原发性高血压伴微量蛋白尿患者胰岛素抵抗性研究

目的 :研究原发性高血压 (EH)并发微量蛋白尿患者的胰岛素抵抗 (IR)状态。方法 :根据尿白蛋白排泄率将EH患者分为两组 :微量蛋白尿阳性组 (4 0例 )和微量蛋白尿阴性组 (35例 ) ,计算体重指数 (BMI)、腰臀比值 (WHR) ,空腹采血测血糖 (FBG)、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和空腹胰岛素(FINR)水平。按HOMA模型计算胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA IR) ,HOMA IR =(FBG×FINR) / 2 2 .5 ,再取其自然对数。两组进行比较。结果 :患者年龄、性别比例、高血压病程、血压水平和FBG、血脂水平在两组间差异均无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但BMI、WHR、FINR和HOMA IR在微量蛋白尿阳性组显著高于阴性组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :EH微量蛋白尿阳性患者存在明显的IR ,高血压肾病的发生与EH患者的胰岛素敏感状态密切相关。BMI、WHR可作为IR的初筛指标     

2型糖尿病患者空腹血清真胰岛素水平和胰岛素抵抗与血脂的关系

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病 (T2DM )患者空腹血清真胰岛素水平、胰岛素抵抗与血脂的关系。　方法　应用BA ELISA法测定正常糖耐量 (NC)组 96例、T2DM组 132例和T2DM伴原发性高血压 (T2DM EH)组 14 8例的空腹血清真胰岛素 (TI)水平 ,酶法检测血脂 ,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA IR)、β细胞功能指数 (HOMA β)。 　结果　T2DM组及T2DM EH组的甘油三酯 (TG)、HOMA IR高于NC组 ,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)和HOMA β低于NC组 ,差异均有显著意义 (P<0 0 5 )。T2DM EH组HOMA IR高于T2DM组 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。T2DM组及T2DM EH组的TG与TI、HOMA IR呈正相关 (P <0 0 1) ,HDL C与TI、HOMA IR呈负相关 (P <0 0 5 )。　结论　T2DM患者空腹血清TI水平与脂代谢异常相关 ,血清TI水平的升高和 (或 )IR的加重均会引起TG升高和HDL C降低。IR与脂代谢异常及高血压的关系较高TI血症更密切。     

高血压病患者血清总胆红素浓度与胰岛素抵抗水平的关系

目的　探讨高血压病患者血清总胆红素浓度与胰岛素抵抗、血糖、血脂、尿酸 (UA)的关系。方法　测定 16 5例高血压病患者的空腹血清总胆红素、血红蛋白 (Hb)、UA、总胆固醇、甘油三酯 (TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的浓度 ,口服葡萄糖耐量试验和胰岛素释放试验测定血浆葡萄糖浓度和血清胰岛素浓度 ,计算葡萄糖曲线下面积 (AUCG)和胰岛素曲线下面积 (AUCIN) ,稳态模式评估法计算胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA IR)。以HOMA IR 5 0 %位点 ,作为判断胰岛素抵抗的切割点 ,将高血压病患者分为胰岛素抵抗 (IR)组与胰岛素敏感 (IS)组。结果　血清总胆红素浓度 ,IR组为 (9.3± 3.3) μmol L显著低于IS组 (12 .0± 3.8) μmol L ,与HOMA IR、腰臀围比、收缩压、Hb、空腹胰岛素、TG、AUCG 、AUCIN呈显著相关关系 ;逐步回归分析显示 ,HOMA IR、AUCG 与Hb为血清总胆红素浓度的独立预测因子 ,血脂和UA均非血清总胆红素浓度的独立预测因子。结论　与胰岛素敏感的高血压病患者相比 ,伴胰岛素抵抗的高血压病患者有较低的血清总胆红素水平 ;高血压病患者血清总胆红素浓度与胰岛素抵抗、血糖与Hb直接相关 ,与血脂、UA无直接相关。     

汉族中年男性秃顶人群中胰岛素抵抗与糖尿病危险因素聚集性的研究

目的研究中年男性秃顶人群中胰岛素抵抗与糖尿病危险因素聚集的关系。方法秃顶组286例,对照组271例,测定两组的体重指数(BMI)、血压(BP)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白一胆固醇(HDL—C)、血糖(PG)、胰岛素(INS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA—IR)等项目。结果秃顶组中的BMI、BP、TC、TG、PG、INS、HOMA—IR值均显著高于对照组,HDL-C显著降低。秃顶组的危险因素发生频率高于对照组;危险因素聚集程度与胰岛素抵抗性呈正相关。结论秃顶人群存在着胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病危险因素及在单一个体中高度聚集且与秃顶密切相关共存。“秃顶”是胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病的危险因素。     

高血压病患者肿瘤坏死因子α与胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的　探讨原发性高血压病 ( EH)患者胰岛素抵抗 ( IR)的影响因素及其与肿瘤坏死因子 α( TNF-α)的相关关系。方法　EH患者 63例 ,正常对照 3 2例。测定空腹血清 TNF-α、空腹血糖 ( GL U)、胰岛素 ( INS)、血清总胆固醇 ( TC)、三酰甘油 ( TG)、低密度脂蛋白 -胆固醇 ( LDL -C)、高密度脂蛋白 -胆固醇 ( HDL -C)、血尿酸 ( UA )、体重指数 ( BMI)等指标。结果　 ( 1) EH患者胰岛素敏感性指数 ( ISI)值较正常对照组降低 ,血清 TNF-α值较正常对照组升高 ;且 EH患者血清 TNF-α浓度与 ISI显著负相关 ( r=-0 .43 ,P<0 .0 1)。( 2 )按 ISI值把 63例 EH患者分为二组 :EH合并胰岛素敏感性降低 ( EH+DIS) 2 7例 ,胰岛素敏感性正常的 EH患者 ( EH+NIS) 3 6例 ,EH+DIS组中 TNF-α、血脂及血尿酸均比 EH+NIS组高 ,而 EH+NIS组与正常对照组之间差异无显著性 ( P>0 .0 5 )。结论　 EH患者存在 IR及 TNF -α升高。胰岛素敏感性降低加重了 EH患者血脂及血尿酸等代谢紊乱 ,IR可能是其他各项代谢异常的根源。 TNF-α与 IR显著相关。     

2型糖尿病患者血浆酰化刺激蛋白和C3水平与胰岛素抵抗和血脂的相关性

目的　了解 2型糖尿病 (T2DM)患者血浆中酰化刺激蛋白 (ASP)及补体C3 与胰岛素抵抗 (IR)及血脂紊乱的相关性 ,探讨ASP与C3 可能参与IR的机制。　方法　根据体质指数 (BMI)将82例T2DM患者分为肥胖组 (BMI≥ 2 5kg/m2 )及非肥胖组 ,同时将 10 5名非糖尿病者分为单纯肥胖(Ob)组 (BMI≥ 2 5kg/m2 )及正常体重对照组。测定ASP、游离脂肪酸 (FFA)、空腹胰岛素 (FIns)、C3 ,空腹血糖 (FPG)、甘油三酯 (TG)、总胆固醇 (TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL C)和胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA IR)。　结果　非肥胖糖尿病组 [( 6 7± 38)nmol/L]及Ob组患者ASP水平 [( 6 0± 2 9)nmol/L]显著高于对照组 [( 4 5± 2 1)nmol/L],肥胖糖尿病组ASP水平 [( 5 7± 33)nmol/L]也高于对照组 ,但差异无显著意义。肥胖糖尿病组C3 水平 [( 2 8± 1 2 ) g/L]显著高于对照组 [( 1 9± 0 9) g/L]及Ob组 [( 2 1± 0 9) g/L],Ob组ASP/C3 率 ( 0 7± 0 1)显著高于对照组( 0 5± 0 4 )。相关分析结果显示 ,ASP与BMI、TC、FFA及FPG呈正相关 (r =0 191,P =0 0 0 9;r=0 14 6 ,P =0 0 4 9;r =0 132 ,P =0 0 5 ;r =0 14 0 ,P =0 0 5 ) ;C3 与FPG、FIns及HOMA IR呈正相关 (r =0 2 12 ,P =0 0 0 3;r =0 2 6     

非洛地平对原发性高血压患者胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的 :探讨非洛地平对原发性高血压 (EH)患者胰岛素抵抗 (IR)的影响。方法 :根据血压和体重指数将10 8例受试者分为正常对照组 (2 8例 )、EH非肥胖组 (46例 )、EH肥胖组 (34例 ) ,所有 EH患者均接受非洛地平治疗。检测受试入选时和 2个月后血压、空腹血糖、血浆胰岛素 (IS) ,计算 IS敏感指数。结果 :EH患者血压均有明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,6 6 .7%的 EH患者存在高 IS血症及 IR,非洛地平治疗后 EH非肥胖组血清 IS明显下降 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,但 EH肥胖组血清 IS无明显下降 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :非洛地平降压疗效确切 ,并能改善不伴有肥胖的EH患者的 IR,而对 EH伴肥胖者的 IR无明显改善作用。     

肥胖与非肥胖老年高血压患者血清生长激素水平比较及相关因素分析

目的比较肥胖与非肥胖老年高血压患者血清生长激素（GH）水平的差异,探讨其与心血管危险因素的相关性。方法根据体质量指数（BMI）及腰围（WC）,将80例老年高血压患者分为肥胖组及非肥胖组,测定WC、GH、空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、血脂、纤维蛋白原（Fb）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）,C反应蛋白（CRP）,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）。结果（1）肥胖组GH、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）低于非肥胖组,两者差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;（2）肥胖组FPG、FINS、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、Fb、SBP、DBP、CRP、HOMA—IR高于非肥胖组,2组差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;（3）GH与HDL—C呈正相关,与WC、BMI、HOMA—IR、TG、TC、CRP、Fb及年龄呈负相关。结论肥胖的患者GH水平下降,并与心血管危险因素密切相关,GH水平降低可能预示心血管疾病的高风险。     

非酒精性脂肪肝与生长激素相关性研究

目的 探讨非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）与生长激素（GH）的关系。方法入选NAFLD组38例,非NAFLD组42例．测定GH、腰围（Wc）、空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（Fins）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、高敏c反应蛋白（hs—CRP）,谷氨酸氨基转移酶（AIJrr）、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）水平,计算体质量指数（BMI）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）。结果NAFLD组GH、HDL—C水平显著低于非NAFLD组（P〈0．05）;NAFLD组BMI、WC、FPG、Fins、HOMA—IR、TG、hsCRP、AIJT、GGT水平显著高于非NAFLD组（P〈0．05）。GH、HDL—C与NAFLD呈负相关,WC、BMI、FPG、Fins、HOMA—IR、TG、hsCRP、ALT、GGT与NAFLD呈正相关。结论GH与NAFLD密切相关,低水平CH可能是NAFLD危险因素,与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、血脂紊乱等共同参与了NAFLD的发生与发展。     

高血压患者高胰岛素血症与血压的关系及卡托普利对其的影响

对36例原发性高血压患者(EH)、28例正常人分别测定了空腹血糖(BG)、血浆胰岛素(IS)及胰岛素敏感指数(BG/IS)。结果发现EH组血浆IS较正常对照组显著增高(P<0.001);BG/IS显著降低(P<0.001);空腹BG两组间无显著差异;且EH组平均动脉压与血浆IS水平呈显著正相关(r=0.637,P<0.01);与BG/IS呈显著负相关(r=-0.512,P<0.05)。EH组单纯接受卡托普利治疗4周后,血浆IS较治疗前显著降低(P<0.01);BG/IS较治疗前则显著升高(P<0.01)。结果提示:胰岛素抵抗(IR)及高IS血症是致血压升高的重要病生理因素;卡托普利可以改善EH患者的IR及高IS血症。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.