格列吡嗪胶囊的药动学及生物利用度研究

8名男性健康志愿者随机交叉po格列吡嗪(G)胶囊和片剂5mg。用反相高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,将测得经时过程的血药浓度计算得到药物动力学参数及相对生物利用度表明:格列吡嗪胶囊剂和片剂的体内过程均符合单室模型特征,胶囊剂和片剂的药代动力学参数及生物利用度分别为:Ka 0.8209±0.4985和0.9140±0.4992(1/h);Ke 0.2573±0.0465和0.2882±0.0619(1/h);T1/2 2.83±0.6250和2.50±0.4450(h);Vc/F 7.00±1.14和7.00±1.325(L);Cmax424.75±58.9和410.2±68.68(ng/ml);Tmax:2.60±1.04和2.45±0.66(h);AUC2905.2±450.2和2642.0±380.4(ng·h/ml);胶囊剂的生物利用度为109.9％,Cmax、Tmax及AUC三项参数经统计学处理,均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。经生物等效性检验表明两者生物等效。     

辛伐他汀药物动力学及生物利用度

目的研究辛伐他汀(SV)的药物动力学,评价SV片剂和胶囊剂的生物等效性.方法采用反相高效液相色谱法测定10名志愿受试者单剂量口服40mgSV胶囊供试品与40mg标准参比制剂后血药浓度的变化.结果SV胶囊剂和片剂的AUC分别为(150.79±34.17)与(150.05±26.78)h*ng/ml,tmax分别为(2.35±0.41)与(2.45±0.28)h,cmax分别是(25.63±5.09)与(28.14±8.31)ng/ml.结论以SV胶囊供试品与标准参比制剂AUC、cmax和tmax为指标,经双单侧t检验,两者为生物等效制剂.     

两种单硝酸异山梨酯缓释制剂的人体生物利用度比较

目的:比较5-单硝酸异山梨酯(5-ISMN)缓释胶囊和缓释片在健康受试者体内的生物利用度以及药物吸收特性.方法:受试者单剂量交叉po 2种5-ISMN缓释制剂,毛细管气相色谱法测定血浆中药物浓度,计算生物利用度参数.结果:缓释胶囊剂和缓释片剂的C_(max)分别为196和210ng/ml、t_(max)为4.48和4.67h,AUC_(O-∞为3936和3890(h·ng)/ml.胶囊剂相对于片剂的生物利用度为101.18%.两种缓释制剂的C_(max)、t_(max)和AUC_(O-∞)无统计学差异.但是缓释胶囊剂在给药后的30min内血药浓度显著高于缓释片剂.结论:两种5-1SMN为生物等效制剂.     

国产盐酸舍曲林胶囊和片剂的人体药物动力学及生物等效性

目的研究国产盐酸舍曲林胶囊及片剂的相对生物利用度、药物动力学特征及生物等效性.方法采用随机、开放、3×3拉丁方设计实验,18名男性健康受试者分别单剂量口服含舍曲林50 mg的试验片剂、胶囊及参比制剂.采用HPLC-MS/MS/MS法测定给药后不同时间的血药浓度,计算3者的药物动力学参数及评价其生物等效性.结果 18例健康志愿者口服参比制剂和试验制剂舍曲林胶囊及片剂后,参比制剂中舍曲林的主要药物动力学参数cmax为(10.14±3.43)μg·L-1;tmax为(4.44±1.10)h;AUC0～96为(262.82±100.66)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(29.19±4.91)h.试验制剂片剂中舍曲林的主要药物动力学参数cmax为(10.16±3.22)μg·L-1;tmax为(4.33±1.85)h;AUC0～96为(269.71±107.47)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(30.99±6.49)h.试验制剂胶囊中舍曲林的主要药物动力学参数cmax为(10.39±3.59)μg·L-1;tmax为(4.94±1.30)h;AUC0～96为(264.45±112.57)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(29.68±5.25)h.试验制剂片剂和胶囊分别对参比制剂的相对生物利用度F为(103.4%±18.2%)、(99.8%±13.6%).结论经统计学分析,国产试验制剂胶囊剂和片剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产酮咯酸氨丁三醇分散片的人体相对生物利用度研究

目的评价酮咯酸氨丁三醇分散片剂的人体相对生物利用度,并与胶囊剂比较其生物等效性。方法 18名男性健康受试者随机、自身对照交叉单剂量口服酮咯酸氨丁三醇分散片和胶囊,采用RP-HPLC法测定血浆中酮咯酸氨丁三醇的浓度。结果单剂量口服含酮咯酸氨丁三醇20 mg的受试和参比制剂,其达峰时间Tmax分别为(0.68±0.30)、(0.80±0.38)h;血药浓度峰值Cmax分别为(3 124.44±382.96)、(3 170.28±289.03)ng/mL;药时曲线下面积AUC(0→24)分别为(13 939.32±2 471.53)、(14 312.29±2 268.26)ng.h/mL。两种制剂的药物动力学参数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),受试制剂的相对生物利用度(F)为97.86%±11.62%。结论两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

左氧氟沙星胶囊与片剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的以左氧氟沙星片为参比制剂,评价左氧氟沙星胶囊的相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法 8名男性健康受试者交叉单剂量口服200mg两种制剂,采用RP-HPLC测定血浆中左氧氟沙星浓度.结果单剂量口服200mg左氧氟沙星胶囊和片剂后的AUC0-24分别为(8802.41±1728.39)ng·h·mL-1和(9097.25±1558.40)ng·h·mL-1;Cmax分别为(2042.31±697.19)ng·mL-1和(1751.01±400.42)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.66±0.19)h和(0.84±0.53)h,MRT分别为(8.15±1.33)h和(9.03±1.16)h;t1/2β分别为(6.52±0.78)h和(6.79±0.74)h,两种制剂所有药物动力学参数均无显著性差异(P＞0.05),左氧氟沙星胶囊的相对生物利用度F为(96.77±8.88)%.结论两种制剂生物等效.     

克拉霉素胶囊和片剂的生物利用度比较

目的:对国产克拉霉素(CLM)胶囊进行相对生物利用度研究,评价其生物等效性.方法:8名健康志愿者随机、交叉单剂量po500mg国产CLM胶囊和进口片剂,采用微生物法测定血样标本,其生物等效性采用三因素方差分析和双单侧t检验.结果:药时曲线符合一室开放模型,国产和进口剂型的药物动力学参数C_(max)、t_(max)、T_(1/2k)、AUC_(0-∝)分别为(2.74±0.59)和(2.76±0.68)μg/ml,(1.46±0.45)和(1.5O±O.47)h,(4.27±0.58)和(4.72±0.82)h,(22.91±4.19)和(24.38±3.80)μg·h/ml.国产制剂的相对生物利用度为(95.18±19.29)%.结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

巴罗沙星片与胶囊人体生物利用度研究

目的 比较巴罗沙星胶囊剂与片剂在健康人体内的生物等效性.方法 20名健康志愿者采用双周期交叉试验,单剂量空腹口服巴罗沙星胶囊和巴罗沙星片各200mg,HPLC法测定其血清中巴罗沙星浓度,血药浓度-时间数据经DAS2.0统计软件处理,计算主要药动学参数,并进行两种制剂的生物等效性评价.结果 巴罗沙星胶囊和巴罗沙星片的主要药动学参数分别为t1/2(5.666±1.085)和(7.020±2.658)h、cmax(2.912±0.848)和(2.637±0.780)μg/ml、tmax(1.238±0.631)和(1.400±0.615)h、AUC0-48(18.987±4.284)和(20.737±9.681)(μg·h)/ml.巴罗沙星胶囊的相对生物利用度为(105.30±43.47)%.结论 巴罗沙星片剂与胶囊剂具有生物等效性.     

克拉霉素片剂的人体药动学及生物等效性LC—MS—MS法研究

目的建立LC-MS-MS法测定人血浆中克拉霉素的浓度,研究克拉霉素片剂的人体药动学和生物等效性。方法 24名健康受试者单剂量交叉口服受试制剂和参比制剂500mg,采用LC-MS-MS法测定血浆中不同时间点克拉霉素的药物浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为：T1/2（5.271±1.835）h和（5.032±1.257）h,Tmax为（2.24±1.41）h和（1.81±1.20）h,Cmax为（1831±539）ng/ml和（2085±582）ng/ml,AUC0-24为（14172±3125）ng·h/m l和（15169±3548）ng·h/m l,AUC0-inf为（15339±2989）ng·h/ml和（15730±3586）ng·h/ml,试验制剂克拉霉素相对生物利用度F为93.43%。结论两种克拉霉素片剂具有生物等效性。     

噁丙嗪胶囊的药物动力学及相对生物利用度

目的:测定噁丙嗪的体内过程,作出相对生物利用度评价,为临床合理用药提供可靠的依据.方法:10名男性健康志愿者,随机自身交叉po单剂量噁丙嗪胶囊或片剂,采用HPLC法测定不同时间的血药浓度,经3P87软件拟合处理,并计算药物动力学参数.结果:噁丙嗪胶囊和片剂血药浓度-时间曲线均符合一房室模型,体内药物达峰时间分别为(3.95±0.89)和(4.13±0.93)h;c_(max)分别为(52.84±3.12)和(53.74±2.32)μg/ml;T_(1/2)分别为(29.36±1.69)和(28.73±2.27)h;AUC分别为(2453.54±150.78)和(2486.71±187.38)(mg/L)·h,噁丙嗪胶囊的相对生物利用度为98.93%.结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.