结缔组织病相关肺动脉高压模型的建立

目的 通过成年SD大鼠腹腔一次性注射野百合碱,构建结缔组织病相关肺动脉高压模型方法的可行性.方法 实验组一次性腹腔注入1％野百合碱溶液,剂量为50 mg/kg,对照组腹腔注入同体积2:8无菌乙醇和0.9％氯化钠注射液.2、4周后通过计算机控制多功能生理仪行血流动力学检测,通过肺组织病理学观察异硫氰酸荧光素( FITC).凝集素灌注和抗α.平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)荧光标记了解肺血管重构情况.2组间比较采用t检验.结果 腹腔注射1％野百合碱溶液4周后,模型动物肺动脉测压[肺动脉收缩压(PASP)(41±6) mm Hg,肺动脉舒张压(PADP)(24.3±3.8) mm Hg,平均肺动脉压(mPAP)(29.8±4.2) mm Hg],与对照组[PASP (23±3) mm Hg;PADP (8.5±2.4) mm Hg;mPAP (17.1±2.5) mm Hg]比较,明显升高(P＜0.05),实验组肺组织病理学检查显示肺小动脉管壁增厚、管腔狭窄,肺小动脉管壁厚度指数(TI) 0.723±0.034和面积指数(AI) 0.912±0.203明显高于对照组(0.314±0.023和0.414±0.021)(P＜0.05).结论 SD大鼠腹腔注射野百合碱4周后,可形成肺动脉高压模型,该模型与临床结缔组织病相关肺动脉高压的病理生理相接近,且稳定、可靠、经济.     

Pulmonary arterial hypertension in connective tissue diseases

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was found to be the primary cause of death in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). This led to investigation of the prevalence of PH in other connective tissue diseases (CTD). In 1998, the Ministry of Health and Welfare's MCTD Research Committee revealed complication of PH diagnosed by physicians in 5.02% MCTD patients, 0.90% systemic lupus erythematosus patients, 2.64% systemic sclerosis patients, and 0.56% polymyositis/dermatomyositis patients. These results have been supported by a similar survey performed in North America. As quite a few rheumatologists find right heart catheterization difficult to perform, doppler echocardiography is frequently used for screening and diagnosing PH. The MCTD Research Committee set the revised criteria for MCTD-PH, in which the threshold of estimated pulmonary arterial systolic pressure value for diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is set at 36 mmHg, as proposed by the European Society of Cardiology. Right heart catheterization is strongly recommended for commencing the treatment. Since PH due to thromboembolism can potentially be cured surgically, lung perfusion scintigraphy should be performed for all patients diagnosed with PH. Most CTD-PH are PAH, and since idiopathic PAH (IPAH) patients sometimes have immune disorders, treatment for IPAH may be applicable to CTD-PH. The greatest difference between the treatment strategy for CTD-PH and IPAH is the usage of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressants. The MCTD Research Committee updated its therapeutic guidelines for MCTD-PH in 2011. Validation of these guidelines is also needed.     

Pulmonary arterial hypertension in connective tissue diseases

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) may complicate diverse connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Approximately 10% of patients with systemic sclerosis develop PAH, the prevalence being much lower in other CTDs. However, PAH is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in all forms of CTD. Despite similarities in presentation, hemodynamic perturbations, and pathogenesis, patients with CTD-associated PAH (CTD-PAH) usually have a poorer response to PAH-specific medications and poorer prognosis than patients with idiopathic PAH (IPAH). Select patients with CTD-PAH may be candidates for lung transplantation, but results are less favorable than for IPAH because of comorbidities and complications specifically associated with CTD.     

结缔组织病相关肺动脉高压的研究进展

肺动脉高压（pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH）是一组以肺动脉平均压（mean pulmonary arterial pressure,mPAP）升高为特征的临床一病理生理综合征。肺血管重塑引起肺循环血流动力学改变,最终导致右心衰竭,作为具有潜在破坏力的慢性肺循环疾病,PAH一直是临床诊治的难点。     

Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated to connective tissue diseases

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a well-known complication of connective tissue diseases such as systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue diseases, and to a lesser extent, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatopolymyositis and primary Sj?gren's syndrome. In these patients, pulmonary hypertension may occur in association with left heart disease, interstitial fibrosis or as a result of a isolated pulmonary arteriopathy. The incidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension in the limited form of systemic sclerosis is about 10%. The pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to pulmonary arterial hypertension remain unknown. Symptoms and clinical presentation are very similar to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension but mortality was confirmed to be higher. Echocardiography is the reference investigation for the detection of pulmonary arterial hypertension but the results should be confirmed by right heart catheterization. Treatment appears more complex as compared to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Intravenous epoprostenol therapy has been shown to be effective in a special trail. Also, the endothelin receptor antagonists bosentan and sitaxentan, the phosphodyesterase-type-5 sildenafil and subcutaneous treprostinil have shown favourable results.     

结缔组织病相关性肺动脉高压

正常个体肺动脉平均压(MPAP)为12~16 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),静息状态下MPAP>25 mmHg或活动状态下>30 mmHg时定义为肺循环高压(PH)。2008年WHO Dana point最新分类把PH分为5类,结缔组织病(CTD)相关性肺高压归属第1类,即肺动脉高压(PAH)。血流动力学特点     

Re: Pulmonary arterial hypertension in connective tissue diseases

SIR, In their review of pulmonary arterial hypertension in connectivetissue diseases, Kahler and Colleselli [1] discuss the epidemiology,pathophysiology, diagnostic tools and treatment options of thisdisease. However, in     

Immunosuppressive therapy in connective tissue diseases-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Immune and inflammatory mechanisms could play a significant role in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) genesis or progression, especially in patients with connective tissue diseases. Immunosuppressive therapy should be better evaluated in this setting.Study design: Monocentric retrospective study. PATIENTS: We reviewed the clinical and hemodynamic effects of immunosuppressants administered as first-line monotherapy to 28 consecutive patients with connective tissue disease-associated PAH. INTERVENTIONS: All patients received a monthly IV bolus of cyclophosphamide, 600 mg/m2, for at least 3 months, and 22 of 28 patients received systemic glucocorticosteroids. Responders to immunosuppressive therapy were defined as patients who remained in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I or II with sustained hemodynamic improvement after at least 1 year of immunosuppressive therapy without addition of prostanoids, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, or endothelin receptor antagonists. RESULTS: Eight of 28 patients (systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], n = 5; mixed connective tissue disease [MCTD], n = 3) [29%] were responders. These patients had a significantly improved 6-min walking distance (available in five patients) and a significant improvement in hemodynamic function. No patients with systemic sclerosis responded, while 5 of 12 patients with SLE and 3 of 8 patients with MCTD did respond. Survival analysis indicated that responders had a better survival than nonresponders. Patients with a lower baseline NYHA functional class and better baseline pulmonary hemodynamics (p < 0.05) were more likely to benefit from immunosuppressive therapy. CONCLUSION: PAH associated with SLE or MCTD might respond to a treatment combining glucocorticosteroids and cyclophosphamide.     

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in connective tissue diseases

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by progressive obliteration of the small pulmonary vascular bed as a result of vascular proliferation and remodelling of the vessel wall leading to permanently increased pulmonary vascular resistance and elevated pulmonary artery pressures, which result in right heart failure and premature death. Pathologic processes behind the complex vascular changes associated with PAH include vasoconstrictor/vasodilator imbalance, thrombosis, misguided angiogenesis and inflammation. Besides idiopathic PAH, it can also occur in association with portal hypertension, HIV infection, congenital cardiac left-to-right shunts and connective tissue diseases (CTD). Unfortunately, despite recent major improvements in PAH treatment, no current therapy can yet cure this devastating condition. This review will briefly highlight epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic and treatment options known so far for PAH occurring in connection with CTD.     

结缔组织病相关肺动脉高压的临床分析

目的探讨结缔组织病(CTD)相关肺动脉高压(PAH)的临床、诊治和预后。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院1997年1月-2004年9月2189例CTD[包括混合性结缔组织病(MCTD)、系统性硬化(SSc)、原发性干燥综合征(pSS)、系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、未分化结缔组织病(UCTD)、皮肌炎(DM)和白塞病(BD)]住院患者中并发PAH的临床和随访资料。结果(1)2189例CTD共发生PAH82例(3.7%),女75例,男7例,年龄12~71岁,平均41岁。PAH在SLE和MCTD患者中出现的时间(3年和2年)早于pSS患者(6年)。(2)主要临床表现是呼吸困难(84.1%)和肢端雷诺征(56.1%)。肺动脉收缩压(PASP)为(65.71±20.44)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),肺CO弥散量(DLCO)占预计值的百分比为(51±14)%,PaO2为(70.37±15.02)mmHg,PaCO2为(27.88±6.46)mmHg,PAH功能分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级分别占13%、32%、29%、8%。(3)治疗后仅SLE患者PASP由(76.47±18.20)mmHg降至(69.08±20.77)mmHg。平均随访4.33年。82例并发PAH者13例(15.85%)死亡,明显高于未并发PAH的CTD患者的病死率(2.75%);死亡者与存活者相比,其PaO2更低,PAH功能分级Ⅲ、Ⅳ级的比例更多。结论CTD患者并发PAH不少见,一般在CTD发病后4年,SLE和MCTD并发PAH较早,pSS并发PAH较晚。CTD相关PAH的主要表现是呼吸困难和肢端雷诺征。严重PAH将影响CTD患者的预后,PAH功能分级或PaO2水平对预后评估有意义。定期对CTD患者行超声心动图和肺功能检查对筛查PAH非常必要。     

Pulmonary arterial hypertension among Filipino patients with connective tissue diseases

Abstract

We describe the clinical features, therapies, and clinical course of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a group of Filipinos with connective tissue diseases (CTDs). We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients diagnosed with PAH by a two-dimensional echocardiogram as a tricuspid regurgitant jet of more than 25?mmHg. All patients had underlying CTDs, defined by the American College of Rheumatology criteria, and were seen at the rheumatology clinics of the University of Santo Tomas Hospital and the St. Luke's Medical Center, Philippines. Of the 33 patients (32 women) included in the analysis, there were 14 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 12 with scleroderma, 5 with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), 1 with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), and 1 with dermatomyositis. The average age at PAH diagnosis was 38 ± 14 years (mean ± SD), and the mean duration of illness from CTD to PAH diagnosis was 53 ± 52 months. Twelve patients had died at the time of this report, with a median duration of 15 months (range 1–57 months) from PAH diagnosis to mortality: six of these had scleroderma, five with SLE, and one with APS. The following therapies were used in this group of patients: low molecular weight heparin, warfarin, calcium-channel blockers, aspirin, cyclophosphamide, bosentan, iloprost, and sildenafil. We have described the clinical profile of PAH in a group of Filipino patients with CTDs, most commonly SLE. Various forms of pharmacologic therapies were used among these patients. Mortality remains high, particularly among those with underlying scleroderma. Early recognition and treatment are crucial in order to provide a better outcome for these patients.     

Pulmonary arterial hypertension among Filipino patients with connective tissue diseases

We describe the clinical features, therapies, and clinical course of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a group of Filipinos with connective tissue diseases (CTDs). We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients diagnosed with PAH by a two-dimensional echocardiogram as a tricuspid regurgitant jet of more than 25 mmHg. All patients had underlying CTDs, defined by the American College of Rheumatology criteria, and were seen at the rheumatology clinics of the University of Santo Tomas Hospital and the St. Luke's Medical Center, Philippines. Of the 33 patients (32 women) included in the analysis, there were 14 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 12 with scleroderma, 5 with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), 1 with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), and 1 with dermatomyositis. The average age at PAH diagnosis was 38 ± 14 years (mean ± SD), and the mean duration of illness from CTD to PAH diagnosis was 53 ± 52 months. Twelve patients had died at the time of this report, with a median duration of 15 months (range 1–57 months) from PAH diagnosis to mortality: six of these had scleroderma, five with SLE, and one with APS. The following therapies were used in this group of patients: low molecular weight heparin, warfarin, calcium-channel blockers, aspirin, cyclophosphamide, bosentan, iloprost, and sildenafil. We have described the clinical profile of PAH in a group of Filipino patients with CTDs, most commonly SLE. Various forms of pharmacologic therapies were used among these patients. Mortality remains high, particularly among those with underlying scleroderma. Early recognition and treatment are crucial in order to provide a better outcome for these patients.     

结缔组织病继发肺动脉高压的临床分析

目的 总结结缔组织病(CTD)继发肺动脉高压(PAH)患者的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析1997～ 2011年复旦大学附属华山医院收治的53例结缔组织病继发肺动脉高压患者的临床资料,对患者的疾病种类、临床表现、实验室检查以及诊治和预后情况进行统计学分析.结果 1530例结缔组织病患者共发生肺动脉高压53例,其中女46例,男7例,平均年龄(43.9±13.8)岁,病程(5.1 ±4.2)年.肺动脉高压在系统性红斑狼疮中最为常见.主要临床表现为呼吸困难(84.9％)和肢端雷诺征(56.6％).肺动脉高压患者体内的ANA、nRNP和SSA抗体的比例明显升高.53例患者中7例(13.2％)死亡,死亡主要原因为右心功能衰竭.死亡者与存活者相比,肺动脉压力显著升高,动脉氧分压(PaO2)明显降低.47例患者(88.7％)使用传统的降压药治疗肺动脉高压,新型血管扩张药使用较少.结论 不同结缔组织病间肺动脉高压的发生率有较大差异.结缔组织病继发肺动脉高压的主要表现是呼吸困难和肢端雷诺征.严重肺动脉高压将影响结缔组织病患者的生存率,肺动脉压力和PaO2的检测有利于判断预后.     

Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in connective tissue diseases associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) in connective tissue diseases (CTD) associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and to corroborate the pathologic function of AECA in PAH-associated CTDs.

Methods

AECA were detected by cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in sera of 19 PAH-associated CTD patients, 22 CTD patients without PAH involvement, and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals as controls. Using IgG purified from the sera of AECA-positive, AECA-negative, and healthy subjects, the effects of AECA on the expression of ICAM-1 and the chemokine regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in cultured endothelial cells were also evaluated.

Results

A total of 12 of the 19 (63.2%) CTD patients with PAH, 9 of the 22 (40.9%) CTD patients without PAH, and 1 of the 20 (5%) healthy controls were positive for AECA, which were calculated as ELISA ratio (ER) values. ER values in PAH-associated CTD patients were significantly higher than those with CTD without PAH (3.68±2.05 versus 1.67±1.07, P<0.001). IgG purified from AECA-positive sera induced a significantly increased level of ICAM-1 expression after 48 h incubation (795.2±32.5 pg/mL) compared with AECA-negative or healthy control IgG (231.5±27.1 and 192.8±33.4 pg/mL, respectively; P<0.001). In addition, RANTES production by cultured human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs) increased in both a time- and concentration-dependent manner in response to incubation with purified AECA-positive IgG.

Conclusions

AECA could be involved in CTD and might participate in the pathogenesis of PAH-associated CTD.     

结缔组织病相关性肺动脉高压的评价

目的 探讨评估结缔组织病(CTD)相关性肺动脉高压(PAH)程度的简便、可靠方法,并观察激素、免疫抑制剂治疗对PAH的影响.方法 CTD相关性PAH患者29例为PAH组,另外29例无PAH的CTD患者为对照组,所有患者测定血浆脑钠肽(BNP)水平,并行6 min步行试验(6MWT).结果 PAH组肺间质病变发生率高于对照组(48.2％比20.7％,P＜0.05).与对照组相比,PAH组肺弥散功能显著降低,单位肺泡容积CO弥散量/预计值在不同程度肺动脉压患者间差异有统计学意义.PAH组血浆BNP水平升高[(222.4±38.7)pg/ml比(38.3±21.1) pg/ml,P＜0.01],6MWT距离显著缩短[(247.4 ±23.6)m比(478.4±36.5)m,P＜ 0.01],且轻度、中度及重度PAH组患者间BNP水平[(45.7±28.6) ng/L,(176.4±57.6) ng/L,(385.7±42.9) ng/L]、6MWT距离[(448.9 ±33.7)m,(221.5±19.5)m,(113.5±12.9)m]差异也有统计学意义.激素、免疫抑制剂治疗可显著降低CTD相关性PAH患者的肺动脉压力.结论 BNP水平、6MWT距离、单位肺泡容积CO弥散量/预计值与CTD相关性PAH水平相关,可作为临床评价PAH程度的参考指标,激素、免疫抑制剂治疗可有效降低CTD相关性PAH压力.