宫颈液基细胞学标本中p16^INK4A的表达

[目的]探讨p16^INK4A在新柏氏宫颈液基细胞学（TCT）标本中各级宫颈上皮内瘤变的表达，评价其在宫颈病变中表达的意义。[方法]采用Envision法，检测76例TCT标本及相应宫颈活检组织中p16^INK4A表达。[结果]在TCT中，P16^INK4A在无上皮内病变（NILM）、非典型鳞状细胞（ASC）、低级别鳞状上皮内病变（LSIL）、高级别鳞状上皮内病变（HSIL）阳性表达率分别为0、15．78％、45．45％、88％。在相应活检组织中，p16^INK4A在宫颈炎、CINI、CINⅡ、CINⅢ中阳性表达率分别为0、63．15％、89．28％、100％。p160^INK4A在TCT和相应活检组织中表达的符合率为91.23％。[结论]TCT标本的p16^INK4A表达检测可以提高宫颈高级别病变的检出率。     

宫颈脱落细胞p16^INK4A和p57^KIP2

目的：研究p16^INK4A和p57^KIP2在宫颈脱落细胞的表达及其与临床病理指标的关系。方法：采用免疫细胞化学二步法，检测81例不同病变阶段的宫颈脱落细胞标本中p16^INK4A和p57^KIP2的表达。结果：p16^INK4A在ASC—US、低级别上皮内病变（CINⅠ）、高级别上皮内病变（CINⅡ～Ⅲ）和浸润性癌的阳性表达率分别为6．25％（1／16）、58．8％（10／17）、89．2％（33／37）和100．0％（11／11），各组之间的差异有统计学意义，χ^2=38．806，P〈0．001；p57^KIP2在高级别上皮内病变（CINⅡ～Ⅲ）和浸润性癌的阳性表达率为27．1％（13／48），与ASC—US和低级别上皮内病变（CINⅠ）的阳性表达率为69．7％（23／33）比较，差异有统计学意义，χ^2=15．194，P=0．002。结论：p16^INK4A和p57^KIP2在宫颈脱落细胞中的表达与临床病理指标密切相关，p16^INK4A和p57^KIP2可以作为宫颈癌前病变高危人群的筛查指标。     

宫颈脱落细胞p16INK4A和p57KIP2表达及其临床意义的初步探讨

目的：研究p16^INK4A和p57^KIP2在宫颈脱落细胞的表达及其与临床病理指标的关系。方法：采用免疫细胞化学二步法，检测81例不同病变阶段的宫颈脱落细胞标本中p16^INK4A和p57^KIP2的表达。结果：p16^INK4A在ASC—US、低级别上皮内病变（CINⅠ）、高级别上皮内病变（CINⅡ～Ⅲ）和浸润性癌的阳性表达率分别为6．25％（1／16）、58．8％（10／17）、89．2％（33／37）和100．0％（11／11），各组之间的差异有统计学意义，χ^2=38．806，P〈0．001；p57^KIP2在高级别上皮内病变（CINⅡ～Ⅲ）和浸润性癌的阳性表达率为27．1％（13／48），与ASC—US和低级别上皮内病变（CINⅠ）的阳性表达率为69．7％（23／33）比较，差异有统计学意义，χ^2=15．194，P=0．002。结论：p16^INK4A和p57^KIP2在宫颈脱落细胞中的表达与临床病理指标密切相关，p16^INK4A和p57^KIP2可以作为宫颈癌前病变高危人群的筛查指标。     

细胞周期抑制蛋白p16^INK4a在宫颈病变中的异常表达

[目的]探讨宫颈癌（UCC）、宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）及宫颈炎中p16^INK4a蛋白表达水平的变化及意义。[方法]应用免疫组化方法检测126例宫颈病变（UCC50例、CIN57例和宫颈炎19例）组织中p16^INK4a蛋白的表达，进行半定量分析及统计学检验。[结果]50例UCC中，p16^INK4a全部阳性表达；57例CIN中，p16^INK4a阳性表达41例，阳性表达率为71．93％，其中CIN Ⅰ，CINⅡ，CINⅢ p16^INK4a阳性表达率分别为36．84％（7／19）、81．82％（18／22）、100．00％（16／16），且三者间差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。19例宫颈炎组织中，p16^INK4a阳性表达8例，阳性表达率为42．11％。p16^INK4a蛋白在宫颈炎、CIN和UCC组织中表达水平依次升高，且差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。[结论]UCC及癌前病变中p16^INK4a阳性表达明显高于良性病变。p16^INK4a在UCC及癌前病变中过表达，提示其在UCC发生、发展中起重要作用。     

细胞周期抑制蛋白p16^INK4a在宫颈病变中的异常表达

[目的]探讨宫颈癌（UCC）、宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）及宫颈炎中p16^INK4a蛋白表达水平的变化及意义。[方法]应用免疫组化方法检测126例宫颈病变（UCC50例、CIN57例和宫颈炎19例）组织中p16^INK4a蛋白的表达，进行半定量分析及统计学检验。[结果]50例UCC中，p16^INK4a全部阳性表达；57例CIN中，p16^INK4a阳性表达41例，阳性表达率为71．93％，其中CIN Ⅰ，CINⅡ，CINⅢ p16^INK4a阳性表达率分别为36．84％（7／19）、81．82％（18／22）、100．00％（16／16），且三者间差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。19例宫颈炎组织中，p16^INK4a阳性表达8例，阳性表达率为42．11％。p16^INK4a蛋白在宫颈炎、CIN和UCC组织中表达水平依次升高，且差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。[结论]UCC及癌前病变中p16^INK4a阳性表达明显高于良性病变。p16^INK4a在UCC及癌前病变中过表达，提示其在UCC发生、发展中起重要作用。     

液基超薄细胞技术及TBS系统用于宫颈癌及癌前病变筛查

[目的]探讨液基超薄细胞技术（TCT）和Bethesda系统（TBS）在宫颈癌及癌前病变筛查中的临床应用价值。[方法]1100例患者行TCT检查和TBS细胞学分类诊断，阳性诊断包括意义不明的不典型鳞状细胞（ASCUS）。所有ASCUS以上病变的受检者全部在阴道镜下活检。[结果]1100例患者巾ASCUS32例、不除外高度病变的不典型鳞状上皮（ASC—H）18例、低度鳞状上皮内病变（LSTL）26例、高度鳞状上皮内病变（HSIL）16例、鳞状细胞癌2例。阴道镜下活检结果：CINⅠ26例、CINⅡ13例、CINⅢ9例、宫颈鳞癌3例，阴道镜病理检查符合率为71．28％。[结论]TCT技术应用于宫颈涂片细胞学检查，配合阴道镜下活检是筛查和诊断宫颈痛硬痛前病弯的可靠手段。     

液基薄层细胞学在宫颈癌前病变和宫颈癌诊断中的价值

目的：探讨液基薄层细胞学检测在宫颈癌前疾病诊断中的临床价值。方法：采用第三代液基细胞学制片系统（LPT）制片,按TBS（The bethesda system）系统诊断为不能明确诊断意义的非典型鳞状细胞（ASCUS）以上的768例,其中低度病变（LSIL）以上184例;对有病理组织学诊断对照的139例进行了对比分析。结果：139例中细胞学诊断宫颈癌1例,宫颈高度病变（HSIL）13例,宫颈低度病变（LSIL）120例,非典型细胞不能除外高度病变（ASC—H）5例;与组织学结果对照,阳性符合率分别为癌100％,HSIL84．6％,LSIL70％。5例ASC—H中2例宫颈癌,1例宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）2级,1例CIN 1级-2级,1例湿疣。结论：液基细胞学在诊断宫颈癌前病变和宫颈癌方面,与组织学诊断结果有较高的符合率,因而具有较高的临床应用价值。     

液基细胞学筛查宫颈癌的研究

目的 评价ThinPrep液基细胞学在宫颈癌高发区筛查的准确性。方法 1997年例受检者同时做宫颈脱落细胞液基标本采集和阴道镜活检,用液基标本做薄片细胞学诊断和肿瘤相关人乳头瘤病毒（human papilloma virus,HPV)检测。细胞学诊断采用TBS分级系统,阳性诊断包括意义不明的不典型鳞状细胞（ASCUS）以上病变,诊断结果与阴道活检诊断和肿瘤相关HPV DNA阳性检出率对照。所有检查均双盲进行。结果 ThinPrep液基细胞学检出100％（12／12）的鳞状细胞癌（SCC）;93．2％（69／74）的鳞状上皮内高度病变（HSIL）,其中CIN396．8％（30／31）,CIN90．7％（39／43）;72．4％（92／127）的鳞状上皮内低度病变（LSIL）。SCC和CIN3的分级准确率分别达100％和87．1％。HPVDNA阳性检出率与细胞学分级密切相关,且在细胞学与组织学相同级别基本一致。结论 宫颈液基标本收集方法有利于细胞学和肿瘤相关HPV DNA双重检查。ThinPrep液基细胞学检查敏感性高,尤其是对鳞状上皮内高度病变。     

宫颈癌及其癌前病变组织中p16INK4a和PCNA的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨p16^INK4a、增殖细胞核抗原（proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA）在宫颈癌及其癌前病变组织中的表达及临床意义。方法：采用免疫组化SP法检测p16^INK4a和PCNA在40例宫颈癌、33例宫颈上皮内瘤样变（cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN）Ⅱ-Ⅲ、28例CINⅠ和10例正常宫颈组织标本中的表达。结果：1）p16^INK4a在正常宫颈组织中无表达。宫颈癌或CINⅡ-Ⅲ的p16^INK4a表达阳性率显著高于CINⅠ,P〈0.01。CINⅠ、CINⅡ-Ⅲ和宫颈癌PCNA表达阳性率显著高于正常宫颈,P〈0.01。p16^INK4a、PCNA表达强度随着宫颈病变程度的加重而增高,P〈0.001。2）宫颈癌不同组织学类型、病理组织分级和临床分期p16^INK4a表达阳性率及表达强度差异均无统计学意义,P〉0.05。在不同病理组织分级和临床分期中PCNA表达强度呈增强趋势,差异有统计学意义,P〈0.05。3）p16^INK4a、PCNA在CINⅠ和CINⅡ-Ⅲ组织中的表达均呈显著正相关,P〈0.01。结论：CINⅠp16^INK4a阳性表达是其发生质变的信号,PCNA可作为宫颈细胞异常增殖的灵敏标志。联合检测宫颈病变组织中p16^INK4a和PCNA的表达有助于对宫颈癌前病变进行早期诊断。     

p16INK4A和HPV16 E7/HPV18 E6在ASCUS中的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨p16^INK4A和HPV16 E7／HPV18 E6在宫颈细胞学诊断为非典型性鳞状细胞不明确意义型（ASCUS）中的表达及筛查潜在宫颈病变的价值。方法：对150例ASCUS患者行阴道镜检查并取活检，同时对该150例患者的TCT标本进行免疫细胞化学染色检测p16^INK4A的表达和RT-PCR法检测其中HPV16型口蛋白和18型E6蛋白（HPV16 E7／HPV18 E6）mRNA的表达。结果：p16^INK4A和HPV16 E7／HPV18 E6 mRNA在ASCUS中表达的阳性率分别为37．33％和46．67％，随着病理级别的增加，p16^INK4A和HPV16 E7／HPV18 E6 mRNA表达的阳性率也随之增加；p16^INK4A和HPV16 E7／HPV18 E6 mRNA筛查ASCUS中宫颈病变的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为0．88、0．95、0．91、0．93和0．81、0．75、0．67、0．86，在p16^INK4A和HPV16 E7／HPV18 E6 mRNA阳性的样本中，宫颈病变发生率分别为91．07％和67．14％，均明显高于阴性样本中的发病率7．45％和13．75％（P〈0．001）；ASCUS中宫颈病变样本中p16^INK4A和HPV16 E7／HPV18 E6 mRNA呈高表达，且具有较高的一致性（K=0．6475）。结论：p16^INK4A和HPV16 E7／HPV18 E6 mRNA在ASCUS中病理诊断为宫颈病变的样本中均呈高表达，对筛查潜在的宫颈病变具有重要意义，其中p16^INK4A的筛查效能优于HPV16 E7／HPV18 E6 mRNA；p16^INK4A能间接反映HPV的转录活性，在ASCUS的分流中有重要意义，且可视性的p16^INK4A免疫染色比HPV检测更直观。     

Combined p16INK4a and human papillomavirus testing improves the prediction of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II-III) in Thai patients with low-grade cytological abnormalities

Thailand is in the process of developing a national cervical screening program. This study examined p16INK4a staining and HPV prevalence in abnormal cervical samples with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), to evaluate the efficacy of combined HPV and p16INK4a detection to predict CIN II-III. Totals of 125 ASCUS and 87 LSIL cases were re-evaluated by Pap test and cervical cells of ASCUS and LSIL cases were prepared on slides for p16INK4a detection by immunocytochemistry. HPV genotyping of DNA extracts was performed by GP5+/6+ PCR and reverse line blot hybridization. Histopathologic tests were performed to identify cervical lesion. Total of 212 cases were diagnosed to normal (20), ASCUS (112), LSIL (78) and HSIL (2). HPV was detected in ASCUS (49/112, 43.8%), LSIL (60/78, 76.9%) and HSIL (2/2, 100%) cases. The majority of HPV positive samples typed for high-risk HPV. 55.7% (107/192) of abnormal cases (ASCUS, LSIL and HSIL) were positive p16INK4a. For the 111 HPV DNA positive cases, 34 of 49 (69.4%) ASCUS cases and 49 of 60 (81.7%) LSIL cases were p16INK4a positive. 140 biopsies were taken and histological classified: CIN negative (65 cases), CIN I (56 cases) and CIN II-III (19 cases). HPV DNA detection predicted CIN II-III with sensitivity and specificity of 84% and 49%, whereas p16INK4a staining showed higher sensitivity (89.5%) and specificity (56.2%). The prediction of CIN II-III was significantly better by combination of positive HPV DNA and p16INK4a with 93.8% sensitivity and 59.2% specificity. Detection of HPV DNA combined with p16INK4a in cervical cells can predict CIN II-III and may improve the screening diagnosis of Thai women at risk for CIN II-III or cancer.     

p16INK4a在宫颈液基细胞学辅助筛查中的标记意义

目的 评价p16INK4a在宫颈液基细胞学检查中的标记意义.方法 收集74例宫颈外口和颈管的脱落细胞标本,分别进行液基细胞学检测和p16INK4a免疫细胞化学染色,并应用杂交捕获二代法检测高危人乳头瘤病毒(HR-HPV)感染.结果 74例标本中,细胞学诊断未见癌细胞或癌前病变细胞(阴性)10例,意义不明的不典型鳞状细胞(ASC-US)15例,鳞状上皮内低度病变(LSIL)28例,不除外上皮内高度病变的不典型鳞状细胞(ASC-H)5例,鳞状上皮内高度病变(HSIL)11例,鳞状细胞癌(SCC)5例.各级别病变中,HR-HPV阳性者分别为1、4、3、9、7和5例,p16INK4a免疫细胞化学染色阳性者分别为2、5、3、8、9和5例.随着宫颈病变级别的上升,HR-HPV和p16INK4a免疫细胞化学染色阳性率均增高.结论 p16INK4a免疫细胞化学染色增强了对不典型细胞的区分能力,可以提高宫颈癌筛查的准确性.     

p16INK4a is superior to high‐risk human papillomavirus testing in cervical cytology for the prediction of underlying high‐grade dysplasia

BACKGROUND

The primary goal of this study was to compare the clinical performance of an optimized and rigorously controlled immunocytochemical (ICC) assay for p16^INK4a to high‐risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as diagnostic adjuncts for cytology specimens from colposcopy patients.

METHODS:

The study included 403 cervical cytology specimens collected within 3 months of colposcopy. The colposcopic impression and cervical biopsy diagnosis served as the standards for correlation with cytological, p16^INK4a, and HPV data. p16^INK4a was evaluated using an immunoperoxidase‐based assay that was linear over 4 logs for the detection of HeLa‐spiked positive control cytology specimens, using a threshold for positive test results that was based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. HR‐HPV was detected by multiplex PCR using genotype‐specific primers.

RESULTS:

In all combined diagnostic categories (negative for intraepithelial lesion and malignancy, atypical glandular cells, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion), the p16^INK4a ICC and HR‐HPV assays, respectively, had sensitivity of 81.7% and 83.3% (P = .81) and specificity of 78.1% and 50.9% (P < .001) for the detection of underlying ≥grade 2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions on biopsy. Furthermore, the positive predictive value of p16^INK4a ICC was greater than that of HR‐HPV for patients with biopsies ≥CIN‐2 (41.2% and 24.2%, respectively, P = .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

This p16^INK4a immunocytochemical assay has superior specificity but similar sensitivity to HR‐HPV testing to predict underlying high‐grade dysplastic lesions in patients who are referred for colposcopy. The determination of the overall performance characteristics of p16^INK4a immunocytochemistry, as an independent test or in combination with HPV testing in low‐risk screening populations, however, will require subsequent large‐scale prospective clinical trials. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

Evaluation of P16/Ki67 (CINtecPlus) and L1-capsid compared with HPV-genotyping in cervical cytology in women ≥35 years old focusing on patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide. Conventional cytological examination as a screening method with Papanicolaou has been established to reduce the incidence of dysplasia and cervical cancer for years. In addition to the conventional screening, the introduction of immunocytochemical examinations, including CINtecPlus and L1-capsid, has been demonstrated to have a positive impact on screening results. In addition to morphological screening methods, human papillomavirus (HPV)-testing has also been demonstrated to possess an enormous potential in the cervical screening process. Additionally, different screening models ranging from conventional cytological screening to primary HPV-testing do exist in different countries. At the beginning of the year 2020, a combination of cytological screening and HPV-testing was introduced in Germany for women ≥35 years. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of morphological screening, including immunocytochemistry, and to compare it with HPV-genotyping. Immunocytochemistry was added to confirm the diagnosis but needs established infrastructure and well-trained personnel. Furthermore, there was a need to establish the HPV-screening method. In the Institute for Pathology and Cytology (Schuettorf, Leer, Germany), 146,800 samples of women (>35 years old) were examined between January 2020 and January 2021. The present study retrospectively analyzed 146,800 samples. Each sample was examined using a conventional cytological technique and HPV-high risk-Test (HPV-HR-Test) with Viper-BD. Immunocytochemistry with CINtecPlus and L1-capsid was added in some cases. A total of 555 cases were cytological diagnosed as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US; IIp). After performing immunocytochemistry, 79% of cases were suspected to be positive and 1.48% of cases were definitely positive. The HPV-HR-Test was positive in 26.4% of cases. Among cases of ASC-US and HPV-HR-negativity, 33.7% were suspicious of immunocytochemical positivity and 0.5% were definitely positive. Among patients with HPV-16-negativity, 13.6% were patients with highly squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and 22.7% were patients with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and HSIL. Among patients with HPV-18-negativity, 14.3% were patients with HSIL and 19.5% were patients with LSIL and HSIL. There were 107 cases in this group of cases with negativity of both HPV-16 and HPV-18. After performing the colposcopy and biopsy, there were 6.5% with cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, 8.4% with CIN II and 5.6% with CIN III. In conclusion, there is still a need for conventional cytological examination and maybe the addition of immunocytochemistry to confirm the diagnosis and to exclude dysplasia of cervical epithelium. The HPV-HR-Test is not enough as a screening method and may be misleading.     

液基薄层细胞学检测子宫颈病变4234例临床病理分析

 目的　评价液基薄层细胞学检测（TCT）在子宫颈病变筛查中的意义。方法　采用TCT系统采集子宫颈细胞学标本4234例,按照TBS系统（the Besthesda system） 进行判读。对细胞学筛查为异常的272例[意义不明确的非典型性鳞状细胞（ASC-US）或以上病变]进行阴道镜下活组织病理检查。结果　TCT与阴道镜下活组织病理检查结果符合率为低度鳞状上皮内病变（ LSIL）85.71 %（12／14）、高度鳞状上皮内病变（HSIL）100 %（20／20）、鳞状细胞癌（ SCC）75.00 %（3／4）、腺癌（AC）100 %（2／2）。TCT诊断不除外高级别鳞状上皮内病变的非典型性鳞状细胞（ASC-H）以上病变的阳性率为23.16 %（63／272）,活检病理组织学诊断子宫颈上皮内瘤样低度病变（CINⅠ）以上病变的阳性率为24.26 %（66／272）,二者比较差异无统计学意义（χ2＝0.868,P＝0.581）。结论　TCT与活组织病理检查诊断有较高的符合率,二者结合能大大提高对子宫颈的高度病变和子宫颈癌的检出率,减少漏诊。TCT可作为子宫颈癌及癌前病变筛查的一种高效、便捷的方法。     

Triage of women with ASCUS and LSIL cytology: use of qualitative assessment of p16INK4a positive cells to identify patients with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

BACKGROUND: The identification of a small percentage of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (HGCIN) among patients with minor cytological abnormalities (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [ASCUS] and/or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [LSIL] group) is a major problem in cytology-based cervical cancer screening. The authors investigated the efficacy of p16INK4a as a biomarker to identify samples of patients with HGCIN among those with an ASCUS or LSIL result in Papanicolaou cytology. METHODS: Consecutive liquid-based cytology specimens of 137 ASCUS and 88 LSIL results were selected from gynecologists who adopted a triage regimen with biopsy under colposcopy 2 months later, independent of the p16INK4a result. p16INK4a stained slides were prepared and independently read by 2 observers, who used a recently described score to categorize p16INK4a stained squamous cells. The endpoint of the study was detection of a biopsy-confirmed HGCIN. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity and specificity of p16INK4a positive cells with a nuclear score >2 for diagnosis of HGCIN in ASCUS and LSIL cases combined was 96% and 83%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity in the ASCUS group was 95% and 84%, and 100% and 81% in the LSIL group, respectively. Two observers had a high concordance in assessing p16INK4a stained cells (kappa value of 0.841). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggested that the use of p16INK4a as a biomarker combined with nuclear scoring of p16INK4a positive cells in cervical cytology to triage ASCUS and/or LSIL cases allows identification of HGCIN with good sensitivity and specificity.     

Immunoreactivity of p16 in anal cytology specimens: histologic correlation

BACKGROUND: Cytology has been proposed as a potential screening tool in the evaluation of squamous anorectal disease in view of the morphologic similarities between anal and cervical squamous lesions. Previous studies have demonstrated that p16 overexpression correlates with the degree of dysplasia in the uterine cervix with promising results. Due to potential diagnostic pitfalls in anal cytology, p16 overexpression in these specimens was studied. METHODS: Patients with anorectal cytology who underwent follow-up biopsy within 1 year were selected. Forty-three anorectal cytologic specimens from 29 patients were selected. One slide of each case was destained. Avidin-biotin immunocytochemical studies with the monoclonal antibody CINtec p16(INK4a) were performed. The results of the p16 immunostaining were correlated with the histologic findings. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of the 43 cases demonstrated the presence of squamous cells immunoreactive for p16 in cytology specimens. The p16-positive cells were identified in cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (n = 3 cases), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (n = 22 cases), and invasive squamous carcinoma (n = 1 case), and in 2 cases with negative follow-up biopsies. No cell immunoreactive for p16 was found in 15 cases (5 benign cases and 10 cases with either LSIL or HSIL). The sensitivity and specificity of p16 immunoreactivity in the detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia or carcinoma were 72% and 71%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 93% and 33%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of p16 immunoreactivity is a good predictor of dysplasia in anal specimens. However, the sensitivity and specificity of this marker are not high.     

Application of Human Papillomavirus in Screening for Cervical Cancer and Precancerous Lesions

Cervical cancer is a commonly-encountered malignant tumor in women. Cervical screening is particularlyimportant due to early symptoms being deficient in specificity. The main purpose of the study is to assess theapplication value of cervical thinprep cytologic test (TCT) and human papillomavirus (HPV) detection in screeningfor cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. In the study, cervical TCT and HPV detection were simultaneouslyperformed on 12,500 patients selected in a gynecological clinic. Three hundred patients with positive resultsdemonstrated by cervical TCT and/or HPV detection underwent cervical tissue biopsy under colposcopy, andpathological results were considered as the gold standard. The results revealed that 200 out of 12,500 patientswere abnormal by TCT, in which 30 cases pertained to equivocal atypical squamous cells (ASCUS), 80 casesto low squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 70 cases to high squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and 20cases to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). With increasing pathological grade of cervical biopsy, however, TCTpositive rates did not rise. Two hundred and eighty out of 12,500 patients were detected as positive for HPVinfection, in which 50 cases were chronic cervicitis and squamous metaplasia, 70 cases cervical intraepithelialneoplasia (CIN) Ⅰ, 60 cases CIN Ⅱ, 70 cases CIN Ⅲ and 30 cases invasive cervical carcinoma. Two hundred andthirty patients with high-risk HPV infection were detected. With increase in pathological grade, the positive rateof high-risk HPV also rose. The detection rates of HPV detection to CIN Ⅲ and invasive cervical carcinoma aswell as the total detection rate of lesions were significantly higher than that of TCT. Hence, HPV detection is abetter method for screening of cervical cancer at present.     

p16INK4a Immunoprofiles of Squamous Lesions of the Uterine Cervix–Implications for the Reclassification of Atypical Immature Squamous Metaplasia

p16^INK4a immunoprofiles of non-precancerous and dysplastic squamous cervical lesions were defined and applied to the reclassification of atypical immature squamous metaplasia (AIM). The immunoexpression of cytokeratin 17 (CK 17) in AIM was also evaluated. Totally, 295 cervical cone biopsies representing squamous metaplasia, reactive changes, koilocytosis, flat condyloma, CIN I, CIN II, CIN III and AIM were subjected to p16^INK4a immunohistochemistry. AIM cases were analyzed using CK 17 antibody. Typical p16^INK4a immunoprofiles for the metaplastic, LSIL/HPV and HSIL phenotypes were recorded and used for the categorization of AIM into particular phenotype groups. Results were correlated with CK 17 immunoexpression. All CIN II and CIN III lesions, all but one case of CIN I and all flat condylomas overexpressed p16^INK4a. Other non-precancerous lesions, including koilocytosis, were predominantly negative. Contrary to the sporadic and focal immunostaining, diffuse positivity was associated with the dysplastic features of the lesion. CIN II and CIN III were characterized by a diffuse, strong/weak, full-thickness staining, whereas CIN I showed a heterogeneous diffuse/focal, weak/strong, lower half positivity. One third of AIM lesions may be reclassified as HSIL, one third as LSIL/HPV and one third shows metaplastic phenotype. All AIM cases with metaplastic and LSIL/HPV phenotypes expressed CK 17 diffusely, whereas focal positivity slightly prevailed in AIM with HSIL phenotype. We conclude that p16^INK4a immunohistochemistry is a supporting method for the differential diagnosis of cervical lesions, which may be especially useful for the reclassification of AIM. The efficacy of CK 17 immunohistochemistry seems to be controversial for these purposes.     

A comparison of the clinical utility of p16(INK4a) immunolocalization with the presence of human papillomavirus by hybrid capture 2 for the detection of cervical dysplasia/neoplasia

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that overexpression of p16(INK4a) protein indicates infection and genomic integration of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) and predicts progression to cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) and carcinoma. The authors compared the ability of p16(INK4a) and HR HPV detection by Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) to detect the presence of significant cervical disease. METHODS.: Four hundred ThinPrep specimens (100 each in 4 categories: 100 specimens that were negative for intraepithelial lesions, 100 specimens of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [ASC-US], 100 specimens of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [LSILs], and 100 specimens of HSILs) were analyzed. p16(INK4a) protein was immunolocalized using a specific monoclonal antibody, and the detection of HR HPV in all 400 specimens was determined using HC2. RESULTS: p16(INK4a) was found to be positive in 78% of HSIL specimens, 42% of LSIL specimens, and 36% of ASC-US specimens; whereas HC2 was positive in 92% of HSIL specimens, 81% of LSIL specimens, and 45% of ASC-US specimens. In the HSIL category, the sensitivity, which was calculated using Grade 2 or greater cervical intraepithelial neoplasia as the endpoint, was 78% (50 of 66 specimens) for p16(INK4a) and 91% (60 of 66 specimens) for HC2. For LSIL, the sensitivity was 75% (3 of 4 specimens) for p16(INK4a) and 100% (4 of 4 specimens) for HC2. In the ASC-US category, the sensitivity was 89% (8 of 9 specimens) for p16(INK4a) and 100% (9 of 9 specimens) for HC2. Overall, the sensitivity for HSIL was 92% for HC2 and 78% for p16(INK4a). The specificity for HC2 was 8.3% for HSIL, 16.9% for LSIL, and 48.7% for ASC-US; whereas the specificity for p16(INK4a) was 25% in HSIL, 59.1% in LSIL, and 68.4% in ASC-US. The overall specificity was 25% for HC2 and 56% for p16(INK4a). CONCLUSIONS: Although both p16(INK4a) and HC2 may aid in the clinical management of patients with clinically significant lesions, HC2 was found to have greater sensitivity, and p16(INK4a) greater specificity. The labeling of normal cells and bacteria may preclude the use of p16(INK4a) in automated screening or nonmorphologic assays.