造血生长因子促进RV介导LacZ—Neo^R基因在人骨髓造血细胞中 …

目的：本文探索了不同组合的造血生长因子ＳＣＦ、ＩＬ３及ＩＬ６对逆转录病毒（ＲＶ）介导的ＬａｃＺ－Ｎｅｏ＾Ｒ双标志基因转染人骨髓造血细胞转染效率、表达水平的影响及其相关机理。方法：采用ＲＶ转染人骨髓非粘附造血细胞（ＮＡＢＭＣ）及经ＳＣＦ、ＩＬ３及ＩＬ６不同组合预激４８ｈ后的ＮＡＢＭＣ。经荧光素二－β－Ｄ－半乳糖呋喃苷脂（ＦＤＧ）标记的半乳糖苷酶、Ｇ４１８＾ＲＣＦＵ－ＧＭ及ＰＣＲ／Ｓｏｕｒｔｈｅｒｎ－     

造血生长因子促进RV介导LacZ-NeoR基因在人骨髓造血细胞中转染的机制

目的：本文探索了不同组合的造血生长因子ＳＣＦ、ＩＬ３及ＩＬ６对逆转录病毒（ＲＶ）介导的ＬａｃＺ－ＮｅｏＲ双标志基因转染人骨髓造血细胞转染效率、表达水平的影响及其相关机理。方法：采用ＲＶ转染人骨髓非粘附造血细胞（ＮＡＢＭＣ）及经ＳＣＦ、ＩＬ３及ＩＬ６不同组合预激４８ｈ后的ＮＡＢＭＣ。经荧光素二－β－Ｄ－半乳糖呋喃苷脂（ＦＤＧ）标记的半乳糖苷酶、Ｇ４１８ＲＣＦＵ－ＧＭ及ＰＣＲ／Ｓｏｕｒｔｈｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ检测ＮｅｏＲ和ＬａｃＺ基因的表达。结果：早期造血生长因子（ＨＧＦｓ）的预激明显改善了ＲＶ介导的ＬａｃＺ－ＮｅｏＲ基因在人骨髓造血细胞中的转染效率与表达水平,ＳＣＦ＋ＩＬ３＋ＩＬ６＞ＳＣＦ＋ＩＬ３＞ＩＬ３＋ＩＬ６＞ＳＣＦ＋ＩＬ６。氚标记脱氧胸苷（３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ）自杀及５－溴脱氧尿苷－碘化丙啶（ＢｒｄＵ－ＰＩ）双标流式细胞仪（ＦＣＭ）检测显示,ＨＧＦｓ预激后人骨髓造血细胞及ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ的Ｓ期比例显著提高。结论：ＳＣＦ＋ＩＬ３＋ＩＬ６的联合预激可显著改善ＲＶ介导的外源基因在人骨髓造血细胞中的转染效率与表达水平,这可能与ＨＧＦｓ预激后明显提高人骨髓造血细胞及ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ的Ｓ期比例密切相关     

hGM—CSF基因转导的人胃癌,肝癌细胞研究

ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ是一种细胞因子，能通过多种机制激活机体免疫功能。为了研究ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ修饰的人肝癌、胃癌细胞的免疫功能的变化，将含该基因的逆转录病毒载体ＬＸＳＮ转染ＰＡ３１７包装细胞，经Ｇ４１８筛选较高滴度病毒分泌株（滴度为１．５×１０４ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ），用病毒上清感染肝癌（ＨＨＣＬ）和胃癌（ＭＫＮ４５），筛选后测ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ活性，最高分别为２７１Ｕ／１０６细胞·２４小时和２４３．８０Ｕ／１０６细胞·２４小时。ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因在肝、胃癌细胞中整合，未发生重排。ＭＨＣ分子测定结果显示经修饰的肝癌ＨＨＣＬ细胞ＭＨＣ分子的表达无改变，而修饰后胃癌细胞ＭＫＮ４５的ＭＨＣⅠ类分子表达明显增加。本实验为今后瘤苗研制提供了资料。     

一种N端缺失的rhGM-CSF(7～127)在大肠杆菌中的表达与调控

在ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ结构与功能研究的基础之上，通过应用ＰＣＲ介导的缺失与突变和基因重组等技术，构建了表达ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）的三种原核表达载体ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－ＴＧＡ，ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－ＴＡＡ和ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－３′ＵＴＲ。在三种载体内，ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）ｃＤＮＡ的５′端均缺失６个氨基酸，３′端则分别为天然终止密码ＴＧＡ，突变终止密码ＴＡＡ和ＴＧＡ加３′ＵＴＲ。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ表明三种载体表达ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）的水平分别为２１％，１８．８％和２５％。经过用ＰＣｇｅｎｅ软件和Ｚｕｌｃｅｒ算法分析ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）－３′ＵＴＲｍＲＮＡ的二级结构，表明３′ＵＴＲ在终止密码ＴＧＡ附近形成两个茎－环结构，它可能与ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－３′ＵＴＲ载体高表达ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）有关。表达产物ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）经弱阴离子ＤＥＡＥ交换层析纯化后，纯度达到９２％，比活性为８×１０７Ｕ／ｍｇ。     

粒细胞—巨噬细胞集落刺激因子与HBsAg融合蛋白基因的 …

目的 研究粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）的免疫活性。方法 用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术扩增出粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）３８４ｂｐ的基因片段及ＨＢｓＡｇ８４６ｂｐ基因片段，扩增产物经柱纯化后，由Ｔ４ＤＮＡ酶连结因子１２３０ｂｐ的片段，将此片段命名为ＬＧＨ，克隆到ｐＵＣ１９质粒中，利用菌落ＰＣＲ法快速筛选阳性克隆及限制酶切鉴定片段的大小。结果 该基因全长１２３０ｂｐ，经     

用碱性磷酸酶免疫斑点试验检测小鼠血清中的HFRS病毒抗体

将ＨＦＲＳ病毒陈株可溶性抗原吸附于硝酸纤维素膜上，建立了用碱性磷酸酶免疫斑点试验（ＡＰ－ＤＩＢＡ）检测小鼠血清中的ＨＦＲＳ病毒抗体的方法，并与应用辣根过氧化物酶的免疫斑点试验（ＨＲＰ－ＤＩＢＡ）作了比较。结果表明，ＡＰ－ＤＩＢＡ具有特异性；其敏感性高于ＨＲＰ－ＤＩＢＡ。该法可用于不同ＨＦＲＳ病毒株感染小鼠血清中抗ＨＦＲＳ病毒抗体的检测。     

用碱性磷酸酶免疫斑点试验检测小鼠血清中的HFRS病毒抗体

将ＨＦＲＳ病毒陈株可溶性抗原吸附于硝酸纤维素膜上，建立了用碱性磷酸酶免疫斑点试验（ＡＰ－ＤＩＢＡ）检测小鼠血清中的ＨＦＲＳ病毒抗体的方法，并与应用辣根过氧化物酶的免疫斑点试验（ＨＲＰ－ＤＩＢＡ）作了比较。结果表明，ＡＰ－ＤＩＢＡ具有特异性；其敏感性高于ＨＲＰ－ＤＩＢＡ。该法可用于不同ＨＦＲＳ病毒株感染小鼠血清中抗ＨＦＲＳ病毒抗体的检测。     

一种N端缺失的rhGM—CSF（7～127）在大肠杆菌中的表…

在ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ结构与功能研究的基础之上，通过应用ＰＣＲ介导的缺失与突变和基因重组等技术，构建了ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）的三种原核表达载体ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－ＴＧＡ，ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－ＴＡＡ和ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－３′ＵＴＲ。在三种载体内，ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）ｃＤＮＡ的５′端块缺失６个氨基酸，３′端则分别为天然终止密码ＴＧＡ，突变终止密码ＴＡＡ和ＴＧＡ加３′ＵＴＲ。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ表     

CD自杀基因联合GM-CSF基因治疗的抗肿瘤作用及免疫机理

目的研究自杀基因与粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）基因联合治疗抗肿瘤作用及免疫机理。方法小鼠皮下接种黑色素瘤Ｂ１６Ｆ１０细胞３天后,分别在肿瘤局部直接注射表达小鼠ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的重组腺病毒ＡｄＧＭ－ＣＳＦ和表达大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶（ＣＤ）基因的腺病毒Ａｄ－ＣＤ,然后连续１０天腹腔注射５氟胞嘧啶（５ＦＣ）（ＡｄＣＤ／５ＦＣ／ＡｄＧＭＣＳＦ组）、单用ＡｄＣＤ／５ＦＣ组、单用ＡｄＧＭ－ＣＳＦ组、注射对照病毒ＡｄｌａｃＺ／５ＦＣ组或ＰＢＳ组。结果与接受ＡｄＣＤ／５ＦＣ、ＡｄＧＭ－ＣＳＦ、ＡｄｌａｃＺ／５ＦＣ或ＰＢＳ治疗的荷瘤小鼠比较,经联合治疗后荷瘤小鼠皮下肿瘤结节的生长明显受到抑制,荷瘤小鼠的存活期明显延长（Ｐ＜０．０１）。经ＡｄＣＤ／５ＦＣ／ＡｄＧＭＣＳＦ联合基因治疗后,肿瘤瘤体内或瘤周有大量树突状细胞、ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞浸润,黑色素瘤细胞表达ＭＨＣ－Ⅰ和Ｂ７－１分子明显增加,荷瘤小鼠脾细胞对Ｂ１６Ｆ１０黑色素瘤细胞特异性杀伤功能增强。结论联合应用自杀基因和ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因转移可以直接杀伤肿瘤细胞,又可提高机体对肿瘤的免疫应答,两者可协同发挥抗肿瘤作用     

DNA修复蛋白MGMT基因的克隆及转导脐血CD23^＋细胞后耐药特征的研究

目的：增强脐血ＣＤ３４＾＋造血细胞对化疗药物的耐药表型,探讨逆转录病毒介导的基因转移效率和耐药基因特性,以及在脐血造血干细胞保护性基因治疗中的作用和意义。方法：应用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）从人肝细胞中获得编码六氧甲基鸟嘌呤－ＤＮＡ－甲基转移酶（Ｏ＾６－ｍｅｔｈｙｌｇｕａｎｉｎｅ－ＤＮＡ－ｍｅｔｈｙｌｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒａｓｅ,ＭＧＭＴ）ｃＤＮＡ;利用基因重组技术,将其克隆于ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ质粒载体并构建了逆转录病毒载体Ｇ１Ｎａ－ＭＧＭＴ;应用脂质体ＬｉｐｏｆｅｃｔＡＭＩＮＥ基因转移法将后者导入ＧＰ＋Ｅ８６和ＰＡ３１７病毒包装细胞,以卡氮芥１,３－Ｂｉｓ（２－Ｃｈｌｏｒｏｅｔｈｙｌ）－１－Ｎｉｔｒｏｓｏｕｒｅａ（ＢＣＮＵ）加压筛选后的阳性克隆上清经乒乓效应后继而感染脐血ＣＤ３４＾＋细胞。应用ＰＣＲ,Ｓｏｕｔｈ     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.