伪膜性肠炎诊治21例

[目的]对抗生素所致伪膜性肠炎（PMC）进行分析,总结临床经验教训,提高诊治水平。[方法]收集2001年1月-2007年6月经结肠镜检查确诊的PMC 21例相关资料,进行回顾性总结和分析。[结果]全部患者在使用广谱抗生素过程中或之后出现腹泻、腹痛等症状。结肠镜下见水肿黏膜上附有伪膜。21例PMC患者经治疗,有效20例,1例重度患者死亡。[结论]抗生素使用不合理是PMC的主要原因,结肠镜和病理活检是诊断PMC的主要方法。对应用抗生素期间或之后出现严重的腹泻、腹痛者应尽早行结肠镜检查。     

中老年假膜性肠炎患者17例临床特征分析

目的分析中老年患者假膜性肠炎（PMC）的临床特征,提高临床对PMC的认识及诊治水平。方法回顾性分析合肥市第一人民医院2008年5月至2012年3月收治的17例PMC患者的临床资料。结果17例PMC住院患者平均年龄65岁,均存在基础疾病。患者均在使用抗生素过程中出现腹泻并伴有不同程度的腹痛等症状,其中4例合并腹水。15例联合使用两种及以上抗生素。肠镜多有典型的假膜样改变。经停用抗生素,使用甲硝唑、益生菌等治疗,14例好转出院。结论应重视存在免疫力低下原发病的中老年患者使用抗生素时PMC的诊断;除腹泻、腹痛等症状外,腹水可能是PMC的临床特征之一;粪便涂片联合结肠镜检查有益PMC的诊断;及时停用抗生素,联合甲硝唑或万古霉素及益生菌是治疗PMC的主要方法。     

伪膜性肠炎32例临床分析

目的 通过对抗生素所致的伪膜性肠炎(pseudomembranous colitis, PMC)的分析,总结临床经验教训,提高临床对伪膜性肠炎警惕及诊治水平.方法 收集本院2005年12月～2008年10月32例经肠镜诊断的PMC住院患者资料,从年龄、合并疾病、抗生素使用种类、临床表现及诊断、治疗方法 等方面进行回顾性总结与分析.结果 32例PMC住院患者平均年龄为62岁,27例患者存在基础疾病.所有患者在使用抗生素过程中出现腹泻并伴有不同程度的其他症状.以头孢类抗生素使用最多,有29例患者联合使用两种或两种以上抗生素.肠镜多有典型的伪膜样病灶.经停用抗生素,使用甲硝唑、万古霉素、益生菌等治疗后,28例好转出院.结论 抗生素应用不合理是引起PMC的主要原因.对长期大量使用抗生素的患者出现腹痛、腹泻时,应警惕有无PMC,及时停用抗生素,足量、足疗程使用甲硝唑和万古霉素是PMC的有效治疗方法 .     

伪膜性肠炎的内镜与临床特征研究

目的 通过对抗生素所致伪膜性肠炎(pseudrmembranous colitis,PMC)的内镜下诊断分析,总结其内镜下特征,提高诊治水平.方法 对我院近3年来内科诊治的17例PMC进行回顾性分析.结果 PMC多发于合并有长期慢性疾病、年龄大、体质差及抗生素应用不规范的老年患者,17例病人中,14例系老年重症患者.全部患者均在使用广谱抗生素过程出现腹泻、腹痛、血便等症状.均接受结肠镜检查,提示为PMC.结论 结肠镜检杳是诊断PMC快速而可靠的方法.重视对内科老年人及重症病患者,对长期大量使用抗生素的老年患者出现腹痛、腹泻时,结合结肠镜的特征表现首先应考虑有无PMC,及早停用抗生素,使用足量和足疗程的甲硝唑和万古霉素和相应的微生态制剂是治疗PMC有效方法.     

28例伪膜性肠炎的内镜及临床特点分析

目的探讨伪膜性肠炎(PMC)的诱因、临床表现、结肠镜下特征、诊断及防治。方法对我院2005年5月-2012年5月收治的门诊和住院的共28例PMC患者进行回顾性分析。结果所有患者均出现腹泻,其中11例患者均在使用抗生素过程中出现腹泻;13例患者为老年多病长期服用多种药物致免疫力下降;4例应用糖皮质激素后出现腹痛、腹泻症状。结肠镜检查表现为各段结肠黏膜不同程度地出现充血、水肿及密集点状黄白色微隆起斑块,表面覆有伪膜,其中轻度9例、中度15例、重度4例。所有患者停用抗生素及激素类药物,口服甲硝唑或万古霉素后,均获得治愈或好转。结论伪膜性肠炎常发生在长期应用抗生素、激素及免疫力低下患者,结肠镜检查有助于诊断,早期治疗预后良好。     

伪膜性肠炎的临床特点及内镜分析

目的探讨伪膜性肠炎(pseudomembranous colitis,PMC)的诱因、临床特点、结肠镜下特征、诊断及防治。方法对福建医科大学附属漳州市医院2011年1月-2015年6月收治住院的43例PMC患者进行回顾性分析。结果所有患者均出现腹泻,轻-中度患者25例、重度患者14例、复杂型4例。重度患者多为腹部及盆腔术后、肿瘤、糖尿病及高龄患者,结肠镜检查表现分类与疾病严重程度相符。所有患者停用抗生素及激素类药物,口服甲硝唑或万古霉素后,均获得治愈或好转。结论 PMC常在伴有基础疾病或高龄患者应用抗生素后出现,结肠镜检查有助于诊断、判断疾病严重程度及随访观察。     

伪膜性肠炎15例诊治分析

目的分析因使用抗生素所致的伪膜性肠炎（PMC）的诊断及治疗,提高对PMC的认识及诊治水平。方法对15例PMC患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果15例患者中,年龄〉60岁者12例;使用2种以上抗生素15例;合并器官功能不全的重症患者6例（40％）;手术患者1例（6．7％）。临床表现：15例患者均在使用广谱抗生素后出现腹泻、腹痛,腹泻均为水样性,腹痛位于脐周或中下腹部,为隐痛;体温37．5℃-39．2℃。实验室检查：患者白细胞数均升高;常规粪便革兰氏染色可见多量阳性粗大杆菌;连续直接涂片查粪杆／球茵比例明显失调。经停用抗生素、补充益生茵调整肠道茵群、蒙脱石散（思密达）止泻、口服甲硝唑等综合治疗,15例患者均痊愈。结论在基层医院,大便涂片革兰氏染色找阳性粗大杆菌及肠镜等检查综合分析是诊断PMC的可靠方法。确诊后患者须停用抗生素,积极进行补充益生菌调整肠道茵群、口服甲硝唑等综合治疗。合理使用抗生素,可降低抗生素相关性肠炎,降低PMC的发生率。     

伪膜性肠炎45例临床诊治分析

目的通过对伪膜性肠炎(PMC)患者临床特点进行回顾性分析,总结经验及教训,提高诊治水平。方法对该院2005~2015年确诊为PMC的45例住院患者一般资料、临床表现、实验室及内镜检查、治疗方法、预后等进行回顾性总结及分析。结果 PMC易发于住院期间应用广谱抗生素的老年患者,尤其是手术后、应用质子泵抑制剂、免疫抑制剂患者。结论抗生素应用不规范是引发PMC的主要原因。对长期使用广谱抗生素的老年患者出现常规方法难控性腹泻时应考虑本病可能,结肠镜检查是快速、安全及特异性高诊断方法。甲硝唑是治疗老年PMC患者有效药物。     

内镜诊断伪膜性肠炎8例报告

目的　探讨伪膜性肠炎 (PMC)的临床表现及内镜特征。方法　对 8例PMC进行回顾性分析。结果　全部患者均在使用广谱抗生素过程中出现腹泻、腹痛、血便等表现。接受结肠镜检 ,提示为PMC ,其中 4例患者粪便中培养出难辨梭状芽胞杆菌。结论　PMC多在应用抗生素后发病。老年人、重病患者及外科大手术后患者为易感人群。结肠镜检查是诊断PMC快速而可靠的方法之一     

伪膜性肠炎的内镜表现和临床诊治

背景：由于抗生素的广泛应用．伪膜性肠炎的发病率逐渐增加。目的：总结伪膜性肠炎患者的内镜表现和临床诊治过程．提高该病的鉴别诊断和治疗水平。方法：对2006年10月～2007年12月北京友谊医院确诊的伪膜性肠炎患者进行回顾性分析。结果：共21例患者纳入分析。12例临床表现为稀水便,9例为黏液血便。3例粪便培养球菌／杆菌比例倒置。17例内镜下表现为黏膜上散在黄色或白色椭圆形隆起：4例为黏膜上附着大片状黄褐色伪膜,伴糜烂、溃疡。确诊后所有患者均停用抗生素。10例患者仅使用微生态制剂治疗,11例在上述基础上加用甲硝唑或万古霉素。经治疗后所用患者腹泻均缓解。结论：伪膜性肠炎的临床表现除稀水便外,还可能出现黏液血便,内镜表现有特征性,对诊断具有重要意义。停用抗生素、使用微生态制剂和甲硝唑或万古霉素对伪膜性肠炎的治疗有效。     

胃肠癌术后伪膜性肠炎回顾分析

目的研究我院胃肠癌术后发生伪膜性肠炎的临床特点。 方法分析我科2010年1月至2012年12月收治的236例胃癌、结肠癌以及直肠癌术后发生伪膜性肠炎患者的临床资料。 结果236例患者所患疾病：胃癌61例,结肠癌98例,直肠癌77例。患者年龄范围35～78岁,平均年龄64.5岁。其中201例患者于术后6天内发生伪膜性肠炎。236例患者均常规予以鼻饲甲硝唑,肠道益生菌治疗,其中61例患者加用口服万古霉素治疗。233例患者治愈康复,3例死亡。 结论高龄、抗菌药物应用种类多、时间长以及术后胃酸分泌减少是术后伪膜性肠炎的高危因素。合理应用抗生素、注意早期肠内营养的应用,减少伪膜性肠炎的发生。另外,早期诊断、早期治疗以及隔离治疗对伪膜性肠炎患者是十分必要的。     

Clostridium difficile infection in a Department of Internal Medicine. A consecutive series of 45 patients

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 45 patients with Clostridium difficile infection over a 4-year period in a department of Internal Medicine. RESULTS: Mean age was 79 years; sex-ratio (F/M)=1.5; 38% of the patients had neurological or severe psychiatric disorders; 20% had a neoplastic disease. Ninety-three percent of cases had received one or more antibiotics before onset of diarrhea, prescribed mainly for a pulmonary infection. Amoxicillin clavulanic acid and cephalosporins were the most frequently used treatments, respectively in 48% and 40% of cases. For 25 patients (56%) Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea was considered as a nosocomial infection, and as community-acquired diarrhea in 20 cases (44%). Treatment included isolation of the patient as soon as bacteriological diagnosis was known and specific therapy was instituted by metronidazole or vancomycin for a mean of 18 days. The addition of Saccharomyces boulardii was used in of cases. The clinical course was rapidly favorable for 80% of patients. Five patients died with complications of severe colitis in 2 cases. Mean hospital stay was 49 days (annual mean of the department=10 days). CONCLUSION: Clostridium difficile diarrhea concerns above all elderly patients with one or more underlying pathologies. Amoxicillin clavulanic acid and third-generation cephalosporins are the most frequently prescribed antibiotics in these cases and have the highest correlation with this infectious complication. This medical problem requires greater knowledge as it causes significant morbidity and increases the risk of prolonged hospital stays.     

Recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated colitis responding to cholestyramine

We describe a patient with relapses of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin-positive pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) after treatment with vancomycin, a course of metronidazole and a trial of bacitracin. She remains free of disease after a prolonged course of cholestyramine. We suggest there may be a role for anion-exchange resins in patients with PMC relapsing after vancomycin therapy.     

功能性肠病与器质性肠病临床特点比较

背景：熟悉功能性肠病（FBDs）的临床特点并了解罗马Ⅲ标准在诊断中的实用性,对其临床诊断具有重要指导意义。目的：比较FBDs与器质性肠病（OBDs）的临床特点,为临床鉴别两种疾病提供依据。方法：对2007年5月8日～10月31日于武汉协和医院消化科行结肠镜检查者进行连续调查,内容包括患者一般情况、下消化道症状、报警症状、内镜检查结果等。FBDs的诊断采用罗马Ⅲ标准并排除报警症状。结果：FBDs为女性多见而OBDs为男性多见（P〈0．05）。OBDs组年龄显著高于FBDs组（P〈0．01）,45岁以上的患者OBDs所占比例逐渐上升。FBDs组病程显著长于OBDs组（P〈0．05）。FBDs组腹痛、腹胀、腹部不适、腹泻、便秘、腹泻便秘交替、排便窘迫感、排便不尽感、排便费力症状的发生率显著高于OBDs组（P〈0．05）。OBDs组报警症状中以便血最为多见（20．9％）。507例无报警症状且符合FBDs罗马Ⅲ标准的患者中,131例（25．8％）结肠镜检查发现异常,最终诊断为OBDs,腹泻是这部分患者最常见的症状,发生率为58．8％。结论：FBDs与OBDs在性别构成、年龄、病程和临床症状方面均有明显差异。以罗马Ⅲ标准初步诊断FBDs具有临床实用性．但必要时应行结肠镜检查。     

Clinical aspects of rifampicin-associated pseudomembranous colitis

Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) is known to develop after antibiotic administration, but antituberculosis agents are rarely associated with this disorder. We report 6 cases of PMC after rifampicin administration; the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, imaging findings, and clinical course are described. The median age of patients was 68 years (range, 54 to 82 y). All patients were diagnosed with active pulmonary tuberculosis by sputum smear and culture, and 2 suffered from type 2 diabetes mellitus. The average interval between initiation of antituberculosis therapy and the onset of diarrhea was 19.8 days. The anatomic distribution of PMC included the rectum and sigmoid colon in 5 cases and up to the hepatic flexure in 1 case. All patients were cured with medical treatment, which include discontinuation of rifampicin and oral metronidazole and vancomycin. PMC recurred in 1 patient after retreatment with rifampicin. Our findings suggest that patients who are treated with antituberculosis agents, who develop acute diarrhea during or after therapy, should be evaluated for PMC.     

Continuation of antibiotics is associated with failure of metronidazole for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea

BACKGROUND: Metronidazole is first-line therapy for C. difficile-associated diarrhea primarily because of its low cost relative to vancomycin. Currently, it is unknown which patients will fail metronidazole therapy. Our goal was to prospectively evaluate risk factors for metronidazole failure. STUDY: Included patients had symptomatic C. difficile-associated diarrhea, either mild or severe. Once enrolled, detailed baseline data were gathered. All interviews were performed daily while the patient was in the hospital for up to 14 days. If discharged prior to 14 days, the patient received a follow-up phone call on day 5 and day 14. Enrolled patients were given a daily stool survey to complete. RESULTS: We enrolled 27 patients with C. difficile-associated diarrhea. All patients (10 of 10) who had their offending antibiotic(s) discontinued had symptomatic resolution of diarrhea by day 14 of metronidazole treatment. Conversely, 59% (10 of 17) of patients who remained on antibiotics during treatment had symptomatic resolution by day 14 (P=0.02). The risk ratio for treatment failure was 2.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.29-3.10) in patients who remained on antibiotics. In our treatment group, there would be one additional metronidazole treatment success for every 2.4 patients who discontinued antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Patients who remain on antibiotics while undergoing treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhea have a high likelihood of treatment failure with metronidazole.     

Characteristics and management of children with Clostridioides difficile infection at a tertiary pediatric hospital in China

BackgroundClostridiodes difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common causes of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. Conventional antibiotics and emerging fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are used to treat CDI.MethodsChildren with CDI admitted to the Shanghai Children's Hospital, from September 2014 to September 2020, were retrospectively included to this observational study. Pediatric patients were assigned as initial CDI and recurrent CDI (RCDI), and symptoms, comorbidities, imaging findings, laboratory tests, and treatments were systematically recorded and analyzed.ResultsOf 109 pediatric patients with CDI, 58 were boys (53.2%), and the median age was 5 years (range, 2-9 years). The main clinical symptoms of CDI children were diarrhea (109/109, 100%), hematochezia (55/109, 50.46%), abdominal pain (40/109, 36.70%); fever, pseudomembrane, vomit, and bloating were observed in 39 (35.78%), 33 (30.28%), and 24 (22.02%) patients, respectively. For the primary therapy with conventional antibiotics, 68 patients received metronidazole, and 41 patients received vancomycin. RCDI occurred in 48.53% (33/68) of those initially treated with metronidazole compared with 46.33% (19/41) of those initially treated with vancomycin (p=0.825). The total resolution rate of FMT for RCDI children was significantly higher than with vancomycin treatment (28/29, 96.55% vs 11/23, 47.83%, p < 0.001). There were no serious adverse events (SAEs) reported after two months of FMT.ConclusionsThe major manifestations of children with CDI were diarrhea, hematochezia, and abdominal pain. The cure rate of FMT for pediatric RCDI is superior to vancomycin treatment.     

以泮托拉唑为基础的三联和四联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌疗效比较——一项单中心、随机、开放、平行对照研究

背景：近年质子泵抑制剂（PPI）＋阿莫西林＋克拉霉素标准三联疗法对幽门螺杆菌（H.pylori）的根除率有所降低,PPI＋铋剂＋甲硝唑＋四环素的四联疗法能否成为一线治疗的首选以及适当延长疗程能否提高根除率尚有待明确。目的：比较以泮托拉唑为基础的7d标准三联疗法与7d、10d四联疗法根除H.pylori的疗效。方法：133例非溃疡性消化不良的H.pylori感染患者随机分配至7d三联组（45例,泮托拉唑40mgbid＋阿莫西林1.0gbid＋克拉霉素500mgbid,PAC方案）以及7d、10d四联组（43例和45例,泮托拉唑40mgbid＋枸橼酸铋钾220mgbid＋甲硝唑400mgtid＋四环素750mgbid,PBMT方案）。治疗结束后至少间隔4周行13C-尿素呼气试验复查H.pylori,评估治疗结果。结果：共129例患者按方案完成治疗。三组H.pylori根除率按意图治疗（ITT）分析分别为73.3%、79.1%和88.9%,按方案（PP）分析分别为75.0%、82.9%和90.9%。7dPAC方案的PP根除率显著低于10dPBMT方案（P〈0.05）。除四联组中有2例患者分别因头晕和腹泻而未完成治疗外,其余患者的不良反应相似且均能耐受。结论：在7d标准三联疗法H.pylori根除疗效降低的情况下,含泮托拉唑、铋剂、甲硝唑和四环素的10d四联疗法可考虑作为根除治疗的首选方案。