以弛缓性瘫痪为特点的高位置脊髓损伤临床特征探讨

目的分析以弛缓性瘫痪为特点的高位置脊髓损伤发生原因。方法在1014例创伤性脊髓损伤患者中对以弛缓性瘫痪为特点的高位置脊髓损伤（骨折水平在T₁₀或以上）患者进行分析。结果6例患者被确认为以弛缓性瘫痪为特点的高位置脊髓损伤,其中男性5例,女性1例,平均年龄（42±12）岁。脊髓损伤水平分布在C₇～T₈水平,脊柱骨折水平在T₃～T₁₀。参考骨折水平,4例脊髓损伤水平上升超过3个脊髓节段,其中3例脊髓损伤水平上升出现在外科手术后;1例无明显诱因,伤后48 h出现神经损伤平面进行性上升至C₇水平,伴随胸部严重疼痛。伤后6个月MRI检查,5例患者显示广泛胸段脊髓萎缩变细。结论以弛缓性瘫痪为特点的高位置脊髓损伤非常罕见。其重要特点是病理上存在广泛胸段脊髓萎缩变细。发生原因尚不清楚。     

Delayed Onset of Brown–Sequard Syndrome Involving Upper Extremity Pain

Report of a case: A 60-year-old white male with a history of C3–C4 spinal cord injury with subsequent C3–C4 fusion complained of right upper extremity painful spasms of 2 years duration with associated hyperspasticity, motor weakness and poor positional and vibrational sense. The patient was diagnosed with Brown–Sequard syndrome (BSS) and treated with botulinum toxin type A injections distributed into the affected muscle groups that provided substantial and lasting relief. This case is unique in that the patient's trauma occurred 28 years before the development of the BSS suggesting a slow evolution of the condition.     

Man With Sudden Paralysis: Insidious Spinal Cord Infarction due to a Non-Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Background

Acute infarctions of the spinal cord are rare events characterized by sudden paralysis or sensory deficits below the level of injury. Etiologies include spinal cord trauma, vascular injury, arterial dissection, thromboembolic disease, chronic inflammatory conditions, or mass effect on the spinal cord.

Severe lumbar spinal stenosis combined with Guillain-Barré syndrome: A case report

BACKGROUNDGuillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare disorder that typically presents with ascending weakness, pain, paraesthesias, and numbness, which mimic the findings in lumbar spinal stenosis. Here, we report a case of severe lumbar spinal stenosis combined with GBS.CASE SUMMARYA 70-year-old man with a history of lumbar spinal stenosis presented to our emergency department with severe lower back pain and lower extremity numbness. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis of severe lumbar spinal stenosis. However, his symptoms did not improve postoperatively and he developed dysphagia and upper extremity numbness. An electromyogram was performed. Based on his symptoms, physical examination, and electromyogram, he was diagnosed with GBS. After 5 d of intravenous immunoglobulin (0.4 g/kg/d for 5 d) therapy, he gained 4/5 of strength in his upper and lower extremities and denied paraesthesias. He had regained 5/5 of strength in his extremities when he was discharged and had no symptoms during follow-up.CONCLUSIONGBS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spinal disorder, even though magnetic resonance imaging shows severe lumbar spinal stenosis. This case highlights the importance of a careful diagnosis when a patient has a history of a disease and comes to the hospital with the same or similar symptoms.     

一氧化氮在脊髓损伤中改善血供与加重损伤的双重相关性研究

目的探讨一氧化氮(NO)在继发性脊髓损伤中的作用。方法通过伤前30min大鼠蛛网膜下腔注射NO合成酶底物左旋精氨酸(L-Arg)及其抑制剂(L-NAME),采用激光多普勒血流仪观测NO对伤段脊髓血流(SCBF)的影响,并评估NO对继发性脊髓损伤的作用。结果L-Arg改善了伤段SCBF,但加重了脊髓损伤。适当剂量的L-NAME降低了早期的SCBF,却改善了神经功能。然而大剂量的L-NAME由于长时间的抑制了NO的产生,导致了脊髓长时间的缺血,不利于神经功能的恢复。结论NO的过度释放加重了继发性脊髓损伤,而过度抑制也同样不利于神经功能的恢复。     

非创伤性脊髓损伤的临床特点

目的探讨非创伤性脊髓损伤患者的人口学特征、病因学分布以及神经功能预后。方法对44 例非创伤性因素造成的脊髓损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果患者均获得3 个月以上随访,平均随访时间13.3 个月(3~23 个月)。其中男性27 例(61.3%),女性17 例(38.7%);平均年龄39.85 岁(3.5~78 岁)。病因包括脊髓炎16 例(36%),脊柱肿瘤8 例(18.1%),椎管内肿瘤7例(15.9%),脊髓血管畸形6 例(13.6%),非创伤性椎间盘突出3 例(6.8%,包括颈椎间盘突出致四肢瘫1 例,腰椎间盘突出致马尾综合征2 例),非脊柱手术造成的医源性脊髓缺血2 例(4.5%),肝性脊髓病2 例(4.5%)。入院时神经损伤情况：颈段脊髓损伤9 例(20.4%),胸段损伤30 例(68.1%),圆锥综合征2 例(4.5%),马尾综合征3 例(6.8%)。AISA 残损分级：A级14 例(31.8%),B级6 例(13.6%),C级13 例(29.5%),D级11 例(25%)。最终随访时,34%患者出现至少1 个等级的神经功能恢复。结论非创伤性脊髓损伤是造成脊髓损伤的重要原因。因具有特殊的病因学特点,此组病例在人口学特征以及临床特点上与创伤性脊髓损伤患者有较大区别。     

Lidocaine 5% Medicated Plaster for Spinal Neuropathic Pain

Spinal cord injuries frequently determine central pain symptoms that are difficult to control. The authors present the case of a 67-year-old suffering from a pleural mesothelioma. During the disease course, he developed a paraplegia syndrome from mesothelioma compression of the spinal cord at T4–T5 level. Following spinal decompression surgery, the patient presented an intense at-level, superficial neuropathic pain syndrome with allodynia and hyperalgesia. After systemic pharmacological therapies had failed, treatment with lidocaine 5% plaster was initiated. The superficial neuropathic symptoms almost completely disappeared within a few days. The lidocaine topical treatment was continued for months with durable analgesic effect.     

脊髓前动脉综合征1例报道并文献复习

目的:探讨脊髓前动脉综合征(ASAS)的临床特点、MRI特点、病因和预后,提高医师对脊髓梗死的认识。方法:回顾1例ASAS患者的临床特点、MRI特点及治疗和预后,并结合文献进行回顾性分析。结果:患者临床表现为急性起病,后背疼痛,双下肢瘫,痛温觉障碍,深感觉和触觉正常,尿潴留及排便障碍,MRI检查弥散序列显示T_(7-8)、T_(11-12)水平脊髓横断前部区域呈高信号影,稍长T2信号,综合治疗后预后良好。搜索既往报道的ASAS患者207例,临床表现特征是急性或亚急性起病,病变水平神经根痛,病变节段以下瘫痪和分离性感觉障碍及植物神经功能障碍,以胸段脊髓梗死多见,发病早期MRI弥散序列检查可显示脊髓梗死范围。207例患者中,病因不明者74例(35.8%)。颈部外伤是年龄18岁患者脊髓梗死的首位病因;主动脉疾病是年龄18～45岁患者脊髓梗死的首位病因,动脉粥样硬化是年龄45岁患者脊髓梗死的首位病因。结论:ASAS较罕见,临床表现和病因差异很大,脊髓MRI检查弥散序列有助早期诊断,早期诊断和综合治疗是改善预后的关键。     

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy following traumatic myelopathy

Two cases of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in the upper extremity of patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injuries are reported. Both patients had very incomplete lesions with early neurological recovery, suggesting an underlying central cord syndrome. Although reflex sympathetic dystrophy is often seen following stroke, it has only rarely been documented in traumatic myelopathy, and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained pain syndromes in the extremities of paraplegic or quadriplegic patients.     

Spinal cord injury by direct damage during trigger point injection: a case report

Trigger point injection (TPI) is commonly administered for myofascial pain syndrome management, but occasionally leads to complications, including bleeding, muscle hematoma, vasovagal syncope, skin infections, and pneumothorax. This report presents a case of TPI-induced iatrogenic spinal cord injury (SCI). A 59-year-old woman received TPI for myofascial pain on both thoracolumbar paraspinal muscles. She experienced an electric shock sensation throughout the lower extremities upon receiving blind TPI in the left thoracolumbar paraspinal muscle, and later complained of weakness (manual muscle test grade: 0–2) and neuropathic pain (numeric rating scale [NRS]: 7) in the lower left extremity. Thoracolumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 3 days after the TPI revealed a high-intensity T2 signal in the left T12 to L2 spinal cord segments, indicating the presence of edema or inflammation in this region. In concordance with the MRI findings, electrophysiological recordings performed 11 days after the TPI revealed no central motor conduction time response in the left leg. At 7 months post-onset, the patient had partially recovered motor function and neuropathic pain was reduced to NRS 4. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of needle-induced SCI during paraspinal muscle TPI; imaging guidance may be helpful for accurate needle targeting during the procedure.     

Spinal cord meningioma: a treatable cause of paraplegia

Chondrocalcinosis associated with Gitelman syndrome (GS) presents in young adults with either no symptoms or joint pain, muscle weakness, muscle cramps, paresthesias, episodes of tetany, or hypokalemic paralysis. Spinal cord meningiomas present with gradual onset of lower extremities weakness, numbness, pain, or balance problem. We report a 76 year old gentleman who presented with gradually progressive leg weakness puzzling the treating physicians.     

107例脊髓亚急性联合变性患者的临床特征分析

目的:探讨脊髓亚急性联合变性的临床、影像及电生理特征。方法:回顾性分析107例脊髓亚急性联合变性住院患者的临床资料,总结其临床、影像及电生理特点。结果:本组患者起病年龄从21~87岁,男性显著多于女性(P0.05)。临床表现以行走不稳最多见(76.6%),其次为双下肢麻木和/或无力(47.7%),四肢麻木和/或无力排在第三位(26.2%);伴随症状中头晕最多见(19.6%),尿便障碍(9.3%),也可有视力减退、反应迟钝等。巨幼细胞贫血较VitB12血清浓度降低检出率高(P=0.041),二者吻合度一般(Kappa=0.512);同型半胱氨酸血浆浓度增高较巨幼细胞贫血意义更大(P=0.00),二者吻合度一般(Kappa=0.567)。脊髓及颅脑常规MRI阳性检出率56.1%,病变易发于脊髓C2~C7及T1~T4节段。神经电生理阳性检出率79.8%(75/94),其中脊髓病变合并周围神经病变47例,单纯周围神经病变25例。结论:脊髓亚急性联合变性临床表现复杂多样,血清VitB12浓度可能掩盖病情,而高同型半胱氨酸血浆浓度有更大的提示作用,二者的血液度变化同巨幼细胞贫血在疾病不同阶段时常不平行。     

脊髓损伤致瘫痪患者焦虑抑郁状况的调查与应对措施

目的 调查脊髓损伤致瘫痪患者存在焦虑抑郁症状的状况,探讨原因及应对措施.方法 应用Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS),对60例脊髓损伤致瘫痪患者进行调查,发放问卷调查表,结果与国内常模进行比较.结果 60例脊髓损伤致瘫痪患者的SAS、SDS评分与国内常模比较,有显著差异,其中54例占90.00%患者有焦虑心理,57例占95.00%有抑郁心理,说明焦虑和抑郁症状在脊髓损伤致瘫痪患者中发病率很高.导致焦虑、抑郁的主要原因是疾病带来的痛苦、影响工作、学习和医疗费用等.结论 脊髓损伤致瘫痪患者存在心理问题,应针对性地进行健康教育及心理护理,以促进患者的康复.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the status of the anxiety and depression in the patients with paralysis after spinal cord injury, and the measures to cope with it. Methods Sixty cases of patients with paralysis after spinal cord injury were evaluated with Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and SelfRating Depression Scale (SDS), the results were compared with those of the domestic norm of healthy individuals. Results The scores of patients with paralysis after spinal cord injury were higher than that of domestic norm of healthy individuals. 54 cases had anxious symptom (90.00%), and 37 had depression.The causes led to anxiety and depression mainly came from the suffering of the disease, the influence of the work as well as the study and the cost of the treatment. Conclusions The patients with paralysis after spinal cord injury had mental problems, they need to be interfered with by healthy education and mental nursing in order to promote rehabilitation.     

Rehabilitation of quadriparesis secondary to spinal cord sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder that rarely involves the spinal cord. This report describes the presentation and rehabilitative course of a 31-yr-old man with quadriparesis secondary to spinal cord sarcoidosis. The patient had insidious, progressive weakness in his arms and legs for six weeks before evaluation. Examination revealed a C4 incomplete spinal cord injury. Computed tomography demonstrated an intrinsic cord lesion from the brainstem to approximately T8. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggested the lesion was granulomatous and cervical laminectomy confirmed noncaseating granulomas. The patient was started on high dose steroids, subsequently gained strength in the distal upper extremities, and was sent for spinal cord rehabilitation. Examination revealed 3 to 4+/5 strength in the upper extremities, 2- to 3-/5 in the lower extremities. The right side was slightly stronger than the left, with proximal musculature stronger than distal. Sensory examination was intact except in the C-8 to T-2 dermatomes. The patient was dependent in self-care and mobility except for feeding. Initial progress was inhibited by severe spasticity requiring medication, but by discharge he was independent at the wheelchair level with 4/5 strength in all four extremities except for his hands, which had 3/5 strength. Sensory exam did not change. Follow-up MRI studies revealed reduction of the lesion. Review of previous cases revealed that myelopathy is the most common presenting complaint and cervical segments are most commonly involved. Survival averaged almost three years and significant gains were made in functional status. Rehabilitative course and special considerations, treatment and follow-up recommendations are discussed.     

Ogilvie's syndrome after paddle spinal cord stimulator implantation: An experience report

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an emerging technology to treat chronic pain from complex regional pain syndrome (CPRS) neuropathy and post-laminectomy syndrome. A rarely reported postoperative complication of SCS paddle implantation is abdominal pain that can result from thoracic radiculopathy. Ogilvie's syndrome (OS) is a disorder characterized by acute dilatation of the colon in the absence of an anatomic lesion that obstructs the flow of intestinal contents, which has seldom been observed after spine surgery. Here, we describe the case of a 70-year-old male who developed OS after SCS paddle implantation resulting in cecal perforation and multi-system organ failure with lethal outcome. We discuss the pathophysiology, present a method measuring the spinal canal to cord ratio (CCR) to prevent the risk of thoracic radiculopathy and OS after paddle SCS implantation, and propose suggestions for management and treatment of this condition.     

Treatment of Refractory Ischemic Pain from Chemotherapy-Induced Raynaud's Syndrome With Spinal Cord Stimulation

Abstract:   We report the successful treatment of refractory ischemic pain from cisplatin-induced Raynaud's syndrome with spinal cord stimulation after failed pharmacologic management and surgical sympathectomy.
Case Report: A 48-year-old man developed ischemic pain of the hands while undergoing cisplatin and gemcitabine chemotherapy for metastatic pancreatic carcinoma. After extensive pharmacologic management and surgical sympathectomy failed to provide adequate analgesia, the patient underwent a percutaneous spinal cord stimulation trial followed by permanent implantation and received significant pain relief prior to succumbing to his illness. Spinal cord stimulation provided effective therapy for refractory ischemic pain, even after failed sympathectomy.     

脊柱转移瘤并脊髓压迫症的急诊外科治疗

【目的】探讨脊柱．转移瘤所致脊髓压迫症的急诊外科治疗方法及疗效。【方法】对43例脊柱转移瘤所致脊髓压迫症患者行急诊手术治疗,观察神经功能恢复情况。【结果】平均随访13（6～24）个月,34例患者神经功能恢复按Frankel分级提高1～3级;3例术前没有神经功能损害的患者术后亦无神经功能损害出现;6例患者神经功能没有恢复。【结论】对脊柱转移瘤所致脊髓压迫症,急诊外科手术治疗能缓减疼痛,促进神经功能恢复,防治截瘫,提高生活质量。     

Thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum causing Brown-Séquard syndrome: a case report and literature review

Brown-Séquard syndrome (BSS) has many etiologies, including penetrating trauma, extramedullary tumors, and disc herniation. However, thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) is an extremely rare cause of this syndrome. A 46-year-old woman with motor weakness in her right lower extremity and urinary retention was admitted to our department. Based on the results of physical examination, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, a diagnosis of BSS with OLF was considered. The patient underwent urgent conservative treatment. BSS is a rare condition characterized by hemisection or hemicompression of the spinal marrow. The herein-described case of incomplete BSS due to OLF responded to conservative treatment. However, the successful nonoperative management of this case is insufficient evidence to consider it as the standard of care. Therefore, emergency laminectomy decompression remains the standard of care for BSS.