17例颅外段脑动脉夹层患者治疗分析

目的 探讨颅外段脑动脉夹层(CAD)临床特点及其治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析17例颅外段CAD患者的临床资料.临床表现由夹层发生位置及受累血管所决定,根据患者不同病因、不同临床特点、不同治疗方法分别归入抗凝组(n=13)和双抗血小板集聚组(n=4).治疗6个月后随访复查DSA.结果 治疗6个月后DSA显示抗凝组8例患者夹层好转或再通,5例患者夹层无好转或闭塞,但均无症状加重;双抗血小板集聚组4例患者均有再通,其中2例治疗3～6周后接受自膨式支架联合球扩式支架植入术修复血管,术后继续双抗血小板集聚治疗,6个月后复查DSA支架通畅,无动脉内膜过度增生.结论 临床症状决定了CAD发现概率,也可提示部分CAD病因.本组患者椎动脉夹层发病率并不低于颈内动脉夹层.颅外段CAD治疗应以内科一线治疗为基础,抗凝与抗血小板集聚治疗结果无明显差异,2例抗血小板集聚治疗患者经支架植入后疗效明确.     

抗凝与局部溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成对比分析

目的 对比评价单纯抗凝与血管内局部溶栓结合抗凝治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的效果.方法 收集采用单纯抗凝治疗和局部溶栓结合抗凝治疗的CVST患者各30例,单纯抗凝组患者接受皮下注射低分子肝素,后改为口服华法林治疗12个月;局部溶栓结合抗凝组患者分别接受静脉窦内接触性溶栓(18例)、颈内动脉溶栓(6例)、静脉窦内接触性溶栓结合颈内动脉溶栓(6例)治疗,术后常规口服华法林12个月.结果 局部溶栓结合抗凝组30例患者静脉窦主干实现再通,有2例窦内接触性溶栓患者出现颅内出血增多并发症;单纯抗凝组27例患者静脉窦主干实现再通,3例患者影像学显示再通不明显,但临床症状改善,无出血并发症.出院前单纯抗凝组患者和局部溶栓结合抗凝组患者Glasgow昏迷量表评分、改良Rankin量表评分分别为13.4±1.6、1.8±0.7和14.2±1.3、1.4±0.7,与治疗前相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).出院后6、12个月随访时局部溶栓结合抗凝组患者恢复好于单纯抗凝组,单纯抗凝组有2例患者自觉偶发头痛,其中1例为CVST复发.结论 局部溶栓结合抗凝治疗CVST是安全有效的,可根据患者具体情况选择不同溶栓治疗手段.     

脑动脉夹层八例治疗探讨

目的 探讨脑动脉夹层治疗的方法.方法 2009年10月至2011年11月收治经全脑血管造影明确诊断为脑动脉夹层患者8例,给予抗凝、抗血小板治疗,短期内给予复查脑血管造影,若出现血管狭窄进一步加重,则给予介入支架治疗,所有患者治疗后最少经3个月进行复查,根据美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分和全脑血管造影从影像学和临床神经功能改善状况对治疗效果进行评估.结果 8例患者中6例颈动脉夹层,2例椎动脉夹层;入院后给予抗凝治疗4例,抗血小板治疗4例,治疗10～14 d后复查造影,其中3例因血管狭窄程度加重或在药物治疗期间出现新发梗死或仍有反复脑缺血发作(TIA),给予支架治疗.经个体化治疗后,随访期内均未出现新发梗死及TIA复发.8例患者NIHSS评分平均值治疗前后分别为5.9、1.6分,mRS评分平均值治疗前后分别为2.5、0.9分.结论 针对脑动脉夹层的治疗,介入治疗应个体化,在急性期应给予抗凝或抗血小板药物治疗并短期行脑血管造影,根据临床表现和脑血管造影显示血管狭窄变化,治疗并短期随访,制定下一步治疗方案.     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者应用盐酸替罗非班的观察与护理

急性冠状动脉综合征(Acute coronary syndrome,ACS)是由于粥样硬化斑块不稳定、溃破、出血、血栓形成、心肌血氧供应急剧减少而引起的[1].目前,抗凝抗血小板治疗联合经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(Percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)已成为ACS最重要的治疗手段.PCI后支架内急性或亚急性血栓形成是PCI严重并发症之一,其病死率可高达20%～25%.为防止此类并发症的发生,在PCI术前、术中和术后都使用足量的抗凝和抗血小板药物.尽管目前已有多种抗凝和抗血小板药物用于临床,急性或亚急性支架内血栓的发生率仍有1%[2].     

非急性期闭塞性长段颈内动脉夹层血管内治疗初步探讨

目的 探讨血管内开通非急性期闭塞性颈内动脉夹层的可行性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年12月郑州大学第一附属医院采用非急性期血管内开通治疗的闭塞性颈内动脉夹层患者基础资料，记录生化数据、影像学特征及中远期随访结果。结果 共纳入11例非急性症状性颈动脉夹层患者，男8例，女3例，年龄（50.5±9.7）岁，发病时间39.82(21,60) d。自发性夹层10例，创伤性夹层1例。接受单纯血管成形治疗8例，血管成形联合血栓清除2例，单纯血栓清除1例。所有患者均成功开通血管，无围手术期并发症发生。中远期随访6个月时2例出现轻度再狭窄，但1例13个月时夹层消失。结论 血管内治疗非急性闭塞性颈动脉夹层具有一定的可行性和安全性，但需要更大样本研究进一步验证。     

动脉内接触性溶栓治疗急性脑梗死时间窗选择与疗效分析

目的 探讨动脉内接触性溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的时间窗选择与疗效的关系.资料与方法 245例脑梗死均在CT检查及血管造影基础上接受选择性动脉内接触性溶栓治疗,其中在发病后6 h以内溶栓者56例,6～24 h溶栓者189例.分析两组患者的血管再通率和90天预后.结果 脑血管造影发现颈内动脉(ICA)系统闭塞173例,椎基底动脉(VBA)系统闭塞72例;溶栓后ICA系统再通113例,VBA系统再通37例.治疗后90天预后好者180例,预后差者65例.溶栓后颅内出血12例.6 h内组和6～24 h组患者血管内溶栓治疗后90天预后良好率分别为80.35 %(45/56)和71.43 %(135/189),血管再通率分别为66.07%(37/56)和59.79%(113/189),血管再通中位时间分别为67 min和73 min.结论 动脉内接触性溶栓可以明显改善脑梗死患者的预后,仅以发病时间不超过6 h作为动脉内溶栓治疗标准不够全面,应当根据病情适当放宽动脉内溶栓的时间窗.     

高龄稳定性冠心病合并非瓣膜性心房颤动患者抗栓治疗现状研究

目的研究稳定性冠心病合并非瓣膜性心房颤动的高龄患者抗栓治疗的现状。方法回顾性分析自2016年10月至2019年10月在北京大学第三医院老年内科住院治疗的稳定性冠心病合并非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的临床资料。对患者基本信息、结局等进行描述性分析。根据患者是否接受抗凝或抗血小板治疗将其分为接受抗凝或抗血小板治疗组(n=236)与未接受抗凝或抗血小板治疗组(n=18),再将接受抗凝或抗血小板治疗的患者根据治疗方案分为单药抗血小板治疗(SAPT)组(n=138)、口服抗凝药物治疗(OAC)组(n=60)及抗凝联合单药抗血小板治疗(OAC+SAPT)组(n=38)。根据患者是否接受抗凝治疗将其分为抗凝组(n=98)与未抗凝组(n=156)。探讨患者不同抗栓方案与其治疗结局的相关性。结果本研究共纳入254例患者,平均年龄(84.94±5.89)岁,CHADS2评分、CHA2DS2-VASc评分、HAS-BLED评分分别为(3.54±1.38)分、(5.61±1.57)分、(3.08±0.89)分。所有入组患者中死亡40例(15.7%),栓塞56例(22.0%),出血54例(21.3%)。接受抗凝或抗血小板治疗组患者的死亡事件、栓塞事件的发生率均低于未接受抗凝或抗血小板治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。抗凝组死亡事件、栓塞事件的发生率均低于未抗凝组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。OAC+SAPT组与SAPT组患者死亡事件发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而OAC+SAPT组与OAC组患者死亡事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);OAC+SAPT组栓塞事件发生率低于SAPT组、OAC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论高龄稳定性冠心病合并非瓣膜性房颤患者接受抗凝治疗的比例较低,抗凝药物应用仍不充分,抗血小板单药治疗与患者死亡及栓塞的不良结局可能相关。     

重组葡激酶动静脉途径溶栓治疗犬急性脑梗死对照研究

目的 研究重组葡激酶(r-Sak)经不同途径溶栓治疗犬急性脑栓塞的疗效、并发症及对凝血纤溶系统的影响.方法 成年毕格犬24条,随机分为对照组、r-Sak动脉组、r-Sak静脉组.用介入技术建立犬急性脑栓塞模型,栓塞后5 h(静脉3 h)行脑血管造影观察被栓塞的左颈内动脉通畅情况,继而经成功栓塞的左颈内动脉或股静脉于30 min内注入r-Sak行溶栓治疗(r-Sak组:r-Sak 10 000 u/kg;对照组:生理盐水10 ml).治疗后30、60和120 min分别测定凝血指标并再行脑血管造影观察栓塞血管的再通情况,24 h内对犬作行为学观察,24 h后处死动物行病理检查.结果 溶栓后2 h对照组、r-Sak动脉组和r-Sak静脉组的血管再通率分别为0.0%、93.3%和37.5%,两治疗组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);3组完全再通的比率分别为0%、60%和6.7%;血管再通率和完全再通率于动脉组明显高出静脉组(P＜0.05).r-Sak两组对凝血纤溶系统影响的比较无明显差异.24 h内无严重并发症.结论 重组葡激酶具有较强的血栓溶解作用,动脉途径给药比静脉法更能有效溶解脑内血栓.     

替罗非班在急性颅内大血管闭塞血管内治疗中应用的安全性分析

目的探讨颅内大血管闭塞性缺血性脑卒中行血管内再通治疗术中合并使用替罗非班对颅内出血的影响。 方法回顾性分析本中心接受血管内再通治疗的急性颅内大血管闭塞性缺血性卒中患者的临床资料,比较术中使用替罗非班与未使用替罗非班两组患者的一般临床特点、治疗方式以及颅内出血并发症等差异。 结果共计纳入173例患者接受血管内再通治疗,其中替罗非班组87例,非替罗非班组86例,替罗非班组中后循环（39.08% vs 25.58%,P=0.034）、糖尿病（24.14% vs 10.47%,P=0.026）比例显著高于非替罗非班组,非替罗非班组中房颤患者比例显著高于替罗非班组（P<0.001）,两组患者手术再通率及随访90 d预后良好比例相当,围手术期颅内出血并发症未见差异。 结论血管内再通治疗合并使用替罗非班是相对安全的,并未增加出血风险。     

超声消融在治疗慢性深静脉血栓形成中的作用

目的 评价超声消融在治疗慢性下肢深静脉血栓形成中的作用.方法 56例慢性深静脉血栓患者接受了静脉内超声消融治疗,超声消融时间为12～24 min,平均18 min,术后深静脉内导管抗凝,在小腿应用静脉趋动器促进血液回流.对其中18例患者安放内支架.结果 56例髂股静脉闭塞中49例完全再通（87.5%）,5例部分再通（8.9%）.2例未再通（3.6%）.49例完全再通者随访38例,22例未安放支架者,9例发生再闭塞,达40.9%;16例安放支架患者中2例发生再闭塞,再闭塞12.5%.结论 超声消融可以再通已经闭塞的髂股静脉血栓形成并为进一步进行球囊扩张和安放内支架创造了条件,同时超声消融结合腔内支架治疗可提高慢性深静脉血栓形成患者治疗后的长期通畅率.     

Increased relative risk of delayed hemorrhage in patients taking anticoagulant/antiplatelet medications with concurrent aspirin therapy: implications for clinical practice based on 3-year retrospective analysis in a large health system

Emergency Radiology - The incidence of delayed posttraumatic intracranial hemorrhage (DH) in patients on anticoagulant (AC) and antiplatelet (AP) medications, especially with concurrent aspirin...     

Effects of Antithrombotic Therapy on Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Sac Size after Endovascular Repair in Patients with Favorable Neck Anatomy

PurposeTo evaluate the influence of antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy on sac behavior after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).Materials and MethodsThis study retrospectively analyzed data from patients with favorable neck anatomy who underwent EVAR between 2007 and 2019. Patients with ruptured AAA and ≤1 year of sac behavior evaluation were excluded. Sac shrinkage after 1 year, persistent type II endoleak, and late sac expansion were examined.ResultsIn total, 182 patients with favorable neck anatomy were included in this study. A multivariable analysis identified an occluded inferior mesenteric artery (IMA; P = .049), the presence of a posterior thrombus (P = .009), and no antiplatelet therapy (P = .012) as factors positively associated with sac shrinkage at 1 year. Persistent type II endoleak was detected in 56 (30.8%) patients, with patent IMA (P = .006), the lack of a posterior thrombus (P = .004), the number of patent lumbar arteries (P = .004), and antiplatelet therapy (P = .039) being identified as significant risk factors. The multivariable analysis identified a larger initial AAA diameter (P < .001), the lack of a posterior thrombus (P = .038), and antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies (P = .038 and P = .003, respectively) as risk factors for late sac expansion.ConclusionsAfter EVAR in patients with favorable neck anatomy, antiplatelet therapy is associated with the lack of sac regression at 1 year, whereas antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies are risk factors for late sac expansion.     

Management of patients taking antiplatelet or anticoagulant medication requiring invasive breast procedures: United Kingdom survey of radiologists' and surgeons' current practice

AIM: To determine the current practice in the UK National Health Service Breast Screening Programme for invasive diagnostic procedures and surgery in patients taking anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lead radiologists and surgeons at each breast screening service were surveyed to determine current practice. One hundred and five respondents provided information regarding their services, protocols, and willingness to proceed with combinations of procedures and anti-haemostatic medications. RESULTS: Between units there was wide variation in practice. Within 21 services providing more than one response, 10 (48%) disagreed on whether protocols existed. Decisions to perform biopsies were unrelated to professional group. The taking of a drug history was variable. Surgeons reported more adverse effects than radiologists [21 (48%) versus 12 (26%)], but no difference in self-assessment of knowledge. CONCLUSION: Both radiologists and surgeons have expressed uncertainty about their understanding of anticoagulant and antiplatelet treatment. This is reflected in a wide range of practice. Guidance regarding the management of these patients is suggested.     

Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Drugs in Interventional Radiology

In treating peripheral arterial disease, a profound knowledge of antiplatelet and anticoagulative drug therapy is helpful to assure a positive clinical outcome and to anticipate and avoid complications. Side effects and drug interactions may have fatal consequences for the patient, so interventionalists should be aware of these risks and able to control them. Aspirin remains the first-line agent for antiplatelet monotherapy, with clopidogrel added where dual antiplatelet therapy is required. In case of suspected antiplatelet drug resistance, the dose of clopidogrel may be doubled; prasugrel or ticagrelor may be used alternatively. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (abciximab or eptifibatide) may help in cases of hypercoagulability or acute embolic complications. Desmopressin, tranexamic acid, or platelet infusions may be used to decrease antiplatelet drug effects in case of bleeding. Intraprocedurally, anticoagulant therapy treatment with unfractionated heparin (UFH) still is the means of choice, although low molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) are suitable, particularly for postinterventional treatment. Adaption of LMWH dose is often required in renal insufficiency, which is frequently found in elderly patients. Protamine sulphate is an effective antagonist for UFH; however, this effect is less for LMWH. Newer antithrombotic drugs, such as direct thrombin inhibitors or factor X inhibitors, have limited importance in periprocedural treatment, with the exception of treating patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Nevertheless, knowing pharmacologic properties of the newer drugs facilitate correct bridging of patients treated with such drugs. This article provides a comprehensive overview of antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs for use before, during, and after interventional radiological procedures.     

Availability of111In-labeled platelet scintigraphy in patients with postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm

Eighteen patients with postinfarction left ventricular aneurysms (LVAs) were examined with Indium-111-labeled autologous platelet scintigraphy to identify intracardiac thrombi and to investigate the effect of antithrombotic agents on thrombogenesity within their LVAs. Left ventriculography (LVG), and two-dimensional echocardiography were also carried out to assess the diagnostic ability of the platelet imaging. Indium-111-platelet scintigraphy for the detection of LVA mural thrombi had a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 100%. Four of six patients with false-negative scintigraphic studies had been under antiplatelet therapy. Eight of the nine patients who had showed active platelet deposition on initial examination had not received antiplatelet therapy. Thereafter, five of these nine were treated with tichlopidine (300 mg/day) for 29.8 +/- 5.0 days. On the second platelet study, two had resolution and the other three had interruption of intra-aneurysmal deposition, which remained positive. In only one patient of the three, the third platelet study was performed after warfarin therapy. It took two weeks after beginning the therapy to completely interrupt platelet deposition within the LVA in this patient. ECG gated radionuclide ventriculography and Thallium-201-myocardial scintigraphy were also performed to assess left ventricular wall motion of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and myocardial blood perfusion. Thallium-201-SPECT showed apical or anteroapical perfusion defects and the radionuclide ventriculography correctly identified all 18 apical and anteroseptal aneurysms which were confirmed by LVG methods. The comparison between the thrombus positive group and the thrombus negative group was carried out on both the LVEF and the period from the last myocardial infarction to the initial platelet scanning study. There were no statistical differences in the LVEF and the interval (34.5 +/- 12.5% vs 37.3 +/- 14.6%, 39.6 +/- 52.6 days vs 89.6 +/- 108.3 days) between the two groups. These results suggest that Indium-111-labeled platelet scintigraphy can be a reliable method for the identification of active left ventricular mural thrombi and a practical method of judging antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy.     

Intraluminal thrombus of the internal carotid arteries: angiographic demonstration of resolution with anticoagulant therapy alone

Fourteen patients with angiographically demonstrated thrombus in the cerebral vessels were treated immediately with anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication. Follow-up angiograms, obtained in eight cases, showed resolution of the thrombus in seven. In no patient did the thrombus progress to occlude the vessel completely, and no new distal emboli were identified on the follow-up angiograms. There were no new permanent neurologic events in these 14 patients while they were undergoing medical therapy. Six patients subsequently underwent delayed endarterectomy to treat underlying stenoses. Our experience indicates that the presence of intraluminal thrombus may not be a surgical emergency.     

Update on anticoagulant medications for the interventional radiologist

For many years, available anticoagulant medications were limited to vitamin K antagonists, unfractionated heparin, and aspirin. However, in the past 20 years, several new agents have been developed for the treatment of thrombosis, and even more are being developed. This increasing number of medications has led to more specific treatment algorithms for the care of venous and arterial thrombotic events. As more agents become available, treatment guidelines are rapidly changing. With increasing frequency, interventional radiologists encounter patients already taking anticoagulant medications prophylactically or therapeutically, or they need to determine which anticoagulant medications need to be initiated for a particular procedure. Therefore, it has become increasingly important to understand the mechanisms, risks, and benefits of anticoagulant medications. A review of the traditional anticoagulants, their new counterparts, and their places in the medication repertoire of interventional radiology will be discussed herein.     

Iopiperidol: Nonionic iodinated contrast medium with promising anticoagulant and antiplatelet properties

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the anticoagulant and antiplatelet characteristics of iopiperidol, a nonionic, triiodinated contrast agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anticoagulant effects of iopiperidol were assessed both in vitro and in vivo after single or repeated intravenous administrations to rats. To this aim, results of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and fibrinogen tests were evaluated. To define better the mechanism of action of iopiperidol and of the contrast media used for comparison, in vitro tests to study the effects on thrombin activity and on thrombin generation were performed. In addition, the effect of iopiperidol was studied on adenosine diphosphate- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation both in vitro and in vivo after single or repeated intravenous administrations in the rat. RESULTS: In vitro, iopiperidol showed anticoagulant properties similar or superior to those of the ionic ioxaglate. Iopiperidol also inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation statistically significantly more than iodixanol and ioxaglate (P < .05). In vivo, no significant differences between iopiperidol and ioxaglate were observed after single or repeated administrations. CONCLUSION: The in vitro anticoagulant effect of iopiperidol is similar or even superior to that of ioxaglate; the in vivo effect is similar to that of reference nonionic contrast media.     

New classes of anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents: preprocedure management and safety guidelines for imaging-guided intervention

OBJECTIVE: New medications are available for prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis, the treatment of venous thromboembolism, and also to reduce the risk of acute coronary syndrome and stroke. The purpose of this review is to provide the radiologist a practical and succinct summary of the new anticoagulation and antiplatelet medications and how to manage these medications in patients who are in need of a radiology intervention. CONCLUSION: This article provides recommendations for preprocedure management of new anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents in patients undergoing radiology intervention.     

Differing mechanisms of clotting inhibition by ionic and nonionic contrast agents

The anticoagulant potency of ioxaglate has been shown to be approximately twice that of iopamidol and iohexol. Those findings were obtained with use of the thrombin time as a test and platelet-poor plasma as a thrombin substrate. The authors confirmed these findings with use of a whole-blood version of the same test. However, the thrombin time measures only the final stages of the clotting process. A measure of the entire intrinsic pathway would more nearly simulate the situation in the angiographic suite. When measured with such an assay, the anticoagulant potency of ioxaglate was equivalent to that of diatrizoate and was approximately four times that of iopamidol and iohexol. Because of this difference in potency, it seemed likely that the ionic agents were inhibiting the clotting cascade at a late stage as well as at an earlier stage. To investigate this possibility, whole blood-contrast agent mixtures were activated, incubated for several minutes, and then diluted with either citrated or heparinized whole blood. There was rapid clot formation when the unclotted iopamidol and iohexol mixtures were diluted with citrated whole blood but not when they were diluted with heparinized whole blood. The ionic mixtures did not clot in the presence of either anticoagulant. Thus, in unclottable mixtures nonionic agents still permitted the generation of procoagulants. These procoagulants are theoretically capable of causing clotting on reinjection.