先天免疫的研究进展

近来,关于先天免疫的研究有了突飞猛进的进展。特别是在关于模式识别受体的发现和功能研究方面。模式识别受体能识别病原相关的分子模式。先天免疫不但提供抗感染的第一防线而且调控后天获得性免疫的激活。如果没有先天免疫,后天获得性免疫的功能会变得很微弱。Toll样受体是先天免疫的关键感受器和研究最多的模式识别受体。激活的Toll样受体信号传导通路可以很快引起与炎性反应和免疫反应相关的各种基因的表达。所有这些关于研究Toll样受体及其信号通路的新见解已经开始改变我们对炎性反应和免疫反应相关疾病的预防和治疗。     

先天免疫的研究进展

近来,关于先天免疫的研究有了突飞猛进的进展.特别是在关于模式识别受体的发现和功能研究方面.模式识别受体能识别病原相关的分子模式.先天免疫不但提供抗感染的第一防线而且调控后天获得性免疫的激活.如果没有先天免疫,后天获得性免疫的功能会变得很微弱.Toll样受体是先天免疫的关键感受器和研究最多的模式识别受体.激活的Toll样受体信号传导通路可以很快引起与炎性反应和免疫反应相关的各种基因的表达.所有这些关于研究Toll样受体及其信号通路的新见解已经开始改变我们对炎性反应和免疫反应相关疾病的预防和治疗.     

先天免疫Toll样受体在哮喘病中作用的研究进展

哮喘病的高发性和普遍性使哮喘病成为人们极度关注的健康问题,哮喘病的特征是呼吸道阻塞和支气管的过度炎性反应.虽然对后大获得性免疫在哮喘病中的作用已进行了广泛地研究,但是先天免疫在哮喘病中的重要件是最近才被发现的.先大免疫不但提供抗感染的第一道防线,而且调控后天获得件免疫的激活.Toll样受体是先大免疫的关键感受器,它也是研究最多的模式识别受体.激活的Toll样受体信号传导通路可以很快引起与炎性反应和免疫反应相关的各种基因的表达.本义综述了了目前天于Toll样受体在哮喘病中作用的研究进展.     

先天免疫Toll样受体在哮喘病中作用的研究进展

哮喘病的高发性和普遍性使哮喘病成为人们极度关注的健康问题,哮喘病的特征是呼吸道阻塞和支气管的过度炎性反应.虽然对后大获得性免疫在哮喘病中的作用已进行了广泛地研究,但是先天免疫在哮喘病中的重要件是最近才被发现的.先大免疫不但提供抗感染的第一道防线,而且调控后天获得件免疫的激活.Toll样受体是先大免疫的关键感受器,它也是研究最多的模式识别受体.激活的Toll样受体信号传导通路可以很快引起与炎性反应和免疫反应相关的各种基因的表达.本义综述了了目前天于Toll样受体在哮喘病中作用的研究进展.     

先天免疫Toll样受体在哮喘病中作用的研究进展

哮喘病的高发性和普遍性使哮喘病成为人们极度关注的健康问题,哮喘病的特征是呼吸道阻塞和支气管的过度炎性反应.虽然对后大获得性免疫在哮喘病中的作用已进行了广泛地研究,但是先天免疫在哮喘病中的重要件是最近才被发现的.先大免疫不但提供抗感染的第一道防线,而且调控后天获得件免疫的激活.Toll样受体是先大免疫的关键感受器,它也是研究最多的模式识别受体.激活的Toll样受体信号传导通路可以很快引起与炎性反应和免疫反应相关的各种基因的表达.本义综述了了目前天于Toll样受体在哮喘病中作用的研究进展.     

Toll-like Receptors and Cancer

先天免疫是机体抗细菌、抗病毒和抗肿瘤等的第一防线.Toll样受体(Toll-like recep-tors)是先天免疫的关键受体.它可以识别致病微生物的分子模式(pathogen associated moleculal pat-terns)而激活先天免疫细胞和进一步调整后天免疫系统.近来发现的Toll样受体在癌症的发生和发展中也扮演着重要角色.Toll样受体的激活因子在抗癌免疫疗法中可用作免疫调节剂(immunoadju-vants)或细胞毒素的药物.在这里,我们将简述当前关于Toll样受体的研究进展和在癌症的发生发展和癌症免疫疗法的作用.     

METTL3抑制抗病毒先天免疫信号转导

目的 进一步探究甲基转移酶样蛋白3（methyltransferase-like protein 3,METTL3）对抗病毒先天免疫信号转导过程的影响。方法 在HEK293T细胞中过表达以及敲低METTL3,利用不同的病毒感染细胞后,通过免疫印迹法检测Ⅰ型干扰素信号通路中上游激酶TANK结合激酶1（TANK binding kinase 1, TBK1）以及下游转录因子干扰素调节因子3（interferon regulatory factor 3,IRF3）和核因子κB（NF-κB）p65亚基活化情况,水疱性口炎病毒（vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV）复制标志分子VSV-G表达水平。通过尾静脉注射VSV建立小鼠感染模型,观察Mettl3敲除小鼠(Mettl3^F/F;Mx1-Cre)和对照小鼠(Mettl3^F/F)生存率以及肝系数和肺系数的变化情况;通过ELISA检测小鼠血清Ⅰ型干扰素IFN-α和IFN-β的产生情况。结果 HEK293T细胞中过表达METTL3后TBK1、p65以及IRF3的磷酸化减弱,VSV-G...     

免疫训练——先天免疫记忆的发现和研究进展

免疫系统分为先天免疫(又称固有免疫或非特异性免疫)和获得性免疫(又称适应免疫或特异性免疫),主要功能是防止病原微生物入侵和清除已入侵病原微生物及其他有害物质.传统观念认为,先天免疫与获得性免疫的重要区别在于后者有免疫记忆.然而,新近研究发现固有免疫细胞在受到病原微生物及其产物刺激后,当再次遭遇感染时,可表现出对原刺激或...     

Toll样受体在适应性免疫中的作用与相关机制研究进展

TLRs是一类模式识别受体，能够被微生物的特异性成分和某些宿主分子所激活，在固有免疫系统中起着决定性的作用。同时大部分病原体通过TLPs激活抗原提呈细胞(主要是树突状细胞)上调其MHC分子表达，启动CD4^ T细胞向Th1型细胞分化。而当机体遭遇多细胞寄生虫感染或接触变应原时，CD4^ T细胞则向1112型细胞分化，这一类免疫反应可能是通过一系列不同于TLRs的固有识别系统进行调控，但究竟是通过目前未知的PRRs还是通过缺失自身标记的机制对病原体进行识别目前还不明了。进一步了解TLRs调节适应性免疫的过程不但能够发展治疗感染性疾病的新途径，而且可能为变态反应和某些自身免疫疾病发病机理深入研究以及治疗和防治提供新方法。     

Innate immune signals in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterised by lipid retention and inflammation in the arterial intima. Innate immune mechanisms are central to atherogenesis, involving activation of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and induction of inflammatory processes. In a complex tissue, such as the atherosclerotic lesion, innate signals can originate from several sources and promote atherogenesis through ligation of PRRs. The receptors recognise conserved molecular patterns on pathogens and endogenous products of tissue injury and inflammation. Activation of PRRs might affect several aspects of atherosclerosis by acting on lesion resident cells. Scavenger receptors mediate antigen uptake and clearance of lipoproteins, thereby promoting foam cell formation. Signalling receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), lead to induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antigen-specific immune responses. In this review we describe the innate mechanisms present in the plaque. We focus on TLRs, their cross-talk with other PRRs, and how their signalling cascades influence inflammation within the atherosclerotic lesion.     

Innate Immunity: A Cutaneous Perspective

The first responsibility for protection against microbial infection rests on the normal function of the innate immune system. This system establishes an antimicrobial barrier, recognizes attempts to breach this barrier, and responds rapidly to danger, all based on an innate defense system. Here, we review this system as it applies to mammalian skin, highlighting how a physical, cellular, and chemical barrier is formed to resist infection. When challenged, the diverse cellular components of the skin recognize the nature of the challenge and respond with an appropriate antimicrobial program including the release of antimicrobial peptides and, when necessary, recruitment and coordination with adaptive immune responses. Recent insights into these processes have advanced the understanding of disease pathogenesis and provided new therapeutic options for a variety of skin diseases.     

Innate immune sensing and activation of cell surface Toll-like receptors

The expansion of sensing function by cell surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has grown to include not only more diverse viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoan surface components, but also a plethora of endogenous molecules arising from host cell and tissue damage as well as the inflammatory response itself. This flexibility in recognition is accommodated not only by physical and structural features of the TLRs themselves, but also by additional innate immune receptors, soluble molecules and subcellular trafficking mechanisms. These events have begun to reveal a remarkable plasticity and complexity within this critical arm of the host innate immune system.     

Toll样受体在卵巢癌中作用的研究进展

卵巢恶性肿瘤是病死率最高的妇科疾病,严重威胁女性的健康.固有性免疫系统发挥重要免疫防御作用,作用的关键是对病原体的识别,这一识别主要是通过Toll样受体(TLRs)完成的.TLRs是近年免疫学研究的焦点,其不仅通过对病原微生物的病原相关分子模式的识别激活固有性免疫应答,还引起细胞因子的释放,上调共刺激分子的表达,为适应性免疫的启动提供必要的活化信号.因此,TLRs在很多疾病的发生和进展中起重要作用.阐明TLRs和固有免疫在卵巢恶性肿瘤中的作用可能会为研究者提供一个更好地了解这种疾病的分子机制.此外,利用TLRs的激动剂或拮抗剂有希望成为对抗卵巢恶性肿瘤的新的免疫治疗方法.     

Skewed pattern of Toll-like receptor 4-mediated cytokine production in human neonatal blood: Low LPS-induced IL-12p70 and high IL-10 persist throughout the first month of life

Newborns are highly susceptible to infectious diseases, which may be due to impaired immune responses. This study aims to characterize the ontogeny of neonatal TLR-based innate immunity during the first month of life.Cellularity and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist-induced cytokine production were compared between cord blood obtained from healthy neonates born after uncomplicated gestation and delivery (n = 18), neonatal venous blood obtained at the age of one month (n = 96), and adult venous blood (n = 17). Cord blood TLR agonist-induced production of the Th1-polarizing cytokines IL-12p70 and IFN-α was generally impaired, but for TLR3, 7 and 9 agonists, rapidly increased to adult levels during the first month of life. In contrast, TLR4 demonstrated a slower maturation, with low LPS-induced IL-12p70 production and high IL-10 production up until the age of one month. Polarization in neonatal cytokine responses to LPS could contribute to neonatal susceptibility to severe bacterial infection.     

Current Aspects of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a highly pruritic, chronic, multifactorial skin disease predisposing to bacterial and viral infections based on abnormalities of the innate and acquired immune system. The innate system quickly mobilizes an inflexible, standardized first-line response against different pathogens. Epidermal barrier dysfunction results in increased protein allergen penetration through the epidermis and predisposes to secondary skin infections. Two loss-of-function mutations in the epidermal filaggrin gene are associated with AD. Langerhans cells and inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells (IDEC) express high affinity IgE receptors, which are functional in IgE-mediated antigen presentation. Inducible antimicrobial peptides including the antiviral cathelicidin and the antibacterial beta-defensins show defective upregulation in lesional AD skin. The desmosomal protein nectin-1 is unmasked in AD lesions, thus becoming a relevant herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry receptor. Type I IFN-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells are decreased and dysfunctional in AD skin, predisposing the patients to viral skin infections. Molluscum contagiosum virus produces a unique IL-18 binding protein to evade antiviral defense mechanisms. Innate and adaptive immunity do not simply coexist but are linked to one another in a complex network of skin immunobiology.