强直性脊柱炎伴颈椎硬膜外血肿的诊治

目的总结强直性脊柱炎伴颈椎硬膜外血肿的特点和诊治方法。方法 1994年1月-2009年2月,收治4例外力作用后发生颈椎硬膜外血肿的强直性脊柱炎男性患者。年龄56～67岁,平均62.8岁。出现症状至入院时间为8 h～5 d,平均46 h。Frankel分级:B级2例,C级2例。MRI检查示硬膜外血肿位于C3～T2。1例行颈椎后路手术;2例并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭及1例并发高血压、劳力型心绞痛者,行保守治疗。结果手术治疗患者术后切口Ⅰ期愈合,获随访14个月,感觉平面由C6下降至C8,双上肢肌力较术前增加1级,双下肢肌力较术前无改善;Frankel分级为B级。保守治疗患者中,1例并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭者死亡;其余2例患者分别获随访12、18个月,感觉平面、双上下肢肌力及Frankel分级与治疗前比较均无改善。结论颈椎硬膜外血肿是强直性脊柱炎的少见并发症,多由轻微过伸伤引起,常迟发性出现临床症状,MRI是首选诊断方法,预后较差。     

自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿的影像学及临床特征

目的分析自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿(SSEH)的影像学特征及临床治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2008年6月—2018年9月泰州市人民医院脊柱外科收治的SSEH患者临床资料,分析其影像学表现。采用硬膜外脊髓压迫(ESCC)分级评估硬膜外占位对硬膜囊及脊髓的压迫程度,美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)分级评估神经功能,疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分评估疼痛情况。结果本研究共纳入12例患者,年龄25 ～ 74岁,中位年龄64.5岁。MRI显示SSEH大多呈梭形、椭圆形,且多位于脊髓侧后方或后方的硬膜外腔。血肿最多发于颈段(4例)或颈胸段(4例)。血肿累及1 ～ 4个节段,平均2.6个节段。T1WI MRI上7例表现为等信号,4例表现为高信号,1例表现为低信号;T2WI MRI上10例表现为高/混杂信号,2例表现为低信号。血肿压迫脊髓程度(ESCC分级)与患者神经功能损伤程度(AISA分级)密切相关(r=0.85,P 0.01)。7例患者行手术治疗,其中5例术后神经功能有所恢复,2例术前ASIA分级为A级的患者末次随访时仍为A级;5例采用非手术治疗,治疗后神经功能均有所恢复,VAS评分下降。结论 MRI是诊断SSEH的最佳检查方法。根据患者神经功能损伤及进展情形,可选择非手术治疗或尽早手术治疗。     

分期后前路联合手术治疗老年颈胸段长节段脊柱结核

目的 探讨分期后路固定前路病灶清除植骨融合治疗老年颈胸段长节段脊柱结核手术的安全性及临床疗效.方法 对自2006-12-2011-06诊治的老年颈胸段脊柱结核8例均行分期后前路联合手术,术后继续抗结核治疗12～18个月.结果 术后伤口均一期愈合,无结核复发.所有患者获得随访18～64个月,平均39个月.术后3个月内ESR均降至正常.末次随访时神经功能Frankel分级:C级1例,D级2例,E级5例.结论 对于老年长节段颈胸段结核采用分期后前路手术具有彻底清除病灶、矫正畸形、360°植骨、重建稳定等优点,是一种安全有效的治疗方法.     

改良前方入路手术治疗颈胸段椎体病变

目的探讨改良前方入路治疗颈胸段椎体病变的手术方法。方法2000年9月-2005年1月,对23例C7-T3椎体病变患者均采用标准颈椎右前方入路联合胸骨柄正中劈开显露病变椎体,行病椎次全切除、植骨融合、内固定术。其中男15例,女8例;年龄24-62岁。颈胸段骨折3例,骨折合并脱位7例,结核6例,肿瘤7例;病变部位C6-T1、C6-T2节段各2例;C7-T1、T3节段各3例;T1节段8例;T2节段5例;病程3d-2年。术前Frankel分级A级2例,B级4例,C级7例,D级4例,E级6例。术后佩戴头颈胸支具3-6个月。结果术后23例均获随访10-42个月,全部患者椎间植骨3-6个月均获骨性愈合,无内固定失败,脊柱稳定性好。术后Frankel分级A级1例,B级0例,C级2例,D级10例,E级10例。Frankel分级平均提高1.3级。术后10个月1例肺癌全身转移死亡。余6例肿瘤患者随访时仍生存。结论采用改良前方入路暴露颈胸段病灶充分、安全,适用于颈胸段椎体病变的手术治疗。     

全脊柱截骨联合前方钛网支撑治疗100°以上胸腰段角状后凸畸形

[目的]探讨全脊柱截骨矫形联合应用前方钛网支撑治疗100°度以上胸腰段角状后凸畸形的治疗效果及临床应用价值.[方法] 2008年3月～2011年3月采用经后凸顶椎全脊柱截骨矫形内固定、前方钛网植骨支撑治疗18例重度胸腰段角状后凸患者,男13例,女5例;年龄16 ～34岁,平均22.4岁.术前后凸Cobb角平均为122°(102°～ 175°),其中先天性脊柱后凸8例,陈旧结核性脊柱后凸6例,陈旧创伤性后凸2例,神经纤维瘤病性后凸2例.术前Frankel分级C级2例,D级3例,E级13例,均有不同程度的腰背疼痛.截骨部位均位于胸腰段后凸顶点.[结果]平均手术时间4.5 h(3.5 ～5.5 h),术中平均出血量2020ml(1 200～4500ml),术后后凸Cobb角平均28°(5°～51°),平均矫正率77％.术后平均随访23个月(11 ～33个月),末次随访Cobb角平均33°,平均丢失4°,X线显示截骨部位骨性融合.术中2例出现脑脊液漏,1例血压(—)过性下降.3例术后出现双下肢不全瘫痪,其中1例因截骨近端固定不稳再次翻修手术后恢复,2例保守治疗后恢复.末次随访时Frankel分级D级2例,E级16例.[结论]全脊柱截骨术联合应用前方钛网支撑治疗100°度以上胸腰段角状后凸畸形矫形效果良好,可避免脊柱过度短缩造成脊髓折皱,提高了手术安全性,但因畸形严重仍存在神经并发症风险.     

自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿5例的诊疗体会

[目的]探讨自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿的临床表现及诊治过程。[方法]回顾性调查2014年9月～2017年4月共5例诊断为自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿在本院脊柱骨科住院治疗的患者。记录患者的流行病学资料、临床特征、实验室检查、影像学表现及治疗方法,评价治疗效果与预后。[结果] 5例患者中男性2例,女性3例,平均年龄(69.82±10.74)岁,自发性血肿发生的部位:颈段1例,胸段以及胸腰段4例。ASIA分级:3例A级,1例C级,1例D级。按血肿MRI分期:超急性期1例,亚急性早期1例,亚急性晚期3例。3例行椎板减压血肿清除术,2例行保守治疗。所有患者经至少1年以上随访。末次随访时ASIA评分:A级1例,B级1例,E级3例。[结论]自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿应及早做出诊断和治疗,防止延误治疗的最佳时机。     

低位颈前入路减压植骨融合内固定治疗颈胸段脊柱脊髓损伤

目的 探讨低位颈前入路减压植骨融合内固定治疗颈胸段脊柱脊髓损伤的可行性及疗效.方法 2006年12月至2009年7月采用低位颈前入路减压植骨融合内固定治疗23例颈胸段脊柱脊髓损伤患者,男18例,女5例;年龄21～55岁,平均36.5岁;损伤部位与类型:C7椎体爆裂性骨折12例,C7/T1骨折脱位9例,T1爆裂性骨折2例.脊髓损伤按Frankel分级:A级9例,B级5例,C级6例,D级3例.结果 患者术中出血量为300 ～ 900 mL,平均500 mL,手术时间为70～ 120 min,平均85 min.23例患者术后获12 ～24个月(平均18个月)随访,术后减压充分,脊髓神经功能除9例A级患者无明显改善外,其余均获得1～2级的提高,植骨均获融合,时间为6～12个月,平均8.5个月.无螺钉松动、脱落及钢板断裂等并发症发生,其中1例患者术后X线片检查提示钛网放置位置欠佳,经随访未见移位,于术后6个月植骨融合. 结论 低位颈前入路减压植骨融合内固定治疗颈胸段脊柱脊髓损伤是可行的,可达到充分的减压,即刻重建和稳定颈胸段脊柱序列,是治疗颈胸段脊柱脊髓损伤的有效方法之一.     

胸腰段严重爆裂性骨折和陈旧性骨折后凸畸形的改良手术治疗

目的评价治疗胸腰段严重爆裂性骨折和陈旧性骨折后凸畸形的两种改良的手术方式。方法第1组,新鲜胸腰段严重爆裂性骨折12例,行单纯后路伤椎全椎切除,360°稳定性重建治疗。第2组,胸腰段陈旧性骨折后凸局部畸形8例,行单纯后路经椎弓根截骨矫正。全部病例均经过1年以上随访,比较术前、术后X线片,测量胸腰段Cobb角的变化,对脊髓损伤的患者采用Frankel分级评分。结果经12~24个月随访,第1组、第2组Cobb角分别由术前平均38.6°、28.8°恢复为术后平均5.5°、8.6°。第1组中全部病例存在脊髓损伤,患者Frankel分级平均提高1.5级。第2组术后Frankel分级平均提高1级。无椎弓根钉松动、断裂发生。结论针对胸腰段严重爆裂性骨折和陈旧性骨折后凸畸形的两种改良的手术治疗方式为临床医师提供了新的思路。     

强直性脊柱炎下颈椎骨折的临床回顾性分析

目的:探讨强直性脊柱炎下颈椎骨折的手术方式和疗效。方法:自2003年1月至2011年10月,对采用手术治疗(7例)和保守治疗(1例)的强直性脊柱炎下颈椎骨折患者进行回顾性分析,8例均为男性,年龄27～49岁,平均41岁。所有骨折经CT、MRI证实,其中6例骨折伴脊髓损伤症状。1例采用头颈胸支具保守治疗,其余7例手术治疗,手术方式包括单纯前路(5例)、单纯后路(1例)和联合前后路(1例);术后随访根据CT等影像学检查骨折融合情况,并根据Frankel分级的改变来评估脊髓损伤是否改善。结果:8例患者均获随访,时间4～38个月,平均18个月。7例患者获得骨性融合,无脊髓损伤患者(3例)术后随访仍无脊髓神经损伤,脊髓损伤患者(5例)术后随访各获得不同程度恢复。7例患者Frankel分级平均改善1级,1例患者骨折延迟愈合(随访中)。结论:强直性脊柱炎下颈椎骨折是一种相对特殊性的损伤,容易发生骨折移位损伤颈髓,应尽早采用手术治疗,手术方式则根据具体情况综合选择。     

前方入路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗颈胸段结核

目的:探讨前方入路结核病灶清除、自体或同种异体髂骨移植、钢板内固定治疗颈胸段结核的效果。方法:2000年6月至2010年12月,采用标准右前方入路联合胸骨柄正中劈开显露病变椎体,行病灶清除、植骨融合和内固定术治疗颈胸段结核患者20例,男17例,女3例;年龄25～46岁,平均38岁;病史3个月～2年,平均12个月。患者慢性发病,颈部持续性疼痛、僵硬、畸形,同时伴有低热、盗汗、消瘦等全身症状。术前X线片、CT、MRI检查提示病变部位:C7-T110例,T16例,T1-T33例,T2-T31例。颈胸段后凸Cobb角25°～60°,平均35°。术前Frankel分级:A级2例,B级4例,C级7例,D级2例,E级5例。术后定期复查X线片了解Cobb角变化和椎间植骨融合情况,采用NDI(颈椎残障功能量表)和Frankel分级评定术后临床症状和脊髓功能恢复情况。结果:术中无大血管、脊髓或喉返神经损伤,20例患者均获随访,时间16～39个月,平均25个月。所有患者结核症状消失,无复发、切口感染、窦道形成或内固定失败等并发症,复查血沉结果正常。术后3～6个月复查X线片提示椎间植骨均获骨性愈合,内固定位置正常。末次随访Cobb角10°～16°,平均12°。NDI评分从术前的(48.2±2.9)分降低至终末随访的(22.5±3.1)分。除2例术前脊髓功能A级末次随访未见恢复外,其余患者脊髓功能Frankel分级平均提高1.5级,其中A级2例,B级1例,C级1例,D级3例,E级13例。结论:经前方入路显露颈胸段结核病灶安全可靠,椎管减压效果显著,病灶清除后行自体或同种异体髂骨植骨,钢板内固定可有效重建颈胸段脊柱的稳定性。     

Clinical feature and surgical treatment of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma

We presented 10 patients of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) who were surgically treated between July 1996 and June 2003. One male and 9 female patients whose ages ranged from 16 to 75 years (mean age is 60) enrolled in this study. All cases initially presented with severe back and radicular pain followed by sensory and motor dysfunction. Sphincter dysfunction was observed in 8 patients. Although three cases were initially suspected as cardiovascular diseases and two as cerebral stroke, all cases were successfully diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging studies. The hematoma was located at the dorsal cervical levels in 3 cases, the dorsal cervicothoracic in 1, the dorsal thoracic in 4, the ventral thoracic in 1, and the ventral lumbosacral in 1. After surgical evacuation of the hematoma, neurological dysfunctions improved in all patients. In particular, surgical decompression was performed within 36 hours after onset in 5 cases suffering severe neurological dysfunction according to the Frankel Grading System. To obtain good prognosis for patients with SSEH, early diagnosis and immediate treatment are important.     

自发性硬脊膜外血肿的临床特点及预后影响因素分析

目的探讨自发性硬脊膜外血肿（spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma,SSEH）的临床特点以及预后影响因素。方法1998年9月-2006年10月,收治SSEH患者23例。男10例,女13例;年龄10-69岁。神经功能障碍按ASIA分级：A级7例,B级2例,C级4例,D级9例,E级1例。发病至出现明显神经功能障碍时间：〈12h12例,12-24h2例,24-48h3例,〉48h6例。均经MRI检查或病理学检查确诊。17例采用手术治疗,6例采用以甲基强的松龙（80-100mg/d）为主的非手术治疗。回顾患者病史、实验室检查、放射学诊断、病理学检查结果及治疗方法,分析以上因素对患者预后的影响。结果23例随访3个月,恶化1例,无进展8例,改善9例,痊愈5例。性别对预后影响无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;病程进展越快,血肿所覆盖的脊髓节段越多,患者的预后越差（P〈0.05）;神经损害越轻,预后越好（P〈0.01）。手术治疗17例中,预后评分为1分1例,2分5例,3分6例,4分5例;手术前时间与预后的相关系数为0.056（P〉0.05）。非手术治疗6例中,预后评分2分及3分各3例。结论SSEH是一种罕见疾病,其预后受患者神经功能状态、病程进展时间、脊髓是否合并水肿及硬膜外血肿体积等因素影响。此病以手术治疗为主,且宜早期进行,防止脊髓功能进一步恶化。非手术治疗只适用于脊髓功能在早期恢复的患者。     

Non-operative treatment of spontaneous spinal epidural hematomas: a review of the literature and a comparison with operative cases

Summary Objective. To identify factors that favour spontaneous recovery in patients who suffered a spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH).Methods. The literature was reviewed reguarding non-operative cases of SSEH (SSEH^cons). Sixty-two cases from the literature and 2 of our own cases were collected, focusing on sex, age, medical history, position of the hematoma, segmental distribution and length of the hematoma, diagnostic imaging, neurological condition and outcome. Those data were analysed and compared with the data from a literature review of 474 cases operated on because of a SSEH (SSEH^oper).Results. The mean length of the hematoma was significantly higher in SSEH^cons, compared to SSEH^oper (5.4 versus 4.2 vertebral segments; [standard error of the difference (SED) is 0.38 vertebral segments; 95% confidence limits for the difference are 0.45 to 1.95]). Also after exclusion of patients with coagulopathy, mean length of the hematoma was significantly higher in SSEH^cons (4.7 versus 3.9 vertebral segments [SED is 0.39 vertebral segment; 95% confidence limits for the difference are 0.04 to 1.56]). Neurological signs and symptoms in SSEH^cons were significantly less severe (P<0.005) and diagnosis was based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the majority of cases (P<0.0005), when compared to SSEH^oper. All other patient characteristics showed no correlation with spontaneous recovery.Conclusion. The recent increase of publications of SSEH^cons has to be explained by the introduction of MRI in daily medical practice. As a result, more patients with a mild or benign clinical course are being diagnosed. In earlier times those patients would have escaped medical attention. The mean length of the hematoma in SSEH^cons appears to be significantly higher compared to SSEH^oper. This suggests that spontaneous regression of neurological symptoms may result from decompression of the neural structures by spreading of the (liquid) hematoma along the spinal epidural space in the early stages after haemorrhage. Based on the present review, there appear to be no factors which promote conservative treatment in SSEH. In the majority of cases with SSEH, the mainstay of treatment will remain surgical decompression of the neural structures and removal of the hematoma. The decision for conservative treatment has to be based on the severity of the neurological deficit and on the clinical course. Retrospectively, the length of the hematoma seems to give a clue to the spontaneous recovery which occurs in some cases of SSEH. Nevertheless, hematoma-length can not be used as a guide to treatment.     

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: analysis of 23 cases

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a rare but disabling disease. To explore its characters and find out what factors influence the prognosis, we gave a retrospective analysis of 23 patients in our department in the past 8 years. METHODS: Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma was diagnosed by taking MRIs of patients without surgical management or by histopathological examination. We registered patient's case history, laboratory examination, radiological image, treatment, pathological result, and prognosis after 3 months and gave them nonparameter analysis. RESULTS: Primary neurological status and progressive intervals have correlation with prognosis (P< .01), and the latter less than 12 hours predict worse prognosis (P= .032). Spinal edema in MRI predicts pessimistic prognosis (P= .013). Long hematoma predicts worse prognosis (P= .02). Preoperative interval, emphasized by other authors, has no statistical correlation with prognosis in this study (P= .832). Finally, patients with a single hematoma or hematoma mingled with other spinal disturbance have the same prognosis (P= .065). CONCLUSIONS: The primary neurological status, progressive interval, spinal edema, and size of hematoma will influence the prognosis of the patient with SSEH. The major treatment is surgical intervention, and it should be operated as soon as possible to avoid the aggravation of neurological status. Conservative treatment is not considered unless patient's neurological deficiency has relieved in the early period.     

Four cases of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is a rare clinical entity. Although approximately 500 cases have been reported, controversy exists concerning timing of the treatment and the validity of decompression surgery. We recently encountered four cases of SSEH. Evacuation of the hematoma was carried out in two patients with severe or persistent neurological deficits. Other two patients were treated conservatively because of the rapid resolution of the symptoms. All four patients improved after the treatment; three patients fully recovered and one patient required rehabilitation for moderate quadriparesis. Many previous reports recommended decompression surgery within 48 hours after the onset, however, one patient in our series fully recovered after surgery 4 days after the onset. We reviewed 183 operative cases of SSEH with incomplete neurological deficits in the literature and found that 93% of the patients who underwent surgery more than 48 hours after symptom onset showed good neurological recovery. Conservative treatment should be undertaken for rapidly improving patients, but surgical intervention should be considered in symptomatic patients regardless of the time from the onset.     

自发性硬脊膜外血肿的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨自发性硬脊膜外血肿的出血原因、临床表现、MRI特征、治疗及预后相关因素。方法 结合相关文献,回顾性分析6例自发性硬脊膜外血肿（SSEH）的发病机制、临床特征、术前神经功能状态及发病到手术的时间间隔与预后因素。结果 SSEH好发于年轻患者,多急性起病。MRI显示椎管后方或后外方半月形占位影。患者预后与术前神经功能状态及发病到手术的时间间隔密切相关,与年龄、血肿部位、血肿大小无关。患者术前的神经功能状态越好预后越佳,发病到手术的时间间隔越短预后越好。结论 MRI检查是诊断本病最佳方法。及时的脊髓减压手术是改善预后的关键。     

Spontaneous epidural hematoma of thoracic spine presenting as Brown-Séquard syndrome: report of a case with review of the literature

Background

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is an uncommon clinical entity. It produces a severe neurological deficit and prompt decompression is usually the first choice of treatment. Brown-Séquard syndrome is commonly seen in the setting of spinal trauma or an extramedullary spinal neoplasm, but rarely caused by SSEH.

Methods

Case report and literature review.

Findings

A previously healthy man presented with Brown-Séquard syndrome below T5–T6 cord segment secondary to spontaneous epidural hematoma. He opted for conservative treatment, which was followed by rapid resolution.

Conclusions

Although Brown-Séquard syndrome as a presenting feature of SSEH is rare, it does exist in exceptional case, which should be taken into consideration for differential diagnosis. Prompt surgical decompression is an absolute surgical indication widely accepted for patient with progressive neurological deficit. However, SSEH presenting with incomplete neurological insult such as Brown-Séquard syndrome might have a benign course. Successful non-operative management of this problem does not make it a standard of care, and surgical decompression remains the standard treatment for SSEH.     

Surgical management of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is a rare disease entity; its causative factors and the factors determining the outcome are still controversial. We reviewed our clinical experiences and analyzed the various factors related to the outcome for SSEH. We investigated 14 patients (11 men and 3 women) who underwent hematoma removal for SSEH from April 1998 to August 2004. We reviewed age, gender, hypertension, anticoagulant use and the preoperative neurological status using the Japanese Orthopaedics Association score by examining medical records, operative records, pathology reports, and radiographies, retrospectively. We were checking for factors such as the degree of cord compression owing to hematoma and the extent and location of the hematoma. Most patients included in the study were in their twenties or fifties. Four hematoma were located in the cervical region (29%), three were cervicothoracic (21%), four were thoracic (29%) and three were in the lumbar (21%) region and also 12 were located at the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord. In all cases, the neurological outcome improved after the surgical operation. There was a statistically significant difference between the incomplete and complete neurological injury for the preoperative status (P<0.05). The neurological outcome was good in those cases that had their hematoma removed within 24 h (P<0.05). The patients with incomplete neurological injury who had a surgical operation performed within 12 h had an excellent surgical outcome (P<0.01). Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma was favorably treated by the means of a surgical operation. The favorable factors for SSEH operations were incomplete neurological injury at the time of the preoperative status and the short operative time interval.     

Spinal cord infarction after decompressive laminectomy for spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma--case report

A 68-year-old woman presented to the emergency department for evaluation of bilateral leg weakness. On admission, she had paraparesis with incomplete sensory deficit. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the thoracolumbar spine revealed spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) compressing the spinal cord. The patient was taken to the operating room for urgent surgical decompression and evacuation of the SSEH. After the surgery, she woke up with complete paraplegia. Postoperative MR imaging showed the spinal cord was edematous, with minimal remnant hematoma. MR imaging after 1 month clearly showed anterior spinal artery thrombosis. No significant neurological improvement occurred during the 3-month follow up. Surgeons should consider the possibility of this devastating complication before aggressive and early surgical intervention in a patient with SSEH causing cord compression and neurological deficit.