新疆乌鲁木齐市社区静脉吸毒人群HIV感染情况调查

目的：了解新疆乌鲁木齐市社区静脉注射吸毒人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染情况。方法：于2005年4—6月以社区为基础招募静脉吸毒者，调查其社会人口学、静脉吸毒行为和性行为方式，并采集血样检测HIV和梅毒抗体。结果：调查的401名静脉吸毒者中，HIV感染率为36.4％（146／401），多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，维族（OR，8．42；95％CI，4.44—15．99）、结婚或同居（OR，2．30；95％CI，1.33—3.97）、累积共用注射吸毒10次及以上（OR，3.10；95％CI，1.81—5.33）、静脉吸毒5年以上（OR，4．10；95％CI，2．47—6．81）与HIV感染关系有统计学意义。结论：该地区静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率高，应针对当地静脉吸毒人群共用注射吸毒行为开展干预来控制HIV的传播和流行。     

宁波海洛因依赖者丙型肝炎病毒感染分析

目的：了解宁波地区海洛因依赖者丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染情况及其影响因素。方法：于2007年6月-9月对宁波地区114例海洛因依赖者进行问卷调查，调查内容包括社会人口学、毒品使用、共用注射器静脉吸毒以及安全套使用情况等，同时采集血样进行HCV抗体检测。结果：在114例海洛因依赖者中，HCV感染率为71．1％。HCV感染与年龄、吸毒时间、吸毒方式及共用注射器有关。年龄在28岁以下的感染率为78．1％，吸毒时间在5年以上的感染率为81．8％，静脉注射吸毒的感染率为77．8％，共用注射器吸毒的感染率为87．7％。结论：近年来，宁波地区海洛因依赖者HCV感染率显著上升，应该在该地区进一步加大干预工作的力度以控制HCV的传播。     

乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群首次注射吸毒和共用器具注射吸毒的调查研究

目的：了解新疆乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群从首次注射吸毒到首次共用器具注射吸毒的发生情况及影响因素。方法：于2005年4-6月以社区为基础招募吸毒者，调查其社会人口学特征、首次吸毒、首次注射吸毒和首次共用器具注射吸毒情况。结果：在调查的静脉吸毒者401人中，68．6％（275／401）的吸毒者曾经共用器具注射吸毒。从首次吸毒到首次注射吸毒的发生率为23．58／100人年（95％CI=21。27-25．89），多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示：女性（HR=1.65，95％CI=1．21-2，24）和首次吸毒年份为1994年及以后（HR=3．56，95％CI=2．84～4．47）与首次注射吸毒发生的关系有统计学意义；从首次注射吸毒到首次共用器具注射毒品的发生率为24．99／100人年（95％CI=22．04-27，94），多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示：维族（HR=I，41，95％CI=1.08～1．85）、初中及以下文化程度（HR=1，41，95％CI=1.09-1．82）和首次注射吸毒年份为1998年及以后（HR=1．56，95％CI=1．20-2．04）与首次共用器具注射吸毒发生的关系有统计学意义。结论：近期开始滥用毒品的吸毒者易于从口吸转变为注射吸毒进而共用器具注射吸毒。注射吸毒是HIV感染和传播的主要途径。     

美沙酮维持治疗门诊受治人群HCV感染及影响因素分析

目的：了解西安市美沙酮维持治疗门诊受治人群丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染现状及其特点,为制订相应的干预措施提供科学依据。方法：对西安市美沙酮维持治疗门诊（MMT）2007年5月1日至2008年5月31日入组的404名海洛因依赖者进行问卷调查,并采静脉血检测抗-HCV抗体。结果：404名吸毒者中,抗-HCV阳性率为60．6％。静脉注射史中,曾静脉注射吸毒者280人,抗-HCV阳性率为75．4％,高于非静脉吸毒者的27．4％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。有14人曾共用注射器具,占3．5％（14／404）。共用注射器具的感染率为78．6％。未共用注射器具者的HCV感染率为60．0％。多性伴者HCV感染率明显高于单一性伴或无性伴者．P〈0．01．有统计学意义。结论：西安市海溶因依籁人群HCV感染率高．相关危险行为普谝存在。     

美沙iNfq诊吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒感染状况分析

目的了解在闸弄口街道社区卫生服务中心美沙酮门诊吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒感染状况。方法采集美沙酮门诊吸毒人员静脉血标本118份,进行HIV、HCV和梅毒血清学检测。结果118名吸毒人员中,HIV抗体阳性2例（1．69％）,HCV抗体阳性44例（37．29％）,梅毒抗体阳性5例（4．23％）：HIV／HCV合并感染2例（1．69％）,梅毒／HCV合并感染1例（1．69％）。结论闸弄口街道社区卫生服务中心美沙酮门诊吸毒人群中HIV、HCV、梅毒感染率较高,应积极开展针对性的干预措施。     

四川省西昌市吸毒人群初次共用注射器具吸毒情况调查分析

目的:了解四川省西昌市吸毒人群初次共用注射器具的发生情况及其影响因素。方法:于2004年5-7月,从社区中招募吸毒人员,调查其社会人口学、初次吸烟、饮酒和吸毒相关行为特征情况。结果:在调查的451名吸毒人员中,82·04%(370/451)在调查前注射毒品;50·33%(227/451)曾经共用过注射器具。从初次吸毒到初次共用注射器具静脉注射毒品的发生率为9·69/100人年,多因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,与初次共用注射器具的发生相关的变量为男性(危险率比值为1·80;95%可信区间为1·11-2·91)、初中以下文化(危险率比值为1·48;95%可信区间为1·14-1·94)和15a以前开始吸烟(危险率比值为1·40;95%可信区间为1·06-1·84)。从初次静脉注射毒品到初次共用注射器具注射毒品的发生率为34·12/100人年,多因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,与初次共用注射器具发生相关的变量为男性(危险率比值为1·92;95%可信区间为1·20-3·06)和初中以下文化(危险率比值为1·31;95%可信区间为1·00-1·71)。结论:西昌市吸毒人群中男性、文化程度低和吸烟年龄早是其初次共用注射器具发生的影响因素。     

乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群共用器具注射毒品行为特征及其影响因素

目的:了解乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群共用器具注射毒品的行为特征及其影响因素。方法:于2004年9-10月,应用结构式问卷调查乌鲁木齐市吸毒者的人口学特征、首次吸毒前的吸烟和饮酒情况;首次吸毒和首次静脉注射毒品及共用注射器具注射毒品的行为特征及相关因素等。结果:提供知情同意书的509名吸毒者中,既往共用器具注射吸毒者占59.5%(303/509)。近3个月有新的共用器具注射毒品伙伴者占17.3%(88/509);共用器具注射毒品≥5次者占14.9%(76/509);近3个月33.2%(169/509)的调查对象共用器具注射毒品;直接共用者占27.9%(142/509),间接共用者占23.2%(118/509)。Logistic回归模型结果显示,与共用器具注射毒品≥5次有统计学意义的变量是年龄(OR=1.77,95%CI:1.07-2.91)和文化程度(OR=0.31,95%CI:0.15-0.64);与直接共用有关的变量是近6个月工作(OR=0.57,95%CI:0.38-0.86)、年收入(OR=0.58,95%CI:0.38-0.86)和15a以前开始吸烟(OR=1.79,95%CI:1.18-2.72);与间接共用有关的变量是民族(OR=0.58,95%CI:0.37-0.92)和近6个月工作(OR=0.61,95%CI:0.40-0.92)。结论:乌鲁木齐地区吸毒人群共用器具注射毒品比例高;年龄、文化程度、稳定的工作和年收入及15a以前开始吸烟与共用注射器具吸毒有关。提示:推广高危行为干预和强化个体化降低毒品危害咨询的必要性。     

美沙酮维持治疗门诊吸毒人群HCV感染调查分析

目的：调查美沙酮治疗门诊吸毒人群中HCV的感染率并为制定相应的预防措施提供科学依据。方法：宝鸡市美沙酮维持治疗（MMT）门诊61名受治者采静脉血检测抗-HCV抗体,调查在治者的HIV感染率。结果：受治者总抗-HCV阳性率为42．62％,HCV感染率女性高于男性,吸毒人群中HIV感染率高于一般人群。结论：MMT门诊吸毒人群HCV感染率高,相关危险行为普遍存在,应对吸毒人群加强教育,使其改变吸毒方式或参加美沙酮维持治疗,同时加强对相关人员的防护措施。     

436例吸毒人员HIV、HCV和梅毒检测结果的分析

目的通过对新会区戒毒所吸毒人员HIV、HCV和梅毒的检测,了解吸毒人群经血传播疾病的危险因素,为预防控制艾滋病在吸毒人群的流行提供科学依据。方法对新会区2011年戒毒所的436例吸毒人员进行问卷调查,采取静脉血的方法抽取血样,进行HIV、HCV和梅毒抗体检测,并对结果进行统计和分析。结果 436例吸毒人员HIV感染率为3.4%(15/436),HCV感染率为36.9%(161/436),梅毒感染率为9.4%(41/436)。HIV、HCV的感染途径以共用注射器静脉吸毒为主。结论被调查人群中存在血源性疾病传播和流行的风险,应加强对吸毒人群的监测,同时开展防病知识宣传教育和行为干预,以降低HIV、HCV和梅毒在该人群中的传播和扩散,控制艾滋病等血源性传染病的蔓延和流行。     

静脉吸毒人群前瞻性队列研究2年随访HIV血清抗体保持率分析

目的:了解静脉吸毒人群前瞻性队列研究2年随访的HIV血清抗体阳转率和保持率情况。方法:于2002年11月,在四川省西昌市从社区招募了HIV血清抗体阴性的静脉吸毒人群前瞻性研究队列333人,队列每6个月随访1次和采集血样进行HIV抗体检测,以及分析队列本底的静脉吸毒人群社会人口学和HIV高危行为特征与队列保持率的关系。结果:静脉吸毒人群队列研究2年随访的HIV血清抗体阳转率为2.53/100人年(95%CI,1.10-3.97)和保持率为75.7%(252/333)。在多因素logistic回归模型分析中,与队列保持率的关系有统计学意义的变量为:彝族(OR,0.52;95%CI,0.29-0.91)、6个月回访(OR,4.72;95%CI,2.69-8.28)、和近3个月静脉吸毒频率高(OR,2.06;95%CI,1.12-3.80)。结论:本研究队列静脉吸毒人群HIV血清抗体阳转率较高和彝族静脉吸毒人群队列保持率低。     

社区暗娼吸毒情况及其影响因素调查研究

目的:了解四川省凉山彝族自治州某吸毒严重地区暗娼吸毒情况及其影响因素。方法:从社区招募暗娼调查其社会人口学、吸毒、性行为方式和安全套使用情况。结果:提供知情同意和符合纳入标准的343人中,近3个月内暗娼中吸毒的占9.3%(32/343),其中静脉吸毒的占43.8%(14/32)。多因素分析结果显示当地居民(OR值为7.16;95%CI为2.47-20.69)、低档性服务场所(OR值为10.66;95%CI为2.79-40.72)、近6个月内新性伴人数多(OR值为4.12;95%CI为1.22-13.96)和吸烟(OR值为45.36;95%CI为9.61-214.17)与暗娼吸毒有关。结论:暗娼中存在着经吸毒和性传播HIV的高危行为,需针对这一人群采取有效的干预措施。     

云南四川部分城市注射毒品人群高危行为的快速需求评估

目的 :评估云南省和四川省部分城市注射毒品人群感染HIV的高危险行为。方法 :采用随机抽样和“滚雪球”的方法 ,对云南省和四川省四个地区注射毒品人群进行高危行为的流行学调查 ,并将结果做分析比较。结果 :四川省的吸毒者主要以静脉注射毒品和烫吸毒品为主 ,而云南省的吸毒者则更多以静脉注射毒品为主。 4个城市吸毒者共用注射器的比例分别为 :昆明市 74 5 % ,西昌市 5 8 8% ,绵阳市 34 1%和保山市 2 8 8%。这些吸毒者都很少消毒注射器 ,平均每天的吸毒次数云南 2 - 3次 ,四川 2次。安全套使用率都比较低 ,特别是在与非固定性伴的性行为中 ,昆明市吸毒者安全套的使用率为 2 7% ,保山市为 4 1 7% ,绵阳市和西昌市分别为 33 3%和 30 8%。结论 :四川省和云南省被调查的吸毒者都存在有不同程度的与HIV传播相关的高危险行为     

Correlates of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Injection Drug Users in a Syringe-Exchange Program in Malmö, Sweden

Background: Injection drug users (IDUs) are at increased risk of various medical conditions, including bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). SSTIs, which are painful and can lead to life-threatening complications, are common but scarcely studied. Objectives: To investigate life time, past 12 month and past 30-day prevalence for SSTI related to injection drug use, in IDUs at Malmö syringe exchange program (Malmö SEP). To investigate factors associated with having ever had an SSTI. Methods: IDUs were recruited from Malmö SEP (N = 80). They participated in a survey with questions about demographics, drug use, and experience of SSTIs. Factors independently associated with self-reported SSTI ever were assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: The lifetime reported prevalence of SSTI was 58%, past 12 months 30%, and past 30 days 14%. Factors independently associated with SSTI ever were age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–1.18), female sex (AOR = 6.75; 95% CI = 1.40–32.47), having ever injected prescribed drugs (AOR = 52.15; 95% CI = 5.17–525.67), and having ever injected in the neck (AOR = 8.08; 95% CI = 1.16–56.08). Conclusions/Importance: SSTI is common among IDUs in Malmö. Women and those injecting in the neck or injecting prescribed drugs (crushed tablets/liquids), are more likely to have had an SSTI.     

Prevalence of HIV/HCV/HBV infections and drug-related risk behaviours amongst IDUs recruited through peer-driven sampling in Iran

BackgroundThe control of blood-borne infections including HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) amongst injecting drug users (IDUs) is a challenge for health authorities in Iran. Hence, more reliable estimates of the levels of blood-borne infections and their associated factors are critically needed.MethodsActive IDUs were recruited using peer-driven sampling in a bio-behavioural survey in 2008. Over 8 weeks, data were collected from adults living in a city in Isfahan Province who had injected drugs in the past month. Participants provided a whole blood sample and answered questions on sexual and drug-related risk characteristics. Participants were provided post-test counselling and a non-monetary incentive for their participation. Excluding two inactive cases, the initial recruits resulted in 2–8 waves of recruitment.ResultsOverall, 118 IDUs including three females participated. The estimated population proportions of HIV, hepatitis B, and HCV infections were 0.7% (95% CI, 0.6–2.3), 0.7% (95% CI, 0.1–2.1), and 59.4% (95% CI, 47.4–68.7), respectively. Responses indicated that 31% (95% CI, 20–44.5) of the IDUs ever shared a needle/syringe for drug injection, and 77% (95% CI, 65–84) had ever injected an addictive solution marketed widely as Temgesic. Multivariate analyses revealed that the high prevalence of HCV infection amongst IDUs is associated with the lifetime duration of drug injection (AOR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01–1.34) and with having injected Temgesic (AOR, 4.73; 95% CI, 1.52–14.69).ConclusionOur experience in Iran indicates that IDUs can be recruited effectively in a bio-behavioural survey through peer-driven sampling and using only a single primary incentive. The high prevalence of HCV associated with injecting Temgesic is important evidence for harm-reduction policies in Iran.     

Social injecting and other correlates of high-risk sexual activity among injecting drug users in northern Vietnam

BackgroundSexual risk and STDs are relatively high among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Vietnam. We sought to determine characteristics of sexually active IDUs and correlates of high-risk sexual practices among IDUs in Bac Ninh province in northern Vietnam.MethodsWe used data collected for a community-based cross-sectional pilot study to identify correlates of recent high-risk sex (>1 sex partner and inconsistent/no condom use in the past year). Factors associated with high-risk sex were identified using logistic regression.ResultsAmong 216 sexually active male IDUs, one third (n = 72) had engaged in high-risk sex within the last year. IDUs who reported injecting with others more frequently, having someone else inject their drugs at last injection, sharing needles or sharing any injection equipment were more likely to have reported recent high-risk sex. Factors independently associated with high-risk sexual activity were not injecting oneself [AOR: 2.22; 95% CI (1.09–4.51)], and sharing needles in the past 12 months [AOR: 2.57; 95% CI (1.10–5.99)].ConclusionsIDUs who inject socially and IDUs who share needles are likely to engage in high-risk sexual behaviours and may serve as an important bridge group for epidemic HIV transmission in Vietnam. In addition to messages regarding the dangers of sharing needles and other injection equipment, preventive interventions among newly initiated IDUs should also focus on reducing sexual risk.     

四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及其行为特征调查

目的:了解四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及行为特征情况,为采取有针对性的戒毒干预措施预防艾滋病病毒的传播提供数据.方法:以社区为基础招募了379名静脉吸毒人员,调查其人口学特征,艾滋病病毒感染情况,药物滥用的种类、吸毒方式和频率,口吸和静脉吸毒时间,共用注射器具情况等.结果:静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染率为11.3%(43/379).379名被调查者全部为海洛因滥用者,其中247人(65.2%)单独使用过海洛因,297人(78.4%)混合注射过海洛因与安定,滥用过的其他药物有安定(8.2%)和鸦片(1.3%).300人(79.2%)每天静脉注射吸毒一次及以上;曾经共用注射器具静脉吸毒的为247人(65.2%),87人(35.2%)首次静脉注射吸毒即与他人共用注射器具;初次口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均年龄分别为22.37岁和25.35岁,口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均时间分别为6.41年和3.42年.结论:加强青少年、吸毒人员关于毒品危害和拒绝毒品的健康教育活动,以及开展美沙酮或丁丙诺啡口服治疗海洛因依赖者,降低静脉注射吸毒行为,控制艾滋病病毒的传播.     

Not All Injection Drug Users Are Created Equal: Heterogeneity of HIV,Hepatitis C Virus,and Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Georgia

Injection drug users (IDU) are widely believed to have accelerated the looming HIV/AIDS epidemic now faced by the Russian Federation and countries of the former Soviet Union. However, IDUs may be heterogeneous with regard to risk behaviors, and a subpopulation may be responsible for the majority of blood-borne pathogen transmission. We studied 926 adult injection drug users (IDU) from the cities of Tbilisi, Batumi, and Poti in Georgia, a small country in the Caucuses region between the Black and Caspian Seas, between 1997 and 1998. Study participants were administered a confidential questionnaire and were tested for antibody to HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc). Five (0.5%) individuals were positive for HIV; 539 (58.2%), for HCV; 67 (7.2%), for HBsAg; and 475, for (51.3%) anti-HBc. Surveyed individuals, 88.7%, reported sharing needles with others, and needle sharing with more than 10 other individuals versus no sharing was a highly significant predictor (OR: 278.12, 95% CI: 77.57, 997.20) of HCV seropositivity. In adjusted analysis, individuals who usually injected stolen medical/synthetic drugs had significantly lower odds of HCV (OR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.68) and HBV (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.90) than individuals most commonly injecting opium. Despite some limitations, these results suggest the presence of substantial heterogeneity between different injection drug-using groups in Georgia. Identification of high-risk IDU subpopulations is vital to efficiently target risk reduction programs and to prevent confounding by risk status in large HIV/AIDS behavioral intervention and vaccine trials.     

HIV prevalence and correlates of receptive needle sharing among injection drug users in the Mexican-U.s. border city of Tijuana

Injection drug use is a growing but understudied problem in Tijuana, a city situated on the northwestern Mexico-U.S border. The authors studied factors associated with receptive needle sharing in an effort to inform prevention activities. In 2003, street-recruited injection drug users (IDUs) in Tijuana underwent interviews on injection risk behaviors and rapid HIV antibody tests. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of receptive needle sharing at the last injection episode. Of 402 IDUs, 87.6% were male; the median age was 34. HIV prevalence was 4.01% (95% CI: 2.29-6.51). One third reported receptive needle sharing at last injection. Factors independently associated with receptive needle sharing were years living in Tijuana (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AdjOR]= 0.97 per year, 95% CI: 0.96-0.99), being bisexual/homosexual (AdjOR=2.12; 95% CI: 1.30 - 3.44), unemployed (AdjOR=2.5; 95% CI: 1.52-4.10), never having an HIV test (AOR: 4.02; 95% CI: 2.44-6.60), having friends who placed importance on avoiding HIV (AdjOR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.19-0.68) and last injecting in a shooting gallery (AdjOR=1.98; 95% CI: 1.21-3.24). These results underscore the need to increase access to voluntary HIV testing and counseling to IDUs and migrants in Tijuana, as well as expand access to sterile syringes in an effort to avert widespread HIV transmission.     

High dead-space syringes and the risk of HIV and HCV infection among injecting drug users

This study examines the association between using and sharing high dead-space syringes (HDSSs)—which retain over 1000 times more blood after rinsing than low dead-space syringes (LDSSs)—and prevalent HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among injecting drug users (IDUs). A sample of 851 out-of-treatment IDUs was recruited in Raleigh–Durham, North Carolina, between 2003 and 2005. Participants were tested for HIV and HCV antibodies. Demographic, drug use, and injection practice data were collected via interviews. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Participants had a mean age of 40 years and 74% are male, 63% are African American, 29% are non-Hispanic white, and 8% are of other race/ethnicity. Overall, 42% of participants had ever used an HDSS and 12% had shared one. HIV prevalence was 5% among IDUs who had never used an HDSS compared with 16% among IDUs who had shared one. The HIV model used a propensity score approach to adjust for differences between IDUs who had used an HDSS and those who had never used one. The HCV models included all potential confounders as covariates. A history of sharing HDSSs was associated with prevalent HIV (odds ratio = 2.50; 95% confidence interval = 1.01, 6.15). Use and sharing of HDSSs were also associated with increased odds of HCV infection. Prospective studies are needed to determine if sharing HDSSs is associated with increased HIV and HCV incidence among IDUs.