HIV感染者/AIDS病人性伴告知影响因素的研究进展

结合国内外相关文献对HIV感染者和AIDS病人性伴告知的现状及影响因素方面进行综述,主要影响因素包括个体因素、环境因素、医疗卫生服务因素,为进一步开展有关艾滋病防治工作提供借鉴和参考。     

A causal model of contraceptive intention and its gender comparison among Taiwanese sexually inexperienced adolescents

Aims and objectives. To test latent constructs of social influences, contraceptive attitude and self‐efficacy for contraception as a causal model of contraceptive intention among adolescents and to search for possible gender differences in the causal model of contraceptive intention. Background. A greater understanding of the causal model of contraceptive intention among sexually inexperienced adolescents will help nurses design contraceptive programmes to improve adolescent contraceptive use when they have sex. Design. This was a cross‐sectional study; 770 boys and 685 girls that self‐reported not being sexually experienced were selected for this study. Methods. An anonymous questionnaire was used to collect data. By structural equation modelling using the eqs 6.1 software, a hypothesized structural model of contraceptive intention was tested. Findings. For both genders, social influences affected contraceptive intention indirectly through the contraceptive attitude and self‐efficacy for contraception. Contraceptive attitude and self‐efficacy for contraception affected contraceptive intention directly. Contraceptive attitude also affected contraceptive intention indirectly through the mediation of self‐efficacy for contraception. There were gender differences in the variances of contraceptive intention explained by contraceptive attitude, self‐efficacy for contraception and social influences. Nevertheless, the data explain only a low proportion of the variability in contraceptive intention. More causal constructs influencing contraceptive intention should be explored in future. Conclusions. Personal factors and social influences operate interdependently to influence contraceptive intention among sexually inexperienced adolescents. Gender is a moderator that can modify the influential level of social influences, contraceptive attitude and self‐efficacy for contraception on contraceptive intention. Relevance to clinical practice. Nurses should operate personal factors and social influences interdependently when they are designing intervention programmes for sexually inexperienced adolescents. To make intervention more effective, nurses also need to provide gender‐specific intervention programmes for sexually inexperienced adolescents.     

Culture-specific factors contributing to HIV risk among Jamaican adolescents.

The purpose of this article is to describe the results from an elicitation research study addressing the multisystem-level factors that contribute to HIV risk among Jamaican adolescents. Focus group and survey data were determined from parents, adolescents, and teachers in Kingston, Jamaica, from 2004 and 2005. Guided by an ecological extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior, focus groups and survey questionnaires identified cultural factors at the individual, family, and societal levels that significantly influence Jamaican adolescents' behavioral, normative, and control beliefs related to sexual behaviors that contribute to risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Although some factors were similar to those reported among adolescents living in the United States, others were culture-specific influences and beliefs that were unique to Jamaica. Results from the current study could contribute to the development of theory-based, culture-specific HIV risk-reduction interventions for use with Jamaican adolescents.     

浙江省三县区居民慢性病相关行为危险因素调查

目的了解浙江省三县区居民慢性病相关危险因素的分布和发生水平,为制定有效的干预策略提供依据。方法采取随机抽样的调查方法进行问卷调查和体格测量。运用SAS8.02统计软件对数据进行分析。结果三县区居民的吸烟率为28.67%,戒烟率为17.31%;三县区居民饮酒率为50.24%;居民1周内,基本不进行中轻度运动的比例为89.89%。高血压患病率为27.25%,高血压的知晓率仅为28.99%,高血压的控制率为6.09%;肥胖患病率5.45%,超重率22.91%。结论慢性病的各种主要的行为危险因素在三县区居民中普遍存在,而且发生水平较高,应引起足够的重视,并采取相应的干预措施。     

Prebirth psychosocial factors as predictors of consistency in contraceptive use among Taiwanese adolescent mothers at 6 months postpartum

OBJECTIVE: To assess contraceptive behavior and whether pre-birth psychosocial factors could predict consistency in contraceptive use among adolescent mothers at six-month postpartum. DESIGN: Prospective study. SAMPLE: 104 Taiwanese adolescent mothers. MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed a contraception questionnaire in their third trimester and a postpartum contraception questionnaire at six-month postpartum. RESULTS: Prior to giving birth, the adolescent mothers most commonly answered that condom use (39.8%) was the contraceptive method they planned to use after delivery. It was also more commonly reported in the postpartum to be the method they actually were using (54.3%). Stepwise logistic regression analysis further showed that a more positive contraceptive attitude (odds ratio=1.104) and a higher self-efficacy (odds ratio=1.068) in contraceptive use in the pre-birth period increased the probability that a participant would report that she always used contraceptives in the postpartum period. Nevertheless, a higher score in the pre-birth period in the area of subjective contraceptive norms (odds ratio=0.978) decreased this probability. The final regression model could correctly classify 81.7% of the participants. CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals should provide adolescent mothers with the information they need to improve their attitude and self-efficacy toward contraception before they enter the postpartum period.     

Cross-cultural factors in disclosure of intimate partner violence: an integrated review

Title.  Cross-cultural factors in disclosure of intimate partner violence: an integrated review.
Aim.  This paper is a report of an integrated review to identify cross-cultural factors that have an impact on women's disclosure of intimate partner violence, specifically related to Mexican-American women.
Background.  Intimate partner violence was once recognized as a private matter. Disclosure is a complex concept; furthermore in our multi-cultural society, a woman's decision whether or not to disclose abuse can be attributed to several factors influenced by her culture.
Data sources.  The World Wide Web and multiple databases including Academic Premier, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsychArticles, PsychInfo, Medline, Eric, MedicLatina, and Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection were searched for studies published between 1996 and 2007.
Methods.  A search was conducted using databases including the CINAHL, PsychINFO, MEDLINE, ERIC and MedicLatina. Both qualitative and quantitative studies published between May 1996 and July 2007 were included. Forty-two studies were included in the review. Appraisal of study quality was not undertaken.
Results.  Fear was the most common cross-cultural factor interfering with disclosure. Most of the literature examines factors influencing and interfering with disclosure of abuse among white and African-American women. Only one study was found to include a sample of Mexican-American women.
Conclusion.  Increased efforts are needed to understand disclosure of intimate partner violence in minority women so that service providers can tailor services and ways to encourage disclosure with appropriate strategies based on women's culture. Further research is needed to understand the lived experiences of minority women, including Mexican-American women living in intimate partner violence.     

Smoking behavior and desire to quit among low-income female caregivers.

The purpose of this study was to examine smoking behavior and the desire to quit among low-income women. Two hundred and eight women caregivers were surveyed about their smoking status, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the home, and desire to quit smoking. Most of the smokers (74%) wanted to quit smoking. With a logistic regression model, the number of years smoked was the only significant predictor variable for the dependent variable of thoughts about quitting when age, years of smoking, number of children, marital status, number of smokers in the home, cigarettes smoked per day, and money spent per week on cigarettes were entered as independent variables. The fewer years smoked the more likely the women wanted to quit.     

脑卒中患者自我管理行为的影响因素分析

目的探讨脑卒中患者自我管理行为的影响因素。方法选取2017年3月至2018年9月我院神经内科收治的确诊为脑卒中的住院患者144例为研究对象,调查不同患者性别、年龄、文化程度、D-二聚体含量、家庭人均月收入、血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、医疗付费方式、日常活动能力的自我管理水平情况,采用多元线性回归分析影响自我管理行为的危险因素。结果多元线性回归分析显示,日常活动能力、D-二聚体含量、血清CRP是影响脑卒中患者自我管理行为的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论脑卒中患者自我管理行为影响因素较多,医护人员应以此为切入点,积极开展健康教育工作,促进早日恢复正常的活动能力、减少并发症发生、降低脑卒中复发率。     

青少年吸烟行为的影响因素与干预模式的研究进展

介绍了青少年吸烟行为的现状、影响因素及青少年吸烟行为的干预模式，认为青少年吸烟行为是多种原因相互作用的结果，其预防和控制也需要学校、家庭、社区的协同作用。     

青少年吸烟行为的影响因素与干预模式的研究进展

介绍了青少年吸烟行为的现状、影响因素及青少年吸烟行为的干预模式,认为青少年吸烟行为是多种原因相互作用的结果,其预防和控制也需要学校、家庭、社区的协同作用。     

Testing a model of contraception use behavior among sexually active female adolescents in Taiwan

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to test a model of contraception use among sexually active Taiwanese female adolescents, using structural equation modeling. Anonymous questionnaires were distributed to 404 female adolescents who had had sexual intercourse in the previous 3 months. A model was produced in which past contraception use, self-efficacy for contraception use, and decisional balance for using contraception had significant direct effects on current contraception use. Social influences had not only significant direct effects on self-efficacy and on decisional balance, but also a significant indirect effect on current contraception use. These findings provide a reference for the development of contraceptive intervention programs for sexually active female adolescents in Taiwan.     

冠心病病人危险因素和自我管理行为的调查与分析

[目的]了解住院冠心病病人危险因素和自我管理行为的现状,分析二者的关系。[方法]采用描述性研究设计,应用冠心病危险因素病人调查表、冠心病自我管理行为量表(CSMS)对北京市某医院心内科病房100例冠心病病人进行问卷调查。[结果]住院冠心病病人自我管理行为总体情况较差;ANOVA单因素方差分析显示,随着冠心病危险因素数目的增多,自我管理行为总分下降(P0.05)。[结论]要加强住院冠心病病人自我管理行为的健康教育,可根据危险因素的数目制定个性化的健康教育策略,达到有效控制冠心病危险因素,延缓病情进展,提高病人生活质量的目的。