青光眼视锥细胞视觉运动功能的变化

目的 观察原发性开角型青光眼患者3种视锥细胞视觉运动觉的变化。方法 应用等亮度随机点的运动觉检查方法,分别通过蓝、绿、红视标显示在黄、紫及青色背景,以分离检查51只青光眼3种视细胞的视觉运动觉功能。结果 3种视锥细胞的方向区分阈值与正常人相比明显受损,发生了弥漫性的损害。其中以蓝视锥细胞的视觉运动觉受损最为严重。结论 原发性开角型青光眼视锥细胞的视觉运动觉,尤其是蓝视锥细胞的视觉运动觉检查,是反映青光眼早期视功能损害的有效测试指标之一。     

亮度和颜色参与时青光眼视觉运动觉的变化

为观察青光眼患者三种视锥细胞视觉运动觉的变化,我们分别应用蓝、绿、红条状视标显示于黄、紫及青色背景,同时保持视标与背景间丰亮度对比的方法,以分离三种视锥细胞的视觉运动觉功能。结果显示青光眼三种视锥细胞的;视觉运动觉与正常人相比,明显受损,且蓝和绿视锥细胞受损更严重。从而提示视锥细胞的视觉运动觉,可以早期反映青光眼视神经功能的损害。     

青光眼视锥细胞视觉运动觉功能的变化

目的　观察原发性开角型青光眼患者3种视锥细胞视觉运动觉的变化。方法　应用等亮度随机点的运动觉检查方法，分别通过蓝、绿、红视标显示在黄、紫及青色背景，以分离检查51只青光眼3种视锥细胞的视觉运动觉功能。结果　3种视锥细胞的方向区分阈值与正常人相比明显受损，发生了弥漫性的损害。其中以蓝视锥细胞的视觉运动觉受损最为严重。结论　原发性开角型青光眼视锥细胞的视觉运动觉，尤其是蓝视锥细胞的视觉运动觉检查，是反映青光眼早期视功能损害的有效测试指标之一。     

老年性黄斑变性锥细胞运动觉功能的变化

目的 观察干性型老年性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)患者三种视锥细胞视觉运动觉的变化。 方法 通过随机点运动觉检查方法，分别应用蓝、绿、红视标显示在黄、紫及青色背景，保持视标与背景间等亮度以排除亮度因素的影响，从而分离检查20只眼AMD三种视锥细胞视觉运动觉功能的变化。 结果 AMD三种视锥细胞的感觉位移和方向位移阈值，与正常人相比明显受损，发生了弥漫性的损害。 结论 视锥细胞的视觉运动觉，是能够反映干性型AMD视功能损害的一个新的测试指标。 (中华眼底病杂志, 1999, 15: 219-221)     

老年性黄斑变性锥细胞运动觉功能的变化

目的　观察干性型老年性黄斑变性（ａｇｅ－ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ ｍ ａｃｕｌａｒｄｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ，ＡＭＤ）患者三种视锥细胞视觉运动觉的变化。　方法　通过随机点运动觉检查方法，分别应用蓝、绿、红视标显示在黄、紫及青色背景，保持视标与背景间等亮度以排除亮度因素的影响，从而分离检查２０只眼ＡＭＤ三种视锥细胞视觉运动觉功能的变化。　结果　ＡＭＤ三种视锥细胞的感觉位移和方向位移阈值，与正常人相比明显受损，发生了弥漫性的损害。　结论　视锥细胞的视觉运动觉，是能够反映干性型ＡＭＤ视功能损害的一个新的测试指标。     

视神经病变患者颜色视觉运动觉的变化

目的　观察视神经病变患者视锥细胞颜色视觉运动觉的变化。方法　分别应用蓝、绿条状视标显示在黄、紫色背景上,保持视标与背景间存在着亮度对比,以分离检查26眼视神经病变蓝及绿视锥细胞的视觉运动觉功能。结果　视神经病变患者蓝、绿视锥细胞视觉运动觉的位移和闪烁阈值为1.78mm±0.49mm、0.44±0.38、1.72mm±0.63mm、0.32±0.33,分别与正常值0.57mm±0.24mm、0.96±0.09、0.71mm±0.37mm、0.89±0.18比较,均具有显著性差异(P<0.001)。结论　蓝及绿视锥细胞的视觉运动觉是反映视神经病变早期视功能损害的一个重要指标。     

视觉运动觉的研究及其在眼科的应用

视觉运动觉（MotionPerception）是一种基本的视功能。近年来随着科学技术的发展，尤其是计算机的应用，通过由计算机控制，在显示屏上呈现随机点、条状视标、光栅等运动方法，对视觉运动觉的基本特性、视觉传导途径、运动中枢等的研究以及在视觉网络中的作用有了进一步认识。已发现有些眼病如青光眼、视神经病变、黄斑病变等，常选择性地损伤视觉运动党，利用视觉运动觉检查，可以对这些疾病进行早期诊断，达到早期治疗。     

视觉运动觉的研究及其在眼科的应用

视觉运动觉是一种基本的视功能。近年来随着科学技术的发展，尤其是计算机的应用，通过由计算机控制，在显示屏上呈现随机点、条状视标、光栅等运动方法，对视觉运动的基本特性、视觉传导途径、运动中枢等的研究以及在视觉网络中的作用有了进一步认识。已发现有些眼病如青光眼、视神经病变、黄斑病变等，常选择性地损伤视觉运动觉，利用视觉检查，可以对这些疾病进行早期诊断，达到早期治疗。     

正常人视觉运动觉的测试

目的研究我国正常人视觉运动觉特性。方法在ＰＣ兼容机上，应用运动觉测试软件，由微机控制，于ＶＧＡ显示器产生棒状垂直视标，测定年龄１１～６８岁正常人５６例（１１２只眼）的视觉运动觉。结果当视标作２个象素的水平运动，从１０岁组至３０岁组，随年龄增长，视觉运动觉逐渐上升。４０岁以后年龄组逐渐降低，４个象素、６个象素水平运动和＞４０Ｈｚ闪烁运动状态不受年龄影响；性别和眼别与运动觉无相关关系。结论确定了我国正常人的运动觉特性，提供了正常参考值。     

新感光视蛋白视黑质的研究进展

视黑质是一种新近发现的、主要分布于视网膜神经节细胞的光感受器视蛋白,这一发现打破了一直以来持有的光感受器视蛋白仅分布于视杆和视锥细胞的观点。与经典的感光视蛋白功能不同,视黑质的主要功能是参与引发昼夜节律变化、瞳孔对光反应、体内激素水平的变化等非视觉成像光反应。本文就视黑质的形态和功能特点等作一综述。     

The Characteristics of Interaction between Color and Motion Perception in PrimaryOpen Angle Glaucoma

Purpose: To investigate the characteristics of interaction between color and motion perception in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and measure motion perception of B,G and R cones, thus find a more sensitive method to diagnose the visual nerve damage in POAG. Methods : Motion perceptions of B,G and R cones were isolated by blue , green and red vertical line stimulus displayed on the yellow , purple and blue background respectively, then measured the displacement threshold and flicking threshold of motion perception from each cones in POAG, and compared it with the age-match normals.Results:The displacement threshold and flicking threshold of motion perception from B,G and R cones were all damaged in POAG compared with the normals, and the motion perception of G and B cones was deficits more obviously than the R cones.Conclusion: These findings support the suggestion that color provides an input to human motion perception. Magnocellular and parvocellular pathway may be significandy damaged in POAG, whi     

Motion Perception of Short-Wavelength Sensitive Cones in Glaucoma Using Random Dots Moving

Purpose: To determine whether motion perception of short-wavelength sensitive (SWS) cones is capable of predicting primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) optic neuropathy. Methods: Motion perceptions of SWS cones were isolated by Blue random dot stimulus displayed on the Yellow background, then the detecting displacement threshold of motion perception from SWS cone in POAG was measured, and compared with the age-matched normal group.Results: The detecting displacement thresholds of motion perception from SWS cones in 8 sites of 15 degrees were all elevated in POAG compared with the normal group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that motion perception of SWS cones may reveal preclinical visual nerve damage in early POAG. Eye Science 2001; 17:176 ~ 179.     

国人锥细胞运动觉的正常值特征

目的:研究国人锥细胞的正常值特征。方法:利用条状视标的刺激方法,通过颜色对比分离正常人(54眼)锥细胞的闪烁阈值。结果:正常人锥细胞的闪烁阈值与性别、眼别无关,但与年龄因素明显相关。结论:设计了运动觉测量方法,为进一步推广应用建立了正常参考值。     

Pattern electroretinogram of the blue cones

In man the electroretinogram to pattern reversal stimuli (P-ERG) represents a cone response of the proximal retina, dominated by the cone mechanisms sensitive to red (R) and green (G). Additionally there is a cone mechanism sensitive to blue (B) which can be studied with and without steady exposure to yellow light. During exposure to a super-imposed uniform yellow background (576 nm) the transient P-ERG of the B cones is represented by potentials of small amplitude (< 1 V). The latency (peak time) of the response is about 30 ms longer than that of the midspectral (R and G) cones. Furthermore, the P-ERG of the B cones saturates at low luminances and exhibits a maximum amplitude at about 460 nm. Without yellow adaptation, the P-ERG of the B cones can be studied only with low-intensity stimuli of short wavelengths. Near threshold, both the long-latency response of the B cones and the short-latency response of the R and G cones are recorded simultaneously, forming a double-peaked wave shape. At suprathreshold luminances, even of short wavelength (435 nm) the P-ERG of the B cones is concealed by the larger short latency response of the midspectral cone mechanism.     

Motion perception is abnormal in primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension

Several lines of evidence suggest that the large optic nerve fibers, which form the magnocellular retinocortical pathway, are preferentially susceptible to early glaucomatous damage. It is evident from studies of the functional architecture of the visual system that the magnocellular pathway underlies the global perception of motion. Therefore, we have developed a psychophysical technique for assessing motion detection thresholds in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). For this purpose we employed a dynamic random dot display that contained varying degrees of a coherent motion signal embedded within a background of random motion noise. We used this technique to measure motion thresholds in POAG patients (n = 37), OHT patients (n = 14), and age-matched controls (n = 39). Motion thresholds were elevated by 70% for the POAG group and 44% for the OHT group relative to controls. In the same patients, no significant deficit in form discrimination was found as measured by Pelli-Robson charts. Our results demonstrate that significant motion perception deficits are evident in POAG and OHT. These findings support the suggestion that significant and selective damage to the magnocellular pathway occurs in OHT and POAG and indicate that motion threshold testing may reveal preclinical optic nerve disease in early POAG.     

The contribution of color to motion in normal and color-deficient observers

By opposing drifting luminance and color gratings, we have measured the "equivalent luminance contrast" of color, the contribution that color makes to motion. We found that this equivalent contrast was highest (greater than 10%) for low spatial and temporal frequencies and was higher for red/green than for blue/yellow stimuli. Equivalent luminance contrast was about 4% for a green/purple stimulus that fell along the tritan confusion line, indicating a modest input to the motion pathway from the short wavelength-sensitive cones (B-cones). Contrast thresholds for the discrimination of the direction of motion showed that the contribution of color to motion was about the same (within a factor of 2) as that for luminance in terms of multiples of threshold contrast. These responses to moving, chromatic gratings could be mediated by any of several factors that can create a residual response in a luminance pathway: temporal phase lag between the responses to the colors of the stimuli, second harmonic distortion in the response and variability in equiluminance points across units. Each of these factors was evaluated experimentally and their combined effect could account for only a small portion of the contribution of color to motion. As a result, we attribute the perception of the motion of equiluminous stimuli to an opponent-color input to directionally selective cortical units. Chromatic stimuli had little or no equivalent contrast for color-deficient observers, whether the stimulus was red/green, which they discriminate less well than normals, or blue/yellow, which they discriminate almost as well as normals. The equivalent contrast measure provided an excellent basis for classifying normal, protan and deutan observers.     

Visual motion detection sensitivity is enhanced by an orthogonal motion aftereffect

A recent study (H. Takemura & I. Murakami, 2010) showed enhancement of motion detection sensitivity by an orthogonal induced motion, suggesting that a weak motion component can combine with an orthogonal motion component to generate stronger oblique motion perception. Here we examined how an orthogonal motion aftereffect (MAE) affects motion detection sensitivity. After adaptation to vertical motion, a Gabor patch barely moving leftward or rightward was presented. As a result of an interaction between horizontal physical motion and a vertical MAE, subjects perceived the stimulus as moving obliquely. Subjects were asked to judge the horizontal direction of motion irrespective of the vertical MAE. The performance was enhanced when the Gabor patch was perceived as moving obliquely as the result of a weak MAE. The enhancement effect depended on the strength of the MAE for each subject rather than on the temporal frequency of the adapting stimulus. These results suggest that weak motion information that is hard to detect can interact with orthogonal adaptation and yield stronger oblique motion perception, making directional judgment easier. Moreover, the present results indicate that the enhancement effect of orthogonal motion involves general motion integration mechanisms rather than a specific mechanism only applicable to a particular type of illusory motion.