Subacute left main coronary stenosis following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Subacute left main coronary stenosis following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is an uncommon but recognized complication of the procedure. This report describes a case of left main coronary stenosis, which occurred 6 months following PTCA of an angulated, eccentric, proximal (adjacent to the left main stem) left anterior descending artery stenosis. Angiographically demonstrated morphology of complicated coronary stenosis adjacent to the left main coronary artery may represent a risk factor threatening major complications of PTCA. Detailed evaluation of angiographic coronary anatomy may improve patient selection and reduce the likelihood of such complications.     

老年急性冠脉综合征患者药物洗脱支架内亚急性血栓原因分析

目的分析老年急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者在经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗后药物洗脱支架内发生亚急性血栓的原因。方法本研究所自2004年1月至2008年1月在行PCI治疗的464例老年ACs患者,记录发生亚急性血栓形成患者的一般情况、冠脉病变特点、PCI治疗情况及抗血小板药物治疗情况,分析其发生亚急性血栓形成的原因。结果在连续464例接受药物洗脱支架治疗的老年ACS患者中,有3例患者（0．65％）在PCI治疗后1周内发生了经冠脉造影证实的支架内亚急性血栓。分析其主要相关因素有：靶病变钙化、病变复杂、多支架植入、无高压后扩张、无血管内超声或光学相干断层成像指导,这些因素的共同特征是都可以导致支架贴壁不良。3例患者中有2例在急诊PCI时死亡,1例经急诊PCI治疗后康复出院。结论老年ACS患者行PCI治疗后发生亚急性血栓的原因可能主要与术中支架的贴壁不良密切相关。     

Subacute stent thrombosis happening at discharge

We present the two cases of men who were admitted to our hospital with effort angina and three vessels lesions. The symptoms were alleviated after three sirolimus-eluting stents implantation. But on the scheduled discharge day when the patients were on therapy of clopidogrel, in combination with aspirin or anticogulation, subacute stent thrombosis (SST) happened and led to patients' death.     

直接冠状动脉介入治疗支架内血栓形成的发生率、危险因素及预后

目的分析过去5年期间常规开展ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI)直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)支架内血栓形成的发生率、危险因素以及对预后的影响.方法 1999年3月至2004年2月5年期间常规对311例STEMI患者经股动脉或桡动脉施行直接PCI.男250例,女61例,平均年龄60.4岁(26～85岁).围手术期采用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷或噻氯匹定、肝素进行标准的三联抗血小板/抗凝治疗.对全部患者随访两个月以上.结果直接PCI手术操作成功率99%(308/311).8例发生9例次支架内急性/亚急性或后期血栓形成,发生率为2.6%(8/308).其中急性血栓形成5例,亚急性或后期血栓形成3例.这8例患者均有血栓形成的多个高危因素.8例中住院死亡3例,其余5例有明显的左心室收缩功能障碍.结论 STEMI直接PCI后的血栓形成发生率较高,小直径的长支架和缺乏有效的抗血小板治疗可能是血栓形成的主要危险因素,血栓形成患者的死亡率高,临床长期预后差.     

西罗莫司洗脱支架置入术后血栓发生率及相关因素分析

目的观察西罗莫司洗脱支架冠状动脉内置人术后,支架血栓发生率及临床相关因素。方法2006年4月至2007年8月间,156例患者于首都医科大学大兴医院置入西罗莫司洗脱支架（Cypher select和Firebird支架）,84例患者随防1年,72例患者随访半年,明确支架血栓发生情况;分析支架血栓的相关因素及转归。结果早期支架血栓3例（1．92％）,晚期支架血栓1例（0．64％）。4例支架血栓患者多支病变（〉2支）2例,分叉病变2例,弥漫长病变2例。共置入支架6枚,平均1．5枚／人,平均支架直径（2．88±0．38）mm,平均长度（25．5±6．12）mm,支架释放压力（13．33±1．03）atm,一枚支架置入后行后扩张,术后TIMI血流均为3级。1例术后3d出现介入血管急性ST段抬高心肌梗死,爱通立溶栓后再通并出现休克,置入主动脉气囊反搏治疗5d,现病情平稳;2例分别于术后6d及15d猝死;1例于术后81d猝死。结论156例西罗莫司洗脱支架置入后,早期支架血栓3例,晚期支架血栓1例;表现为急性心肌梗死或猝死;多数患者为急性冠状动脉综合征,多支病变、分叉病变、弥漫长病变,因无血管内超声指导可能遗留残余夹层或支架贴壁不全;发生支架血栓患者预后差,死亡率高。     

冠状动脉支架置入术后亚急性血栓形成3例

我科1999年1月~2005年7月共对502例冠心病患者实施支架置入术(PCI),559处病变共置入支架547枚,其中普通金属裸支架405枚,药物洗脱支架(DES)142枚,发生亚急性血栓形成3例,1例为金属裸支架,2例为DES;均为经股动脉行冠状动脉造影(CAG),并按厂家所示支架扩张压行PCI。急诊术前口服氯吡格雷300mg和嚼服阿司匹林300mg,择期手术前至少72h口服氯吡格雷75mg和阿司匹林100mg,qd。术后按常规口服氯吡格雷和阿司匹林,并皮下注射低分子肝素(4100U,bid)7d。现报道如下。例1,男,43岁,因急性下壁心肌梗死6h入我院行急诊PCI。患者肥胖,体质指数33·5,…     

Subacute coronary stent thrombosis in a patient developing clopidogrel associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Clopidogrel, in combination with aspirin, is commonly used for the prevention of thrombosis in patients who have received coronary artery stents. As a rare but critical complication, clopidogrel associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) has previously been described. A 78 year old man presented with unstable angina and filiform subtotal stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. He was treated with balloon angioplasty and stent implantation. After four days the patient again had angina caused by stent thrombosis, which was treated with balloon angioplasty. During hospital stay the typical course of clopidogrel associated TTP was observed with thrombocytopenia and petechial purpura occurring 14 days after drug initiation and prompt response to therapeutic plasma exchanges. These findings strongly suggest that clopidogrel may have increased platelet activation and aggregation in this immunologically susceptible patient, ultimately leading to a stent thrombosis.     

Simultaneous late stent thrombosis in two coronary arteries following drug-eluting stent implantation

Late stent thrombosis has emerged as an infrequent but serious complication of drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. Premature cessation of dual antiplatelet therapy is the most common risk factor for its occurrence. In the era of multivessel stenting with DES, there is a potential for multivessel late stent thrombosis following cessation of dual antiplatelet therapy. We present a rare case of a patient who sustained simultaneous late stent thromboses in DESs implanted in two coronary arteries as a result of premature cessation of dual antiplatelet therapy.     

Elastic recoil following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and Palmaz-Schatz stent implantation

The post-procedural elastic recoil in 133 lesions treated with the Palmaz-Schatz stent was compared to 133 matched lesions treated with balloon angioplasty to determine the role of prevention of elastic recoil in the creation of a larger initial luminal diameter. Elastic recoil was defined as the difference between the maximal diameter of the inflated balloon and the minimal luminal diameter of the dilated segment immediately after the procedure and was evaluated by quantitative coronary angiography. Overdilatation was defined as a dilatation induced by a balloon with a maximal diameter larger than the pre-procedure reference diameter. The percent diameter stenosis was reduced from 73% to 31% in the balloon angioplasty group and from 72% to -4% in the stent group (31% vs. -4%, p < 0.01). Elastic recoil was significantly larger in the balloon angioplasty group than in the stent group (0.94 +/- 0.29 mm vs. 0.09 +/- 0.09 mm, p < 0.01). Overdilatation and lesion morphology had no significant effects on elastic recoil in the stent group. In the balloon angioplasty group, overdilatation, noncalcified lesions and eccentric lesions were associated with increased elastic recoil. These results indicated that the larger post-procedural luminal diameter associated with the Palmaz-Schatz stent was primarily the result of prevention of elastic recoil, which was not influenced by the degree of overdilatation or lesion morphology.     

G protein beta3 subunit polymorphism and risk of thrombosis and restenosis following coronary stent placement

C825T polymorphism in the G protein beta3 subunit gene (GNB3) has been associated with arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. On the cellular level, C825T polymorphism is associated with altered transmembrane signaling via adenylyl cyclase inhibiting (G(i)) G proteins. This study was designed to test whether C825T polymorphism has an impact on the processes leading to restenosis and thrombosis following coronary stenting. The primary endpoint of the study was angiographic restenosis (> or =50% diameter stenosis) at 6-month follow-up. Secondary endpoint was angiographically proven stent thrombosis within 30 days of implantation. In the 562 consecutive patients C825T genotype was CC, 46.1%, CT, 45.2% and TT, 8.7%. The incidence of angiographic restenosis was 32.7% in homozygous carriers of the C allele, 28.2% in CT patients and 33.3% in homozygous carriers of the T allele (P = 0.563). C825T genotype distribution in 34 consecutive patients with subacute stent thrombosis (44.0% CC, 50.0% CT, and 6.0% TT) was not different from that of 451 patients with angiographically patent stented vessel (45.4% CC, 44.6% CT, 10.0% TT; P = 0.644). In conclusion, C825T polymorphism has no appreciable impact on the mechanisms leading to thrombosis and restenosis following coronary stent placement.     

Decreasing incidence of stent thrombosis

Stent thrombosis (ST) remains a major pitfall of stent implantation in contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) leading to high rates of death and non-fatal myocardial infarction. Many predictors of ST have been reported worldwide but the strongest have to be highlighted regarding the catastrophic prognosis of such an event. Because platelet aggregation has a pivotal role in ST pathogenesis, the new antiplatelet regimens combining aspirin and P2Y12 receptor inhibitors have led to a remarkable decrease in the ST incidence, especially in the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In this article, our purpose is to review the evolution of ST incidence since first stent use in PCI. We will also overview the main predictors of ST focusing on ACS and clopidogrel low response.     

金属裸支架内迟发晚期血栓介入治疗后再发支架内血栓一例

患者男,63岁.2000年2月1日因胸闷胸痛5 h至我院急诊,心电图示V1～V3呈rS型伴sT段抬高0.2 mV,拟诊"急性前壁心肌梗死"行急诊冠状动脉造影,术中见前降支近段完全闭塞,2.5 mm×20.0 mm球囊607.95 kPa(6个大气压)扩张20 s后置入3.5 mm×15.0 mm金属裸支架,1013.25 kPa(10个大气压)扩张15 s,复查造影完全覆盖病变,无残余狭窄,远段血流TIMI 3级;术中曾发生含碘造影剂过敏反应,静脉推注地塞米松后症状消失.     

Subacute stent thrombosis associated with a heparin-coated stent and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Subacute stent thrombosis occurred in a patient 34 days after receiving a heparin-coated (HC) stent. The patient developed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and diffuse thrombosis after the stent was placed. This raises the concern that patients who develop heparin-associated antibodies in the context of a recently placed HC stent may have an increased risk for subacute stent thrombosis.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动的发生率及其危险因素分析

目的调查冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后心房颤动(AF)的发生率并分析其危险因素。方法回顾性分析312例行CABG的病例资料,根据术后住院期间(1～3周内)有无AF发生将其分为AF组与非AF组,比较两组临床资料,进行统计学分析,筛选CABG术后AF的独立危险因素。结果103例于CABG术后发生AF,其发生率为33.01%。单因素分析显示AF组高龄(≥70岁)、术后早期停用β受体阻滞剂、高血压、左房内径增大(≥40mm)、AF病史、术前P波时限≥120ms以及血管桥数目≥3支的患者比例明显高于非AF组(P<0.05)。多因素回归分析显示高龄(≥70岁)、术后早期停用β受体阻滞剂、高血压、左房内径增大(≥40mm)以及AF病史与CABG术后AF有高度相关性。结论CABG术后AF的发生率为33.01%。高龄、术后早期停用β受体阻滞剂、高血压、左房内径增大和AF病史是CABG术后AF的独立危险因素。     

Recurrent coronary stent thrombosis

A 63-year-old woman with an acute anterior myocardial infarction was treated with primary stent implantation. The absence of coronary artery stenosis and an haematocrit of 58 were indicative of a myeloproliferative disorder and the diagnosis of polycythaemia vera (Vaquez' disease) was confirmed by bone marrow aspiration. The patient had a re-infarction 8 days later. A rescue percutaneous angioplasty was performed for stent thrombosis after unsuccessful thrombolysis. A few hours after sheath removal, a femoral artery thrombosis at the puncture side needed urgent thrombectomy. Finally, a second re-infarction occurred, followed by an irreversible cardiac arrest. Stent thrombosis is a difficult-to-treat complication in patients with polycythaemia vera. If this haematologic disorder is known, primary stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction may not be the first choice in these patients.     

Simultaneous dual coronary very late stent thrombosis following noncardiac surgery

Challenges arise in the care of patients with drug-eluting stents (DES) undergoing noncardiac surgery. The risk of bleeding during surgery must be balanced with the risk of stent thrombosis from interrupted dual antiplatelet therapy. We report a case of a patient with simultaneous stent thrombosis in two coronary arteries following discontinuation of clopidogrel for an elective noncardiac surgery 3 years after DES placement.     

药物洗脱支架置入后早期冠状动脉支架内血栓的危险因素分析

目的探讨药物洗脱支架(DES)置入后发生早期支架内血栓(EST)的危险因素。方法河北省沧州市中心医院2008—2018年行DES置入的患者共有20 518例,回顾性选取97例明确EST患者为EST组,按照年龄、性别和危险因素相近似的原则,选取194例患者为对照组。分析两组患者的临床和围术期资料,并应用logistic回归分析评估EST的危险因素。结果 DES置入术后EST的发生率为0.5%(107/20 518),病死率为23.4%(25/107)。291例患者中,男性127例(43.6%),年龄18～80岁,平均年龄为(68.1±8.2)岁。两组的糖尿病、高三酰甘油血症、高纤维蛋白原、ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征、弥漫病变、小血管病变、多枚支架串联、支架≥30 mm、第二代药物涂层支架、未高压后扩张及使用血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂等均有显著差异(均为P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析发现,高三酰甘油血症、弥漫病变、小血管病变、多枚支架串联、支架长度≥30 mm、未应用第二代药物涂层支架、未高压后扩张是EST的危险因素(均为P<0.05),其中直径≤2.75 mm的小血管病变是最强的预测因素(OR=6.37,95%CI:2.51～11.86)。结论 EST有多种危险因素,需规范介入操作及加强围术期抗栓治疗,尤其是小血管及弥漫病变需要多枚支架串联的患者,应选用第二代药物涂层支架,且行高压后扩张,防止支架贴壁不良,减少EST的发生。