经胸前径路无注气内镜下甲状腺手术

目的为了获得更佳的美容效果,使颈前不遗留小切口,该文探讨了无注气胸前入路内镜下技术的可行性。方法2004年7月～2005年10月26例甲状腺肿物患者行经胸前入路的无注气内镜下甲状腺手术。结果26例患者中行单侧腺叶次全切除术17例,单侧腺叶切除术6例,双侧腺叶次全切除术1例,一侧腺叶及对侧部分切除术1例,峡部切除术加双侧腺叶部分切除术1例。手术时间(105.96±21.07)min,手术出血量(18.46±12.47)mL。术后病理:结节性甲状腺肿20例,滤泡性腺瘤4例,乳头状癌1例,桥本氏甲状腺炎1例。术后无出血、呛咳、手足抽搐、皮下气肿等,无中转手术病例。有1例出现暂时性喉返神经麻痹,术后4个月恢复。术后有轻微感觉减退和感觉异常1例,4个月后恢复。所有患者颈前未遗留手术疤痕,对术后美容效果十分满意。结论经胸前径路无注气内镜下甲状腺手术能减低手术的侵袭性,颈前不遗留手术疤痕,具有满意的美容效果,是一种安全可行的内镜下甲状腺手术,可作为甲状腺手术患者的一种新选择。     

经腋窝入路内镜甲状腺切除术

目的探讨经腋窝入路内镜下甲状腺切除术的可行性及优点。方法6例患者在以6mmHg CO2气灌注条件下行腋窝入路内镜下甲状腺切除术。结果均成功地施行了腔镜下甲状咏昧叶切除术，无中转手术，平均手术时间为107min，术中出血少。术后无颈部皮肤粘连、感觉迟钝及感觉异常；术后无皮下气肿、喉返神经损伤及甲状旁腺损伤等并发症。患者对术后的快速恢复及极佳的美容效果非常满意。结论经腋窝入路内镜甲状腺切除术治疗单侧甲状腺肿块是一安全可行的方法，术后恢复快，美容效果好。     

改良法经乳晕入路内镜下甲状腺切除术

目的 探讨改良法经乳晕入路内镜下甲状腺切除术的临床价值.方法 应用经乳晕入路内镜下甲状腺切除术治疗甲状腺疾病32例,并对该手术予部分改进：将中间的切口选在两乳头连线中点下方约1.0～1.5cm处;缝合颈前肌群时让患者去枕头,平卧位,使颈前肌群充分松弛;在甲状腺创面置引流管一条,术后2、3 d拔除;术后第9天拆线.结果 30例手术顺利完成.2例中转开放手术,其中1例因在处理上极时出血不能控制;1例因术中快速病理检查为甲状腺滤泡状肿瘤需行双侧甲状腺全切.1例因结节较大且位于甲状腺下极后内方,术后出现声音嘶哑,1个月恢复正常.出血量约50～80mL,手术时间为100～240min.结论 手术的部分改进更能满足年轻女性患者的美容要求,使手术操作更容易.把握中转开放手术时机可减少手术后并发症的发生.     

乳晕入路内镜下甲状腺手术病人的护理

传统的甲状腺手术后颈前留有切口疤痕而影响美观,为提高甲状腺手术病人术后的生活质量,我科自2002年5月～2005年8月为27例甲状腺良性肿瘤病人实施了经乳晕入路的内镜下甲状腺肿瘤切除手术,取得了满意的效果。现将护理体会总结如下:1临床资料本组27例,均为女性;年龄20￣47岁,平均33.1岁;其中结节性甲状腺肿12例,甲状腺腺瘤10例,甲状腺囊腺瘤5例;病灶直径2￣3.5cm;22例为单发结节,4例为单侧多发结节,1例为双侧甲状腺结节。术前甲状腺功能及甲状腺球蛋白抗体、甲状腺微粒抗体测定均在正常范围。行甲状腺肿块摘除术21例,单侧甲状腺部分或大部切…     

经胸乳晕入路内镜甲状腺切除术63例

目的:探讨经胸乳晕入路内镜甲状腺切除的可行性及方法.方法:对63例患者采用经胸乳晕入路内镜甲状腺切除术.结果:63例患者中行单侧甲状腺肿瘤切除6例,平均手术时间66 min(49～91 min),术中出血15mL(8～21 mL);行单侧甲状腺大部分切除9例,平均手术时间76 min(60～135 min),术中出血19 mL(10～26 mL);行单侧腺叶大部分切除和峡部切除10例,平均手术时间96 min(71～150 min),术中出血25 mL(20～32 mL);行双侧腺叶大部分切除和峡部切除38例,平均手术时间143 min(92～260 min),术中出血38 mL(30～52 mL).其中3例合并继发性甲状腺功能亢进,因出血中转开放手术.全部病例均无喉上神经、喉返神经及甲状旁腺损伤,无皮下气肿发生;无术后颈部皮肤粘连,无感觉迟钝及感觉异常.结论:经胸乳晕入路内镜甲状腺切除术是一种安全可行的手术方法,术后恢复快、美容效果好.     

经乳晕入路内镜下甲状腺切除术的护理配合

甲状腺疾病多发于青年女性。传统的甲状腺切除术在颈部留下手术瘢痕,而内镜下甲状腺切除术因创伤小、痛苦轻、术后恢复快、颈部无瘢痕而深受患者特别是青年女性患者的欢迎。2005年6月,本院手术室开始实施经乳晕入路内镜下甲状腺切除术,现将手术护理配合总结如下。     

经腋窝与经乳晕入路内镜甲状腺切除术的对比分析

目的 探讨经腋窝或经乳晕入路内镜甲状腺切除的可能性及方法。方法 6例采用经腋窝入路，200例采用经乳晕入路。结果 经腋窝组病例全部行一侧甲状腺大部切除，平均手术时间为67min(45～125min)，术中出血为16ml(8～20m1)。经乳晕组病例行甲状腺肿瘤切除、一侧腺叶和峡部切除、一侧腺叶大部分切除及两侧腺叶大部切除。平均手术时间80．5min(45～270min)，术中出血为15ml(5～28m1)。中转开放手术6例。两组病例均无喉返神经及甲状旁腺损伤，无皮下气肿的发生；无术后颈部皮肤的粘连，无感觉迟钝及感觉异常。结论 经腋窝及乳晕两种途径内镜甲状腺切除术是一种安全可行的一种方法，前者适合于单侧甲状腺手术，后者适合于单侧或双侧甲状腺手术，术后都有很好的美容效果。     

完全乳晕入路内镜甲状腺切除术1例报告

1 临床资料 病人女性,19岁,因为发现左侧颈前肿块10 d入院,无甲亢症状.体检发现甲状腺Ⅰ度肿大,左叶可扪及一个4 cm大小甲状腺肿块,边界清楚,可随吞咽上下移动,甲状腺功能正常.彩色B超和CT、ECT检查为左侧甲状腺单个肿块,部分囊性变,颈淋巴结无明显肿大.     

改良单悬吊无注气与传统注气腔镜手术在双侧甲状腺手术中的应用比较

选取收治的80例接受双侧甲状腺手术治疗的甲状腺良性病变患者作为观察对象,随机分为对照组与观察组各40例。观察组给予改良单悬吊无注气腔镜手术治疗,对照组则实施传统注气腔镜手术治疗,记录两组手术一般情况,统计两组术后并发症发生率。观察组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组手术切口长度为(2.01±0.43)cm,明显短于对照组(P<0.05);观察组短暂性声音嘶哑1例,头昏、恶心1例,皮肤潮红1例,并发症发生率为7.50%,明显低于对照组的32.50%(P<0.05)。在双侧甲状腺手术中,应用改良单悬吊无注气腔镜方案,操作简单,经济性高,安全性高,且美容效果好,有较高的推广价值。     

Endoscopic thyroidectomy by a modified anterior chest approach: A single institution`s 5-year experience

Endoscopic thyroidectomy embodies the features of both minimally invasive surgery and aesthetic surgery. However, none of the established approaches is minimally invasive and meanwhile maximally cosmetic. Here we applied a modified anterior chest approach to achieve excellent cosmesis with reduced physical invasion. Fifty-six patients with benign thyroid diseases accepted this procedure. A 10mm longitudinal incision was made about one-fourth of the distance from the xiphoid to the sternal notch. Bilateral transversal incisions (5mm and 10mm) were performed about one-third of the distance from the nipple to the sternoclavicular joint. The subfascial space was maintained with CO₂ insufflation. Endoscopic lobectomy or subtotal thyroidectomy was performed according to the diseases. Fifty-four of the 56 procedures were successfully performed endoscopically, including 41 unilateral lobectomies and 13 subtotal thyroidectomies. The mean operative time for uni- and bilateral procedures was 117.2 min and 184.5 min, respectively. Conversion occurred in two cases due to bleeding and malignant frozen section analysis, respectively. Postoperative complications included one temporary recurrent nerve palsy, one transient hypocalcemia, and one subcutaneous emphysema. 96.2%(50/52) of the patients were extremely satisfied or satisfied with the cosmetic effect. This procedure is more likely to be accepted by patients older than 30 years. Endoscopic thyroidectomy by the modified anterior chest approach is an effective procedure with both excellent aesthetic benefits and reduced physical injury.     

21例经胸骨前路径腔镜甲状腺切除术

目的探讨腔镜甲状腺切除术的可行性及安全性。方法经胸骨前路径行腔镜甲状腺切除术21例。其中甲状腺瘤13例、结节性甲状腺肿4例、原发性甲状腺机能亢进4例,行甲状腺瘤摘除术6例,单侧甲状腺次全切除11例,双侧甲状腺次全切除4例。结果手术过程顺利,平均手术时间(116±16.7)min,平均术中出血(40.0±23.6)mL,无中转开放手术,术后2、3d拔除引流管,无声嘶或甲状旁腺损伤等并发症,平均住院时间(7±3.5)d,术后随访3～14个月,无复发病例,美容效果满意。结论腔镜甲状腺手术是安全、有效、可行的。     

颈部无疤痕内镜辅助甲状腺切除术的护理

目的探讨经胸部切口内镜辅助甲状腺切除术(EAT)患者的最佳护理程序。方法对入选的56例甲状腺单个结节患者行经胸部皮肤切口内镜辅助甲状腺切除术。通过胸部皮肤1个约4cm切口,在内窥镜电视显示和肉眼观察下,不用充气,以与传统手术相似的技术进行手术。结果本组54例行一侧甲状腺叶次全切除术,2例为一侧甲状腺叶全切除+峡部切除,无一例需中转传统手术。1例术后喉返神经麻痹。本组56例患者术后恢复好,无护理并发症,对手术的美容效果满意。结论内镜辅助甲状腺切除术是可行和安全的,美容效果好。术前做好患者的心理护理,严格术前准备,术后严密病情观察及护理是保证手术成功和患者康复的重要措施。     

经股动脉穿刺冠状动脉介入术后不同包扎止血法的临床观察

经股动脉穿刺行冠状动脉介入检查及治疗，操作方便、快捷，是目前冠脉介入手术最常用路径。但由于治疗中各种抗凝、抗血小板药物的常规应用，穿刺部位出血成为术后最常见的并发症。尽管近年来血管封堵和缝合止血方法的应用取得了较好的效果，但费用昂贵，操作相对复杂，限制了临床应用。因此，徒手压迫仍然是目前临床上最为常用的止血方法。但传统压迫止血所需时间较长，压迫过程中术者较易疲劳，患者不适感较多。为了继续寻找冠脉术后股动脉穿刺点的简便有效的止血方法，我院2004年3月-2005年10月开始观察了3种不同压迫止血法的临床效果，现报道如下。     

腔镜辅助与中转开放在甲状腺微小乳头状癌手术疗效的对比研究

目的回顾对比分析腔镜辅助与中转开放甲状腺微小乳头状癌手术的临床效果。方法 2009年4月~2012年6月接受腔镜辅助甲状腺手术且术中确诊为甲状腺微小乳头状癌的患者,根据继续腔镜手术或中转开放手术分为腔镜辅助组(32例)和中转组(20例),手术范围为患侧甲状腺腺叶切除+对侧腺叶次全切除(或全切术)+VI区清扫术。比较两组术式的临床治疗效果。结果两组手术出血量、术后引流量、中央区淋巴结清扫数量、术后住院时间和手术并发症发生率差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。腔镜辅助组术后3个月美容效果评分显著高于中转组(t=30.243,P=0.000)。腔镜辅助组手术时间长于中转开放组(108±19.7)vs(89.7±11.6)min,P=0.014;腔镜组低钙血症2例及中转组低钙血症1例,均于出院前缓解。腔镜组3例暂时性喉返神经麻痹于术后,4至6周恢复。两组分别随访(21±8.6)和(24.8±10.1)个月,均未见肿瘤复发和转移。结论腔镜辅助下甲状腺手术治疗PTMC是安全、有效的,有更加令人满意的美容效果,可作为PTMC手术治疗的一种选择。     

Section 2. Thyroid: Total endoscopic thyroidectomy: axillary or anterior chest approach

We have developed endoscopic thyroidectomy by an anterior chest approach and an axillary approach. In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of these two types of endoscopic procedures and conventional open surgery. The degree of surgical invasiveness and the nature of patients’ complaints after surgery were compared using the results of the operation and a questionnaire. The mean operating time for the endoscopic procedure was significantly longer than that for open surgery; however, there was no difference in postoperative pain in the three groups. Three months after surgery, the incidence of discomfort while swallowing in open surgery was higher than that in endoscopic surgery. All the patients who were treated using the axillary approach were satisfied with the cosmetic results. However, five patients (25%) who were treated using the anterior chest approach and 15 patients (75%; P < 0.01) who underwent open surgery complained abut the cosmetic results. The incidence of postoperative complaints after endoscopic surgery is significantly lower than that after open surgery. Patients who were treated using the axillary approach can obtain superior cosmetic results, compared with those who received other procedures.     

Section 2. Thyroid: Anterior chest wall approach for video-assisted thyroidectomy using a modified neck skin lifting method

Neck endoscopic surgery is likely to prove less invasive and more cosmetically advantageous than conventional methods. The surgical procedure used for 42 consecutive patients undergoing video-assisted thyroidectomy by the anterior chest wall approach is described herein. A 3–4 cm incision was made at the anterior chest wall 2 cm below the clavicle on the tumor side. Two Kirshner wires connected to a winching device were horizontally inserted beneath the skin in order to lift the neck skin. Specially made retractors were passed through the chest wall wound to the lateral neck bilaterally. Strap muscle on the tumor side was retracted laterally and the thyroid tumor was retracted medially. A suitable working space was thus created using this modified neck lifting method without gas insufflation. All patients underwent video-assisted thyroidectomy utilizing an anterior chest wall approach without conversion to open thyroidectomy. Mean operative time from incision to removal of the tumor was 145 min. Mean tumor size was 4.1 cm (range: 2.0–7.5 cm). The advantage of our approach is that the scar below the clavicle is invisible under normal clothing. In addition, conventional instruments for open thyroidectomy can be used. In our method, the thyroid tumor and trachea are palpable and some parts of the operation can be conducted under direct visualization if the assistant retracts the anterior chest wall wound upward. Video-assisted thyroidectomy utilizing an anterior chest wall approach is cosmetically less invasive, particularly for women who are frequently nervous about operative scars on the neck.     

前胸径路内镜甲状腺切除术的临床应用

目的 探讨应用内镜外科技术经前胸径路施行甲状腺手术的可行性及效果。方法2002年5月～2004年6月对24例病人施行颈部无疤痕内镜甲状腺切除术（SET）。切口选择在乳晕上缘、胸骨旁，钝性游离胸前和颈前皮下腔隙，在内镜下行甲状腺肿瘤或腺体次全切除术。结果 24例全部手术成功，术后恢复良好，无声嘶、呛咳等并发症，颈部水肿、隆起明显改善。结论 内镜下甲状腺切除术是可行的，具有明显的美容效果，手术应由有内镜外科经验的医师进行，关键在于良好的显露和止血。     

甲状腺次全切除术应用异丙酚与安氟醚进行全麻维持的比较

目的 评价异丙酚静脉麻醉药和安氟醚吸入麻醉药用于全麻术中维持及病人苏醒情况的比较。方法 选择肌松要求不高的双侧甲状腺次全切除术病人18例,随机分成异丙酚（P）组和安氟醚（E）组。麻醉诱导后P组用微量泵按4-8 mg/kg.h,同时吸入2∶1的笑气与氧气。E组靠吸入安氟醚0.5-2%合并2∶1的笑气与氧气维持,手术结束停药。术中记录开皮,用药后及术后停药后的血压,心率。并对停药睁眼时间及拔管后苏醒状态进行比较,术后24小时随访,进行统计学分析。结果 两组病人一般状况差异无显著性情况下,麻醉维持期间,除异丙酚诱导组在开皮时血压与基础值比较显著降低外,其他各组之间差异无显著性。按照苏醒情况评分表进行评分,同一时间点,P组病人评分高于E组病人。P组病人从停药至睁眼时间均明显短于E组病人,两组间差异显著,术后24 h随访情况,E组病人拔管后再入睡,恶心,呕吐,多痰,躁动发生率大于P组（P〈0.01）。结论 肌松要求不高的中小型手术用异丙酚进行全麻维持,效果明显优于安氟醚吸入维持麻醉。