甲状腺相关眼病患者干眼症患病率及特征分析

目的 探讨甲状腺相关眼病(thyroid associated ophthalmopathy,TAO)患者干眼症的患病率及不同时期干眼症患病率的差异和特征.方法 收集2014年1月至2014年12月281例TAO患者的资料,包括症状、泪液分泌试验(Schirmer I test,SIt)、泪膜破裂时间(break-up time,BUT)及角膜荧光素染色(fluorescent staining,FS)的结果.按照TAO临床活动度评分(clinical activity score,CAS),将患者分为活动期(CAS≥4分)和非活动期(CAS＜4分),根据TAO病程将患者分为短病程组(＜1 a)、中病程组(≥1～2 a)、长病程组(≥2 a).分析干眼症患病率及特征.结果 本组281例TAO患者干眼症患病率65.48％.活动期和非活动期干眼症患病率分别为77.08％和59.46％(x2=8.685,P=0.003),SIt、BUT及FS评分差异均有统计学意义(均为P ＜0.05).短病程组和长病程组干眼症患病率分别为68.89％和50.91％ (x2=5.961,P=0.015),病程越长FS评分越小,FS评分差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但SIt及BUT组间差异均无统计学意义(均为P＞0.05).结论 TAO患者干眼症患病率高,活动期和非活动期、不同病程时期患病率存在差异.病程在2 a以上者干眼症患病率降低.     

飞秒激光和角膜板层刀制瓣LASIK术后泪膜的变化

目的：观察飞秒激光和角膜板层刀制瓣LASIK术后泪膜的变化。

方法：回顾性分析150例300眼近视患者,根据制作角膜瓣方法不同分为两组,组1为飞秒激光(Intralase FS60KHz)制作角膜瓣,95例190眼; 组2为Moria M₂ 90号板层刀制瓣,55例110眼。观察两组术前、术后1wk; 1,3,6mo患者的干眼症状评分、泪膜破裂时间(tear break-up time,BUT)、泪液分泌试验(Schirmer I test,S I t)、角膜荧光素染色(corneal fluorescence staining,FL)评分的变化。

结果：干眼症状评分：两组术后1wk; 1,3mo差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后6mo差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。BUT：两组术后1wk; 1,3mo差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后6mo差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。SchirmerⅠ试验：两组术后1wk; 1,3mo差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后6mo差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。荧光素染色评分：两组术后1wk; 1,3mo差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后6mo差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

结论：飞秒激光和角膜板层刀制瓣LASIK术后早期泪膜功能减退,但飞秒激光制瓣术后泪膜功能恢复更快。     

长期配戴硬性角膜接触镜对泪膜稳定性的影响

目的：探讨长期配戴硬性角膜接触镜对泪膜稳定性的影响,观察硬性角膜接触镜长期配戴的安全性。

方法：本组观察对象为2014-10/2016-01于我院进行配戴硬性角膜接触镜矫正的近视患者60例120眼以及无硬性角膜接触镜配戴史的低度近视患者30例60眼,将白天配戴RGP的患者26例52眼设为白天配戴组,只在夜间配戴OK镜的患者34例68眼设为夜间配戴组,无硬性角膜接触镜配戴史的低度近视患者30例60眼设为对照组。戴镜前、戴镜1、6mo,1、2a 进行泪液分泌试验(Schirmer I test,SⅠt)、泪膜羊齿状试验以及泪膜破裂时间(break-up time ,BUT)检测。

结果：白天配戴组与夜间配戴组戴镜后各时间点BUT、SⅠt均较戴镜前降低,且均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),戴镜后6mo,1、2a白天配戴组BUT、SⅠt显著低于夜间配戴组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); 三组患者配镜前、配镜1、6mo后泪液羊齿状试验分级比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05); 配镜1、2a白天配戴组与夜间配戴组≥Ⅲ级眼数显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); 白天配戴组与夜间配戴组组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

结论：长期配戴硬性角膜接触镜可使泪液分泌量降低,泪膜稳定性下降。     

卡波姆眼用凝胶联合rhEGF治疗糖尿病患者白内障术后干眼症

目的：探讨卡波姆眼用凝胶联合重组人表皮生长因子(recombinant human epidermal growth factor,rhEGF)对糖尿病患者白内障术后干眼症的临床疗效。

方法：选择糖尿病患者白内障超声乳化术后干眼症160例160眼,随机分为对照组80例80眼和试验组80例80眼。试验组采用卡波姆眼用凝胶联合rhEGF,对照组采用卡波姆眼用凝胶单药治疗。在治疗前、治疗后1,4wk,记录患者干眼症状、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)、泪液分泌试验(SⅠt)及角膜荧光素染色(FL)情况并对眼部安全性进行评价。

结果：治疗前试验组和对照组患者眼部主观症状及泪膜功能检测(BUT,SⅠt,FL)比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。治疗1wk和4wk后,两组患者眼部主观症状及泪膜功能检测(BUT,SⅠt,FL)与本组治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01); 试验组和对照组比较差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05; P<0.01),试验组较对照组BUT明显延长(P<0.01),SⅠt浸湿滤纸长度明显增加(P<0.01)、FL着色密集度明显减少(P<0.01),所有观察病例中未发现明显不耐受药物的患者。

结论：卡波姆眼用凝胶能明显改善糖尿病患者白内障术后干眼症状,恢复泪膜稳定性,与rhEGF联合治疗的疗效可能优于其单药治疗。     

自拟益气养阴散瘀方治疗干眼症的疗效及安全性分析

目的：探讨自拟益气养阴散瘀方对干眼症的临床疗效和安全性。

方法：将2009-01/2012-12我院眼科收治78例96眼干眼患者随机分为两组,对照组给予局部人工泪液,观察组增加中药益气养阴散瘀方治疗,比较两组泪液分泌量(Schirmer Ⅰ test,SⅠt)、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)、角膜荧光素染色(FL)及临床疗效。

结果：治疗后,两组SⅠt,BUT均高于治疗前,FL低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组SⅠt,BUT高于对照组,FL低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); 经治疗后观察组有效率为83%,对照组为71%,两组患者疗效差异有统计学意义(Ridit z=24.382,P=0.000),观察组疗效优于对照组。

结论：中药益气养阴散瘀方无明显毒副作用,能够改善干眼症临床症状,值得临床推广应用。     

rhEGF滴眼液治疗白内障术后干眼症的效果及对泪膜稳定性的影响

目的：观察重组人表皮生长因子(rhEGF)滴眼液治疗白内障术后干眼症的效果及对泪膜稳定性的影响。

方法：回顾性分析114例158眼白内障术后干眼症患者临床资料,根据干眼症治疗方式分为研究组(rhEGF联合玻璃酸钠组)和对照组(玻璃酸钠组)。治疗4wk后评估疗效、干眼症状(干眼问卷),检查BUT、SⅠt、FL,检测患眼泪液IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平。

结果：研究组总有效率大于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗4wk后,两组BUT、SⅠt均较治疗前升高,且研究组高于对照组(P<0.01); 两组干眼问卷评分及FL、患眼泪液IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平均较治疗前降低,且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05)。

结论：加用rhEGF滴眼液治疗白内障术后干眼症可显著改善患者干眼症状、患眼泪膜稳定性、泪液分泌情况及角膜上皮细胞完整性,减轻炎症反应,疗效显著。     

干燥综合征泪液功能和眼表面变化

目的：研究不同发病年龄组及不同病程组的原发干燥综合征(Sjögren's syndrome,SS)眼部表现的差异,以探讨SS患者的泪液功能和角结膜状况及其影响因素。

方法：回顾性分析SS患者80例160眼,根据病程将其分为3组：A组患者病程≤1a,B组患者病程1～2a,C组患者病程>2a,同时根据年龄将其分4个组：A组14～30岁,B组31～45岁,C组46～60岁,D组61～75岁,对比分析各组角膜荧光素染色(cornea fluorescein,CF)、泪膜破裂时间(break-up time,BUT)及Schirmer试验(Schirmer Ⅰ test,SⅠt)检查以及干眼症出现情况。

结果：SS患者干眼症患病率为38%,明显高于普通人群,干眼症患病率随发病年龄的增大(χ²=10.66,P=0.014)及病程的延长(χ²=20.127,P=0.000)而增加。SⅠt随发病年龄的增大(H=2.575,P=0.462)及病程的延长(H=7.356,P=0.025)而减少,BUT随发病年龄的增大(H=11.932,P=0.008)及病程的延长(H=12.969,P=0.002)而缩短,CF随发病年龄的增大(H=14.068,P=0.003)及病程的延长(H=16.060,P=0.000)而加重。

结论：SS患者易继发干眼症。SS患者的眼表改变表现为泪液的质和量的失调,泪膜稳定性下降,泪液分泌量下降,角膜荧光素着色,上述变化与发病年龄和病程成正相关。BUT、SⅠt、CF检查有必要作为SS患者的眼科常规检查。     

斜视术后泪膜变化及干眼症发生情况

目的：探讨斜视手术对泪膜的影响和术后干眼症的发生情况。

方法：选取2018-09/2019-09我院就诊并行手术治疗的共同性斜视患者58例66眼,按手术方式分组,1组(25例33眼)手术方式为单眼一条水平直肌切断; 2组(33例33眼)手术方式为单眼两条水平直肌切断。分别在术前1d,术后3d,1、2、3wk先采用sirius眼前节分析系统进行泪膜检查, 测量非侵入式泪膜破裂时间(NIBUT),再行基础泪液分泌试验(SⅠt)、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)和角膜荧光素检查。根据干眼临床诊疗专家共识分别诊断两组患者干眼症发生率。

结果：手术前后两组患者SⅠt无差异(P>0.05)。术后3d,1、2wk时1组BUT值高于2组(P<0.05),但术后3wk时两组之间BUT无差异(P>0.05); 1组术后2wk时BUT值恢复至术前水平,2组术后3wk时BUT值恢复至术前水平。两组患者手术前后采用sirius眼前节分析系统测量的NIBUT值与传统方法测量的BUT值均无差异(P>0.05)。1组患者术后2、3wk时干眼症发生率最低(24%、18%),2组患者术后3wk时干眼症发生率最低(15%),且术后2wk时,2组患者干眼症发生率明显高于1组(52% vs 24%,P<0.05)。

结论：斜视术后SⅠt无明显变化,手术对泪膜的影响主要体现在BUT方面,累及肌肉条数少者泪膜受影响相对小,恢复快,且随着时间的延长,干眼症发生率逐渐下降。     

rb-bFGF滴眼液与羟糖苷滴眼液对年龄相关性白内障术后泪膜稳定性及干眼症状的影响

目的：探讨重组牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(rb-bFGF)滴眼液与羟糖苷滴眼液对年龄相关性白内障患者术后泪膜稳定性及干眼症状的影响。

方法：以我院2015-01/2016-10收治的年龄相关性白内障术后患者80例80眼为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将患者均分为对照组及试验组各40例40眼,两组分别实施羟糖苷滴眼液及rb-bFGF滴眼液治疗,观察治疗后两组临床疗效、炎症相关因子\〖白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)\〗、泪液分泌试验(S I t)、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)、角膜荧光素钠染色(FL)、眼部干眼症状评分。

结果：治疗后试验组总有效率90.0%,较对照组72.5%显著高,差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.021,P<0.05); 治疗前两组IL-6、TNF-α、S I t、BUT、FL评分、眼部干眼症状评分比较无明显差异(P>0.05); 治疗后两组IL-6、TNF-α、S I t、FL评分、眼部干眼症状评分较治疗前明显降低,BUT明显升高(P<0.05),且治疗后试验组的各项指标变化较对照组明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论：在年龄相关性白内障术后患者治疗中,rb-bFGF滴眼液在调节患者炎症因子表达、改善患者泪膜稳定性及干眼症状方面较羟糖苷滴眼液更具优势。     

2型糖尿病患者不同视网膜病变程度下眼表及角膜病变的临床研究

目的：研究2型糖尿病患者不同视网膜病变程度下眼表及角膜病变情况。

方法：纳入我院眼科就诊的2型糖尿病患者123例246眼,根据视网膜病变程度分为无糖尿病视网膜病变组46例92眼(non-diabetic retinopathy group,NDR)、非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变组(non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, NPDR)50例100眼和增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变组(proliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR)27例54眼。通过干眼问卷和眼表疾病指数量表、角膜荧光素染色(FL)、基础泪液分泌试验(SⅠt)、泪膜破裂时间检测(BUT)及中央角膜厚度测量等临床检查,分析三组不同研究对象眼表不适症状、OSDI评分、FL阳性、SⅠt、角膜内皮细胞密度(CD)、BUT、角膜内皮细胞变异系数(CV)、中央角膜厚度(CCT)的差异。

结果：三组患者一般资料差异无统计学意义。眼痛、眼干涩、流泪、眼疲劳、烧灼感、视力波动等6项眼表不适症状在三组间比较差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05),异物感、眼痒、眼红差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05); ODSI评分分级、FL阳性率、BUT、SⅠt、CD和CCT在三组间差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05); CV在三组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

结论：2型糖尿病患者具有明显的眼表不适症状; 泪膜稳定性下降、泪液分泌量减少、角膜内皮细胞密度下降; 角膜荧光素染色阳性率增加; 糖尿病患者中央角膜厚度增加,且这些变化均与糖尿病视网膜病变程度有关。     

Paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic retinopathy and optic neuropathy: Evaluation and management

Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the visual system are a heterogeneous group of disorders occurring in the setting of systemic malignancy. Timely recognition of one of these entities can facilitate early detection and treatment of an unsuspected, underlying malignancy, sometimes months before it would have otherwise presented, and gives the patient an increased chance at survival. We outline the clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies for the retinal- and optic nerve–based paraneoplastic syndromes: cancer-associated retinopathy; melanoma-associated retinopathy; paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy; bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation; paraneoplastic optic neuropathy; and polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes syndrome. Distinguishing these disorders from their non-paraneoplastic counterparts (e.g., autoimmune-related retinopathy and optic neuropathy, and acute zonal occult outer retinopathy) and determining appropriate systemic evaluation for the responsible tumor can be challenging. In addition, we discuss the utility and interpretation of autoantibody testing.     

Segmentation and accuracy in copying and drawing: Experts and beginners

As part of an ongoing investigation into real-world copying and drawing, I recorded the eye-hand drawing strategies of 16 subjects with drawing experiences ranging from expert to novice while they copied a line drawing of a standing nude. The experts produced accurate copies whereas all the beginners produced marked inaccuracies of overall scaling, proportion and shape. Analysis of eye and hand movements showed that the experts alone segmented the original drawing into simple line sections that were copied one at a time using a direct eye-hand strategy not requiring intermediary encoding to visual memory. The results suggest that segmentation into simple lines defines the task-specific process of accurate copying, and that this process is restricted to experts, i.e. acquired through training and practice. Additional preliminary tests also suggest that a similar process may apply to drawing a model from life.     

Sensitivity to first- and second-order motion and form in children and adults

We compared the sensitivity of adults and children aged 3-10 years to first- and second-order motion and form. For first-order stimuli, at all ages sensitivity was better for motion than form, and motion thresholds were better at 6 Hz than at 1.5 Hz. For second-order stimuli, at all ages sensitivity was better for form than motion, and motion thresholds were better at 0.25 cyc/deg than at 1 cyc/deg. Thresholds became adult-like later for motion than for form and later for first-order than second-order stimuli. For first-order stimuli, the changes with age were larger and more protracted.     

Nodes and nodal points and lines in eyes and other optical systems

The typical stigmatic optical system has two nodal points: an incident nodal point and an emergent nodal point. A ray through the incident nodal point emerges from the system through the emergent nodal point with its direction unchanged. In the presence of astigmatism nodal points are not possible in most cases. Instead there are structures, called nodes in this paper, of which nodal points are special cases. Because of astigmatism most eyes do not have nodal points a fact with obvious implications for concepts, such as the visual axis, which are based on nodal points. In order to gain insight into the issues this paper develops a general theory of nodes which holds for optical systems in general, including eyes, and makes particular allowance for astigmatism and relative decentration of refracting elements in the system. Key concepts are the incident and emergent nodal characteristics of the optical system. They are represented by 2 × 2 matrices whose eigenstructures define the nature and longitudinal position of the nodes. If a system's nodal characteristic is a scalar matrix then the node is a nodal point. Otherwise there are several possibilities: Firstly, a node may take the form of a single nodal line. Second, a node may consist of two separated nodal lines reminiscent of the familiar interval of Sturm although the nodal lines are not necessarily orthogonal. Third, a node may have no obvious nodal line or point. In the second and third of these classes one can define mid-nodal ellipses. Astigmatic systems exist with nodal points and stigmatic systems exist with no nodal points. The nodal centre may serve as an approximation for a nodal point if the node is not a point. Examples in the Appendix , including a model eye, illustrate the several possibilities.     

Ethics and optometry: concepts and applications

Ethics refers both to the study of behaviour, and moral principals. The related concepts of justice and law are also relevant to optometry. A profession typically claims specialist knowledge and ethical behaviour – putting the interests of clients above its own. However, professional codes fail as ethical directives, and their goals are questioned. Beginning with broad principles, institutional ethics and issues of general health care provision are considered, and applications to optometry are made. Ethical theory can guide us in interacting with our patients, utilising resources and ordering priorities. The conservative approach to consumerism and advertising is defended on the basis of protecting public and professional interests. Ethical behaviour can be fostered, and this process should begin in undergraduate education.     

Nutritional antioxidants and age-related cataract and maculopathy

Loss of vision is the second greatest, next to death, fear among the elderly. Age-related cataract (ARC) and maculopathy (ARM) are two major causes of blindness worldwide. There are several important reasons to study relationships between risk for ARC/ARM and nutrition: (1) because it is likely that the same nutritional practices that are associated with prolonged eye function will also be associated with delayed age-related compromises to other organs, and perhaps, aging in general, (2) surgical resources are insufficient to provide economic and safe surgeries for cataract and do not provide a cure for ARM, and (3) there will be considerable financial savings and improvements in quality of life if health rather than old age is extended, particularly given the rapidly growing elderly segment of our population. It is clear that oxidative stress is associated with compromises to the lens and retina. Recent literature indicates that antioxidants may ameliorate the risk for ARC and ARM. Given the association between oxidative damage and age-related eye debilities, it is not surprising that over 70 studies have attempted to relate antioxidant intake to risk for ARC and ARM. This article will review epidemiological literature about ARC and ARM with emphasis on roles for vitamins C and E and carotenoids. Since glycation and glycoxidation are major molecular insults which involve an oxidative stress component, we also review new literature that relates dietary carbohydrate intake to risk for ARC and ARM. To evaluate dietary effects as a whole, several studies have tried to relate dietary patterns to risk for ARC. We will also give some attention to this emerging research. While data from the observational studies generally support a protective role for antioxidants in foods or supplements, results from intervention trials are less encouraging with respect to limiting risk for ARC/ARM prevalence or progress through antioxidant supplementations, or maintaining higher levels of antioxidants either in diet or blood. Without more information it is difficult to parse these results. It would be worthwhile to determine why the various types of studies are not yielding similar results. However, there are many common insults and mechanistic compromises that are associated with aging, and proper nutrition early in life may address some of these compromises and provide for extended youthful function later in life. Indeed, proper nutrition, possibly including use of antioxidant supplements for the nutritionally impoverished, along with healthy life styles may provide the least costly and most practical means to delay ARC and ARM. Further studies should be devoted to identifying the most effective strategy to prevent or delay the development and progress of ARC/ARM. The efforts should include identifying the right nutrient(s), defining useful levels of the nutrient(s), and determining the age when the supplementation should begin.     

Exogenous attention and color perception: performance and appearance of saturation and hue

Exogenous covert attention is an automatic, transient form of attention that can be triggered by sudden changes in the periphery. Here we test for the effects of attention on color perception. We used the methodology developed by Carrasco, Ling, and Read [Carrasco, M., Ling, S., & Read, S. (2004). Attention alters appearance. Nature Neuroscience, 7 (3) 308-313] to explore the effects of exogenous attention on appearance of saturation (Experiment 1) and of hue (Experiment 2). We also tested orientation discrimination performance for single stimuli defined by saturation or hue (Experiment 3). The results indicate that attention increases apparent saturation, but does not change apparent hue, notwithstanding the fact that it improves orientation discrimination for both saturation and hue stimuli.     

血糖和血脂异常代谢与糖尿病性眼肌麻痹患者的关联分析

目的探究糖代谢和脂代谢异常与糖尿病性眼肌麻痹患者的关联性。方法选取2012年2月至2016年2月在首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院神经内科住院的39例糖尿病性眼肌麻痹患者为观察组,40例于本院体检中心进行健康检查的人群为对照组。对比两组研究对象糖代谢(Hb A1c、FPG、2h PBG)及脂代谢(TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C)水平;分析观察组患者脂代谢指标中TG、TC与糖代谢指标Hb A1c的相关性。结果观察组糖代谢的Hb A1c、FPG及2h PBG水平显著高于对照组;观察组脂代谢的TG、TC及LDL-C水平显著高于对照组,指标HDL-C水平低于对照组;观察组血糖血脂的关联性分析得出TG及TC与Hb A1c呈正相关,均处于平行上升趋势。结论糖尿病患者高血糖和血脂代谢异常是引发颅神经病变的因素,导致患者眼肌麻痹并发症的出现,治疗和改善糖尿病患者血糖及血脂代谢异常,可以更好的预防糖尿病患者眼肌麻痹的发生。