苍白球内侧部毁损术治疗帕金森病概率功能图谱再研究

目的建立改良的苍白球内侧部(Gpi)毁损术治疗帕金森病最佳靶点的概率功能图谱。方法回顾分析92例帕金森病患者MRI影像学资料、电生理资料和术后评分基础上,对毁损电极尖端裸区进行建模,然后利用Marching Cube算法,坐标归一化,通过空间转换构建Gpi毁损靶点概率功能图谱。结果通过坐标归一化所建立的概率功能图谱与之前的图谱比较能够更好显示帕金森病最佳靶点的空间分布。结论改良Gpi概率功能图谱是立体定向功能神经外科有效的辅助工具。     

磁共振微电极记录辅助脑内核团毁损治疗帕金森病

目的：探讨磁共振（MRI）扫描定位结合术中微电极记录技术及靶点选择在帕金森病立体定向手术治疗中的作用。方法：MRI扫描定位结合微电极记录,脑立体定向毁损法治疗帕金森病89例,其中Vim毁损6例,Gpi毁损71例,Gpi Vim毁损12例,结果：根据MRI扫描确定的靶点坐标与通过微电极记录确定的最终毁损靶点坐标不符的9例,变更范围1-3mm,患者震颤、僵直及运动减少等症状改善显著,术前及术后UPDRS评分经t检验统计有显著差异。结论：选择合适的靶点,MRI扫描结合术中微电记记录技术,提高了帕金森病手术疗效,减少了手术并发症。     

MRI引导立体定向射频颅内靶点毁损治疗帕金森病

目的：探讨立体定向射频毁损Vim和Gpi治疗帕金森病的作用。方法：对28例帕金森病患行MRI、CT定位，微电极引导，配合术中测量阻抗和电刺激确定Vim、Gpi靶点，以80℃，90″毁损。结果：术后即刻症状消除89．3％，症状减轻10．7％。结论：立体定向射频毁损Vim,Gpi治疗帕金森病有效率高，准确定位是手术成功的主要条件。     

苍白球内侧部毁损术中靶点的综合定位法

目的介绍综合定位法在苍白球内侧部(Gpi)毁损术中的应用.方法对59例Gpi毁损术中的靶点综合性定位方法进行回顾性总结.先根据Shaltenbrand图谱和姚家庆图谱,确定一个标准的Gpi坐标,X=18 mm, Y=2 mm, Z=-6 mm,再通过MRI定位扫描、粗电极刺激和微电极记录三种方法对标准靶点坐标进行三次修改.最后,在对靶点进行试验性毁损后,制作永久性Gpi毁损灶.结果第一次标准靶点修改例数为50例,修改范围:x=0～4 mm,y=1～2 mm,z=0～3 mm;第二次修改例数为18例,修改范围:x=1～3 mm,y=1～1.5 mm,z=1～1.5 mm;第三次修改例数为9例,修改范围:x=0.5～1 mm,y=0.5mm,z=0.5～1.5 mm,而且大多数仅在z轴上进行修改.所有病例均获得良好手术效果.结论最大限度地利用MRI定位扫描和粗电极刺激所获得的信息,是Gpi毁损术中靶点定位的基本方法,微电极记录技术是靶点Gpi定位的辅助手段.     

磁共振导向立体定向扣带回毁损靶点定位及毁损范围的研究

目的 探讨磁共振导向立体定向扣带回毁损的最佳靶点及毁损灶范围. 方法 回顾性分析71例行磁共振导向立体定向扣带回毁损患者的资料,其中慢性疼痛7例.精神疾病64例;扣带回靶点选择为:X:5mm,Y:侧脑室尖后10～20mm,Z:侧脑室上2 mm,并根据磁共振三维定位影像确定及调整靶点及毁损范围;用温控射频仪制作毁损灶,电极直径1.6mm,尖端裸露4mm,毁损温度75℃,时间100 S,毁损灶大小15 mm×10 mm×10 mm.全部患者分别于术后3 d及2月行影像复查.结果 所有患者术后影像复查显示毁损灶完全位于扣带回前部;2例发生短暂性尿失禁,无永久性并发症发生;7例慢性疼痛术后疼痛缓解满意,64例精神疾病手术后结果为优3例,显著进步35例,进步22例,无效4例. 结论 利用磁共振导向行立体定向扣带回毁损手术可以清晰的辨认出扣带回形态及周围结构,最佳的靶点毁损范围为胼胝体顶向后10～25 mm,扣带回底向上高10 mm,宽10 mm.     

立体定向脑内核团毁损术治疗帕金森病(附52例报告)

目的探讨立体定向脑内核团毁损术治疗帕金森病的安全性及有效性。方法本组男29例,女23例;年龄41~77岁,病程3~15年,其中震颤型40例,肌强直型8例,混合型4例。在局麻下对这些患者行立体定向脑内核团射频毁损术,术后观察治疗的效果。结果本组44例行Vim核毁损术,8例行Gpi毁损术,手术有效率100%,术后出现毁损部位少量出血1例,出现术侧肢体偏瘫1例,经治疗1个月后症状均缓解。结论立体定向脑内核团毁损术治疗帕金森病疗效显著,且靶点选择、毁损范围及程度与手术疗效及并发症密切相关。     

微电极引导立体定向核团毁损治疗帕金森病

目的应用微电极记录技术、立体定向核团毁损治疗帕金森病.方法患者20例.男11例,女9例.采用CRW立体定向架、螺旋CT扫描,层厚1mm,连续扫描.在计算机工作站上重建三维图像,找出标准AC-PC平面,以AC-PC中点为大脑原点,求出Vim或Gpi核团X、Y、Z坐标值,然后导人微电极,根据微电极提供的靶点的预毁损和永久性毁损.术前及术后评估采用UPDRS积分和Hoeh和Yahr分期.结果患者术前震颤、僵直和运动减少症状均得到改善.UPDRS积分下降.患者术后有2例发生轻微精神障碍,1例口唇麻木,1例肢体轻度无力,无永久性并发症.结论微电极电生理记录技术,通过对帕金森患者脑内核团细胞特异性放电的识别,克服了个体在解剖和功能上的变异,从而提高了手术效果,减少了并发症.     

Gpi、Vim联合同期毁损治疗帕金森病（附50例报告）

目的探讨Gpi、Vim联合同期毁损治疗帕金森病安全性与可行性.方法选择男性27例,女性23例.年龄47～74岁,平均51,5岁.病程2～10年,平均6,4年,术前开、关状态UPDRS评分,分别为34.9±17.3和51.2±17.5.采用CRW定向仪,应用Philips Gyroscan NT 1,0 tesla MR扫描,在轴位像直接确定Vim、Gpi解剖靶点,再测量距中线实际距离,读出靶点坐标数据.在冠状位先确定Vim、Gpi靶点,确定Gpi靶点距离视束2mm,再测量靶点至中线实际距离及深度.二者重建即为确定的Vim、Gpi手术靶点.靶点微电极记录一次.靶点射频毁损之前,行电刺激验证靶点.毁损温度80度、每次60秒,每间隔1mm毁损一次,毁损灶达4～6mm圆柱体.结果术后1～2周开、关状态UPDRS评分,分别改善为14.2±27.1和16.2±25.5.随访2～18个月,震颤完全消失,肌僵硬及运动迟缓改善,肢体活动灵活,步态和身体姿势显著进步.无语言障碍及视野缺损、无死亡.结论对Gpi、丘脑Vim核的毁损的先后次序、毁损范围、毁损的程度应该依据患者的症状而定.以肌僵硬为主要症状者,先毁损Gpi.如果仍有明显震颤,则增加Vim靶点.震颤较轻时,Vim靶点毁损范围应缩小3mm.以震颤为主要症状者,则先毁损Vim靶点,依据肌僵硬改善程度决定是否行Gpi毁损及毁损程度.采用Gpi、Vim靶点联合同期毁损并未增加手术危险性,相反,两个靶点作用互补,“开”“关”状态改善显著,震颤改善达百分之百,取得良好效果.     

颅内靶点立体定向毁损术治疗帕金森病围手术期的配合与护理

目的探讨颅内靶点立体定向毁损术治疗帕金森病围手术期的配合与护理。方法局麻下用对10例帕金森病病人进行颅内靶点立体定向毁损术治疗。护士积极配合配合医生做好对病人的术前、术中及术后的护理。结果10例帕金森病病人中，显效8例，有效2例。病人肢体震颤、肌强直等运动障碍术后明显改善，仅有2例发生并发症（1例术后轻偏瘫，l例顽固性呃逆）无死亡病例。结论颅内靶点立体定向毁损术治疗帕金森病，不仅定位精确，毁损灶小，而且对肌肉震颤和肌强直等运动障碍症状的控制效果好。在护理上应注意术中配合和并发症的预防护理。     

标准立体定向空间构建人脑苍白球内侧部数字化解剖图谱

目的 在标准立体定向空间应用《中国数字化可视化人体图谱》男性尸脑切片构建豆状核亚结构—苍白球内侧部(Gpi)数字化图谱. 方法 对数字化可视化人体图谱尸脑切片解剖学图像进行Gpi及前连合、后连合的识别与分割等处理,并应用软件对处理后的Gpi进行三维重建,并建立立体定向坐标系. 结果 三维重建的Gpi为近似蚕豆状的灰质团块,同时构建了壳核及苍白球外侧部(Gpe),图谱能够清晰的显示三者在立体定向空间的位置关系.三维可视化的效果为豆状核可以在立体定向空间任意角度的旋转、缩放. 结论 利用超薄尸脑解剖图像可以在标准立体定向空间成功对颅内神经结构亚核团进行三维重建.     

High frequency deep brain stimulation: what are the therapeutic mechanisms?

High frequency deep brain stimulation (HFS) used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) was first assumed to act by reducing an excessive tonic GABAergic inhibitory output from the internal globus pallidus (GPi). Stimulation in GPi might produce this directly by mechanisms such as depolarization block or activation of presynaptic inhibitory fibers, and the same mechanisms evoked by HFS in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) could reduce the excitatory action of STN on GPi neurons. Although somatic recordings from neurons near the stimulation site may appear to support this potential mechanism, the action downstream from the site of stimulation often is not consistent with this interpretation. A more parsimonious explanation for the similar effects of HFS in STN or GPi and a lesion of either of these structures is that both HFS and pallidotomy interrupt an abnormal pattern of firing in cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops that is responsible for the symptoms of PD.     

Restricted ablative lesions in motor portions of GPi in primates produce extensive loss of motor-related neurons and degeneration of the lenticular fasciculus

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the internal pallidum (GPi) and the subthalamic nucleus and to a lesser extent, ablative lesioning, are broadly utilized to treat patients with medically intractable Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. Beneficial outcomes however are not uniform and adverse cognitive and behavioral are significant risks. Surgical outcomes of GPi surgeries might be improved by approaches that better account for the course of motor and non-motor pallidothalamic projections. Although several studies, including our own tracer investigations, suggest that motor projections from GPi principally form the lenticular fasciculus and non-motor projections primarily contribute to the ansa lenticularis, other schemes have perpetuated. Presently, to corroborate the course of pallidothalamic projections and to assess the feasibility of selectively targeting the motor circuit of GPi, radiofrequency lesions were placed in the motor portion of GPi in monkeys. Degenerating pallidothalamic fibers were visualized with amino cupric staining techniques and regional cell counts in GPi were compared with control hemispheres. Lesions restricted to posterior motor portions of GPi produced selective degeneration of LF and only damaged AL if the lesions extended more anteriorly. Marked secondary neuronal loss occurred well beyond the principal lesions but was mainly confined to the posterolateral motor region of GPi. These findings corroborate the original pallidothalamic outflow scheme proposed by Ranson and Ranson. Conceivably, a restrictive lesion or a DBS probe could be placed in the centroposterior portion of GPi to selectively target both local motor-related neurons and traversing pallidothalamic fibers originating from more posterior and lateral motor regions.     

苍白球腹后部切开术治疗帕金森病靶点定位规律探讨

目的 研究苍白球腹后部切开术(PVP)治疗帕金森病(PD)的靶点定位方法及其规律。方法 45例原发PD患者接受手术．采用MRI进行靶点解剖定位，术中用电生理方法对靶点做必要的调整，同时在MRI操作台上准确测量ACPC线的长度(L)、三脑室的宽度(W)、头颅的长度和宽度。结果 本组患者UPDRS评分改善率大于35％，手术效果满意；依据术中电生理方法调整靶点20例．调整范围1～3mm；靶点横坐标(X)与L和W之间存在线性依从关系即：X=10．09 0．30L 0．48W．决定系数R^2=0．7258．结论 PVP术中应用电生理方法调整靶点是非常重要的，实现了靶点的功能定位；X坐标值随L和W的增加而增大，且W对X的贡献大于L，靶点Z坐标与L和W之间无相关性，靶点坐标与颅长、颅宽无相关性。     

Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus internus

OBJECTIVES: Deep brain stimulation of the basal ganglia has become a promising treatment option for patients with Parkinson's disease who have side effects from drugs. Which is the best target-globus pallidus internus (GPi) or subthalamic nucleus (STN)-is still a matter of discussion. The aim of this prospective study is to compare the long term effects of GPi and STN stimulation in patients with severe Parkinson's disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Bilateral deep brain stimulators were implanted in the GPi in six patients and in the STN in 12 patients with severe Parkinson's disease. Presurgery and 3, 6, and 12 months postsurgery patients were scored according to the CAPIT protocol. RESULTS: Stimulation of the STN increased best Schwab and England scale score significantly from 62 before surgery to 81 at 12 months after surgery; GPi stimulation did not have an effect on the Schwab and England scale. Stimulation of the GPi reduced dyskinesias directly whereas STN stimulation seemed to reduce dyskinesias by a reduction of medication. Whereas STN stimulation increased the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) motor score, GPi stimulation did not have a significant effect. Fluctuations were reduced only by STN stimulation and STN stimulation suppressed tremor very effectively. CONCLUSION: Stimulation of the GPi reduces medication side effects, which leads to a better drug tolerance. There was no direct improvement of bradykinesia or tremor by GPi stimulation. Stimulation of the STN ameliorated all parkinsonian symptoms. Daily drug intake was reduced by STN stimulation. The STN is the target of choice for treating patients with severe Parkinson's disease who have side effects from drugs.     

Bilateral pallidotomy for treatment of Parkinson's disease induced corticobulbar syndrome and psychic akinesia avoidable by globus pallidus lesion combined with contralateral stimulation

OBJECTIVE: Posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP) has proved to be an effective method for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, data on bilateral procedures are still limited. To assess the effects of bilateral globus pallidus (GPi) lesion and to compare it with a combination of unilateral GPi lesion plus contralateral GPi stimulation (PVP+PVS), an open blind randomised trial was designed. METHODS: A prospective series of patients with severe Parkinson's disease refractory to medical treatment, and severe drug induced dyskinesias, were randomised either to simultaneous bilateral PVP or simultaneous PVP+PVS. All patients were assessed with the core assessment programme for intracerebral transplantation (CAPIT), and a comprehensive neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric battery both before surgery and 3 months later. RESULTS: The severe adverse effects found in the first three patients subjected to bilateral PVP led to discontinuation of the protocol. All three patients developed depression and apathy. Speech, salivation, and swallowing, as well as freezing, walking, and falling, dramatically worsened. By contrast, all three patients undergoing PVP+PVS had a significant motor improvement. CONCLUSION: Bilateral simultaneous lesions within the GPi may produce severe motor and psychiatric complications. On the other hand, a combination of PVP+ PVS significantly improves parkinsonian symptoms not associated with the side effects elicited by bilateral lesions.     

Double blinded evaluation of the effects of pallidal and subthalamic nucleus stimulation on daytime activity in advanced Parkinson's disease

The results of a double blinded evaluation of the effects of globus pallidus (GPi; n=7) and subthalamic nucleus (STN; n=11) stimulation in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease are summarized. The patients were evaluated at 6-8months after surgery. In order to determine the benefits afforded by the stimulation to the actual daily activities, the patients were maintained on-medication with optimal doses and schedules. The stimulation was turned off overnight for at least 12h. It was turned on in the morning (or maintained turned off), and the best and worst scores during daytime activity were recorded, as on-period and off-period scores, respectively. A reduction in total motor score on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale was clearly elicited by GPi and STN stimulation at both the off-period (-57 and -29%, respectively) and the on-period (-36 and -25%, respectively). The difference in effects between GPi and STN stimulation appeared to be due largely to an unintended difference in the patients' preoperative symptoms. The benefits provided by stimulation to the actual daily activities appears to be limited in patients who have become unresponsive to a large dose of levodopa. Two advantages of GPi and STN stimulation were identified. Firstly, the stimulation can supplement a reduced action of levodopa during the off-period. It thus improves the patient's daily activities through attenuation of the motor fluctuations. Secondly, the stimulation can replace part of the action of levodopa during the on-period. It thus attenuates dopa-induced dyskinesia through a reduced dose of medication. More importantly, the stimulation improves the daily activities in dopa-intolerant patients who are being administered a small dose of levodopa because of unbearable side effects. In addition, GPi stimulation has its own inhibitory effect on dopa-induced dyskinesia. Clinically important improvement was observed in severe gait freezing in 2 patients following unilateral anterodorsal GPi stimulation on the right side alone.     

A probabilistic functional atlas of the human subthalamic nucleus

This paper introduces a method for generation and validation of a probabilistic functional brain atlas of subcortical structures from electrophysiological and neuroimaging data. The method contains three major steps: (1) acquisition of pre, intra, and postoperative multimodal data; (2) selection of an accurate data set for atlas generation; and (3) generation of the atlas from the selected data set. The method is applied to construct the probabilistic functional atlas of the human subthalamic nucleus (STN). The STN atlas has been built from data collected during surgical treatment of 184 patients with Parkinson’s disease. It is based on preoperative X-ray ventriculography imaging, intraoperative electrophysiological measurements and X-ray imaging, and postoperative neurological assessment. The atlas features a high resolution of 0.25 mm³ and a high accuracy of 0.25 mm. It is dynamic and can be rapidly recalculated for arbitrary resolution and extended by adding new patient data. The atlas can easily be reformatted and warped to match patient-specific data. Its applications include planning of subthalamic stimulations and neuroscience research to study functional properties of the STN. The presented method is general and can be applied for constructing human and animal probabilistic brain atlases.     

Acute stimulation in the external segment of the globus pallidus improves parkinsonian motor signs.

High frequency (>100Hz) electrical stimulation in both the external (GPe) and internal (GPi) segments of the globus pallidus was effective in improving parkinsonian motor signs. Improvement generally occurred at short latency (<5-10 seconds) in both GPe and GPi but was often (50% of the time) delayed in GPi. Dyskinetic movements were observed during stimulation within GPe and GPi but were more frequent in GPe (20% vs. 9%). These findings suggest that electrical stimulation in both GPe and GPi may ameliorate parkinsonian motor signs. The mechanisms responsible for these observations, however, may differ. The tendency for delayed responses with GPi stimulation suggests a more complex spatial-temporal profile of stimulation on the electrical activity of GPi neurons and/or its effect on network activity in pallido-thalamo-cortical circuitry. The rarity of delayed effects with GPe stimulation suggests a more direct role of synaptic inhibition or normalization of neuronal activity of GPi either directly by means of activation of striatopallidal fibers passing through GPe (direct pathway), by means of activation of GPe-->GPi or GPe-->subthalamic nucleus projections (indirect pathway) or indirectly by means of the tonic activation of adjacent fiber pathways. These data provide a rationale for the exploration of electrical stimulation in GPe in patients with medically intractable Parkinson's disease and provide a basis on which to develop further investigations into the use of chronic electrical stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.