下肢动脉粥样硬化闭塞症患者颈动脉僵硬度改变与左心室舒张功能关系的超声评价

目的 应用超声技术评价下肢动脉粥样硬化闭塞症(AS)患者左侧颈动脉僵硬度改变与左室舒张功能的关系.方法 ①32例AS患者及34例健康志愿者,应用超声射频信号动脉僵硬度分析(quality arterial stiffness,QAS)技术分析其颈动脉僵硬度参数:扩张性系数(CC)、扩张性(DC)、僵硬度参数(α、β)和脉搏波传导速度(PWVβ).②二维超声心动图及组织多普勒技术测量左室结构和功能参数:舒张末期室间隔厚度(IVSd)、舒张末期左室内径(LVDd)、舒张末期左室后壁厚度(PWd)、左室射血分数(EF)、二尖瓣环收缩期峰值速度(s')、二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度(e ')、Tei指数、二尖瓣舒张早期血流峰速E与二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度e'比值(E/e ').将上述参数进行比较并与颈动脉僵硬度参数进行相关分析.结果 ①AS组DC、CC低于对照组,α、β、PWVβ高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);②AS组IVSd、PWd大于对照组,s '、e'低于对照组,Tei指数、E/e'高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).EF两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);③e '与DC、CC呈正相关(r =0.39、0.36,P＜0.01),与α、β和PWVβ呈负相关(r=-0.42、-0.42、-0.49,P＜0.01);Tei指数与DC、CC呈负相关(r=-0.50、-0.52,P＜0.01),与α、β和PWVβ呈正相关(r =0.58、0.58、0.62,P＜0.01);E/e'与CC呈负相关(r=-0.27,P＜0.05),与PWVβ呈正相关(r=0.28,P＜0.05).s'、EF与颈动脉僵硬度参数均无明显相关(P＞0.05).结论 下肢动脉粥样硬化闭塞症时左侧颈动脉僵硬度增加,左室收缩及舒张功能受损;颈动脉僵硬度与左室舒张功能存在相关性,动脉僵硬程度能反映左室舒张功能的变化.     

2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白与左室舒张功能的关系

目的筛选检测糖尿病早期心功能损害的超声心动图敏感指标,且评价血糖控制水平与心功能之间的关系。方法入选56例无心脏及相关疾病的2型糖尿病患者为糖尿病组,同时选取52例年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者为对照组。两组患者均行超声心动图常规指标及组织多普勒检查。糖尿病组患者测定糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平。结果两组病例收缩功能指标无显著差异(P0.05)。糖尿病组二尖瓣舒张晚期峰值流速(A)水平高于对照组(P0.01),E/A低于对照组(P0.01),等容舒张期时间(IVRT)较对照组延长(P0.05)。糖尿病组左室心肌平均舒张早期峰值速度(E')、E'/A'低于对照组(P0.01),糖尿病组左室心肌平均舒张晚期峰值速度(A')、E/E'高于对照组(P0.01)。HbA1c与E/A(r=-0.310,P0.05)、E'(r=-0.409,P0.01)、E'/A'(r=-0.380,P0.01)呈负相关,并与E/E'(r=0.488,P0.01)呈正相关。结论 2型糖尿病患者在收缩功能受损之前即存在舒张功能异常。组织多普勒是检测2型糖尿病患者早期舒张功能异常的有效工具,2型糖尿病患者HbA1c与左室舒张功能的敏感指标E/E'具有明显相关性。     

宫内发育迟缓胎儿组织多普勒成像的心功能评价研究

目的探讨组织多普勒成像(TDI)在宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)心功能评价中的作用。方法选取2014年11月至2015年12月接诊的确诊为IUGR且伴有大脑-胎盘血流重分配的住院孕妇25例作为研究组,同期接待的健康体检孕妇50例作为对照组。两组孕妇均进行TDI诊断,观察记录舒张早期峰值(E)、舒张晚期峰值(A)、舒张早期峰值速度(E')、舒张晚期峰值速度(A')、收缩期峰值速度(S')、等容收缩期时间(ICT)、等容舒张期时间(IRT)、射血时间(ET),根据前述值进一步计算E/A、E'/A'、E/E'、E/(E'×S')、心功能指数(MPI),并对比分析。结果研究组左室和右室E、A、E/A、E'、A'、S'、E'/A'较对照组有一定下降,其中E'、A'、S'、E'/A'比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组E/E'、E/(E'×S')、MPI均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论 IUGR胎儿心功能表现为右心优势型,以舒张中心房收缩为主导;IUGR因宫内缺氧,心脏舒张与收缩功能明显比正常胎儿更差。TDI可用于评价IUGR心功能,敏感、准确,值得临床应用。     

二维斑点追踪技术对老年舒张性心力衰竭患者左室心肌收缩运动的评估价值

目的探讨二维斑点追踪技术(2D-STI)评估老年舒张性心力衰竭患者左室心肌收缩运动的价值。方法选取48例因舒张性心力衰竭入院的老年患者,设为A组;门诊检查疑似舒张性心力衰竭的老年患者52例,设为B组;健康志愿者51例,设为C组。采用二维斑点追踪技术,测定各组患者左室径向18节段收缩期峰值心肌应变。结果 A、B组E/A、E/E'、LVDs、IVSd显著高于C组(P0.05);A组E/A、E/E'、LVDs、IVSd显著高于B组(P0.05)。A组18节段收缩期峰值心肌应变均显著低于B组、C组(P0.05)。结论二维斑点追踪技术在反映局部心肌收缩运动异常上具有更高的敏感性。     

年龄对心血管僵硬度的影响

目的 分析年龄因素对心血管僵硬度的影响。 方法 将447名接受体检者分成6个年龄组,分别行超声心动图检查,测量舒张末期室间隔厚度(IVSd)和左心室后壁厚度(LVPWd),左心室舒张期内经(LVIDd)和收缩期内径(LVIDs);测量、计算心功能参数:Tei指数,二尖瓣口舒张早、晚期血流速度峰值比(E/A),二尖瓣环舒张早、晚期速度峰值比(e/a),二尖瓣舒张早期血流及瓣环速度峰值比(E/e),射血分数(EF);检测动脉僵硬度参数:心踝血管指数(CAVI)和颈-股脉搏波速度(CFPWV)。对各年龄组进行组间比较和相关分析。 结果 IVSd及LVPWd随年龄增加而增厚,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.001);Tei指数、E/A、e/a、E/e随年龄增加而变化,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);动脉僵硬参数CAVI和CFPWV随年龄增加而增大(P均<0.001)。动脉僵硬参数CAVI和CFPWV与心脏Tei指数、E/A、e/a、E/e显著相关(P均<0.05);控制年龄偏相关分析显示CAVI与Tei指数、CFPWV与E/A显著相关(P<0.001)。 结论 年龄是动脉、心脏僵硬度增加的重要影响因素,心脏与血管僵硬度相互影响。     

超声心动图对尿毒症血液透析患者左心结构与功能的评价

目的探究超声心动图对尿毒症血液透析(HD)患者左心结构与功能的评价。方法选取2018年1月～2019年2月我院行HD治疗的尿毒症患者30例为观察组,选取同期我院体检健康者30例为对照组,分别对观察组透析前及透析后6个月及对照组行超声心动图检测,观察左室结构:左室舒张末期内径(LVIDd)、室间隔舒张期厚度(IVSD)、左室后壁厚度(LVPWd)和左心房内径(LAD)等左心室结构指标,检测左心室功能指标:左室射血分数(LVEF)、二尖瓣舒张早期峰值流速(VE)、二尖瓣舒张早期与晚期峰值流速之比(E/A)、组织多普勒测量二尖瓣环频谱计算Tei指数,二尖瓣舒张早期血流峰值与环运动速度之比(E/e'),计算左室重量指数(LVMI)和左室质量(LVM)。结果治疗前,观察组左心结构指标(LVIDd、IVSD、LVPWd、LAD、LVMI、LVM)及心功能指标(LVEF、VE、E/A、E/e'、Tei指数)与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,观察组LVIDd、IVSD、LVPWd、LAD、LVMI、LVM和LVEF、E/e'、Tei指数与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而VE、E/A与治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对尿毒症患者行HD治疗可显著改善患者左心室结构与功能情况,同时超声心动图可对患者透析前后,各项指标的变化情况做出准确的诊断,值得临床推广。     

血管回声追踪技术评价2型糖尿病患者股动脉弹性的价值

目的 探讨血管回声追踪(ET)技术评价2型糖尿病患者股动脉弹性的价值.方法 采集30例正常人和54例2型糖尿病患者股动脉的二维超声图像,测量双侧股动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT),血管内径(D);应用脉冲多普勒技术(PW)测量收缩期流速(Vs)、舒张早期反向流速(Vr)、舒张末期正向流速(Vd)、阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI);应用ET技术检测弹性指标:僵硬度指数(β)、血管压力-应变弹性系数(Ep)、顺应性(AC)、增大指数(AI)、脉搏波传导速度(PWVβ).结果 按照IMT是否＜1.0 mm分组后显示:糖尿病IMT＜ 1.0 mm组及糖尿病IMT≥1.0 mm组的股动脉血流动力学参数RI、PI、Vr及弹性指标β、Ep、PWVβ均较对照组显著增高(P＜0.05),AC值显著降低(P＜0.05);糖尿病IMT≥1.0 mm组的股动脉血流动力学参数RI、PI与IMT＜1.0 mm组比较差异无统计学意义,但弹性指标β、Ep、PWVβ较糖尿病IMT＜1.0 mm组显著增高(P＜0.05).结论 糖尿病患者存在动脉硬化,且在血管粥样硬化的形态学改变出现之前,血管壁弹性功能已降低,且影响血流动力学,造成外周组织血液供应不良.     

射频超声技术定量评价健康成人颈部动脉内-中膜厚度及弹性功能

目的观察影响健康成人颈总动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)及弹性功能的相关因素及各项弹性参数的正常值范围。方法 184例志愿者根据年龄分为A组(20~29岁)、B组(30~39岁)、C组(40~49岁)、D组(50~59岁)及E组(60岁以上),应用超声射频信号血管内中膜分析技术(QIMT)和超声射频信号动脉僵硬度分析技术(QAS)获取双侧颈动脉IMT、顺应性指标(膨胀系数DC、顺应系数CC)及僵硬度指标(α系数、β系数、脉搏波传导速度PWV),分析各组间及两性间各项参数的差异及其关系。结果左、右侧颈总动脉IMT、DC、CC、α系数、β系数及PWV比较差异无统计学意义。不同性别受检者IMT、DC、α系数、β系数及PWV比较均无统计学意义,CC男性高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。双侧颈总动脉IMT、α系数、β系数及PWV与年龄呈正相关,而DC和CC与年龄呈负相关。结论应用射频超声技术能准确检测颈总动脉IMT和血管弹性,并分析其主要影响因素,为临床定量评估血管性能提供了新的方法。     

超声射频信号动脉僵硬度分析技术评价2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉的改变

目的应用超声射频信号动脉僵硬度分析技术(QAS)评价2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉弹性功能的改变。方法 2型糖尿病组65例,正常对照组60例,应用QAS技术获取各组双下肢股总动脉、动脉内径(D)、僵硬度系数(β)、脉搏波传导速度(PWV)、顺应性系数(CC),并对其参数进行比较分析。结果糖尿病组股总动脉、动脉β、PWV较对照组高,CC较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),D与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);糖尿病组动脉与股总动脉β、PWV、CC比较均差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 QAS技术能定量评价2型糖尿病下肢动脉弹性功能改变,动脉与股总动脉有良好的相关性,且动脉较股总动脉僵硬度改变明显,为2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉硬化早期防治提供重要的临床依据。     

应变率评价不同左室构型高血压患者心脏功能

目的探讨应变率技术评价不同左室构型高血压患者局部心肌运动的临床价值.方法心尖三腔切面测量健康者(18例,正常组)、左室正常构型(18例,LVN组)和重构(16例,LVR组)的原发性高血压患者室间隔及左室后壁中间段的收缩期、舒张早期、舒张晚期最大应变率(即SRSYS, E', A')和收缩期最大应变(εP).结果 LVR组SRSYS和εP显著低于正常组.LVN组LVR组的E'和E'/A'显著低于正常组.结论应变率为定量评价高血压患者局部心肌功能提供了一种新方法.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.