusion. Contrast-enhanced carotid ultrasound significantly improves diagnostic confidence in equivocal carotid ultrasound studies. In appropriate clinical settings this may reduce the need for subsequent carotid angiography.     

颈动脉损伤的血管内介入治疗

目的 评价采用介入技术经血管内治疗颈动脉损伤的安全性和疗效.方法 对111例经数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊的颈动脉损伤患者进行血管内治疗.本组颅外段颈内动脉(ICA)损伤1例,采用覆膜支架封闭颈动脉破裂口),颅内段颈内动脉损伤110例,采用球囊栓塞73例,弹簧圈栓塞12例,注射α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(NBCA)栓塞6例,覆膜支架封闭破裂口11例,应用多种材料联合栓塞8例.结果 血管造影显示颅外段颈内动脉动静脉瘘(AVF)1例,创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)83例,创伤性颅内段颈内动脉假性动脉瘤14例,TCCF合并假性动脉瘤13例.治疗均获成功,颈动脉保留通畅62例,临床症状消失110例,好转1例.并发症2例,无死亡患者.术后跟踪随访1～14个月,其中16例经DSA复查,临床症状复发3例,其中2例经补充栓塞治愈,1例继续临床观察.结论 应用介人技术包括经导管超选择性栓塞术和覆膜支架置人术治疗颈动脉损伤是损伤小、安全且有效的方法.     

Extracranial internal carotid artery Salmonella mycotic aneurysm complicated by occlusion of the internal carotid artery: depiction by Color Doppler sonography,CT and DSA

Mycotic aneurysms of the extracranial carotid artery are rare. Seventy-four cases have been described in the medical literature and only eight secondary to Salmonella infection. To our knowledge, color Doppler sonography, computed tomography (CT), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) findings relating to the diagnosis and follow-up of extracranial internal carotid artery mycotic aneurysm complicated by occlusion have not previously been described in the literature. We present a report of color Doppler sonography, CT, and DSA findings of a mycotic aneurysm of the right extracranial internal carotid artery due to Salmonella associated with occlusion of the internal carotid artery, promptly diagnosed and followed up using these imaging modalities.     

颅外颈动脉螺旋CT血管造影的临床意义(附45例报告)

目的 报告颅外颈动脉ＣＴ血管造影（ＣＴＡ）的初步经验,探讨该技术对各种颅外颈动脉病变的诊断意义,并在可能范围内与数字减影血管造影（ＤＳＡ）作小样本的对照。方法 ４５例颈动脉ＣＴＡ,经最大密度投影（ＭａｘＩＰ）及表面灰度成像法（ＳＳＤ）行三维重建,其中５例在１周内作了ＤＳＡ检查。结果 ４５例颈动脉ＣＴＡ检查,共得到９０支血管图像。其中正常血管５５支,狭窄血管３１支,闭塞血管２支,颈内动脉动脉瘤１支,     

鼻咽血管纤维瘤术前双重介入栓塞的临床价值

目的探讨双重介入栓塞对治疗鼻咽血管纤维瘤的临床价值。方法7例鼻咽血管纤维瘤患者,术前均行DSA造影检查,其中6例病灶主要由上颌动脉及颈内动脉分支供血,均行双重介入栓塞治疗即局部穿刺瘤体内直接栓塞 供瘤动脉栓塞;另1例仅上颌动脉供血,故仅行供瘤动脉栓塞。结果所有病灶在栓塞后造影检查中均明显缩小。结论双重介入栓塞治疗可作为鼻咽血管纤维瘤术前必备的辅助治疗措施。     

减影CTA成像技术在脑动脉瘤诊断中的优势

目的合理应用64层螺旋CT减影CTA的优势,提高对脑动脉瘤的诊断率。资料与方法对61例临床有蛛网膜下腔出血的患者行CT检查,并用减影CTA和常规CTA进行对比,重组技术用最大密度投影(MIP)和容积再现(VR)。以手术及部分DSA为标准评价两种检查结果;由两名有经验的神经外科医师、两名放射科医师双盲法评价图像质量。结果减影CTA检出动脉瘤63个,检出动脉瘤的敏感性为100%、特异性为100%,阴性似然比为0.0000,评价者对动脉瘤检出的一致性为1.00;常规CTA检出动脉瘤60个,漏检3个颈内动脉床突下动脉瘤,检出动脉瘤的敏感性为95%,特异性为100%,阴性似然比为0.0500,评价者对动脉瘤检出的一致性为0.9565。结论减影CTA技术对颈内动脉床突下动脉瘤的检出具有明显的优势。     

Time-resolved contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the carotid arteries: diagnostic accuracy and inter-observer variability compared with selective catheter angiography

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic accuracy and interobserver variability of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) in a time-resolved technique compared with digital subtraction angiography (x-ray DSA) in patients with suspected stenoses of the internal carotid artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 43 patients were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients underwent selective x-ray DSA involving a total of 84 carotid arteries. CE-MRA was performed in a time-resolved technique with a fast gradient-echo sequence on a 1.5 T MR scanner: TR 3.8 milliseconds, TE 1.49 milliseconds. Four consecutive measurements, each a duration of 10 seconds, were performed with omission of measuring bolus transit time. Four independent radiologists scored the degree of stenosis. The interobserver variability was calculated for CE-MRA and x-ray DSA. RESULTS: In the 43 cases, at least one MRA measurement showed arterial contrast without venous degradation. Compared with x-ray DSA the mean sensitivity and specificity for grading stenosis > or = 70% were 98% and 86%, respectively. The interobserver agreement was substantial with no significant difference between CE-MRA (kappa value 0.794) and x-ray DSA (kappa value 0.786). CONCLUSIONS: The short acquisition time of a fast CE-MRA sequence allows a selective visualization of the internal carotid arteries without degradation from venous enhancement. It is a reliable method with a good interobserver agreement.