舒芬太尼在术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛的应用

目的比较不同浓度的舒芬太尼与罗比卡因复合应用于术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）中的镇痛效果及相关不良反应.方法36例择期全子宫切除术后的病人随机双盲均分为三组,术后硬膜外镇痛分别使用0.3 μg/ml（A组）、0.4 μg/ml（B组）和0.5 μg/ml（C组）的舒芬太尼复合0.125%罗比卡因.镇痛泵设定持续输注背景剂量2 ml/h,PCA量每次3 ml,锁定时间30 min.分别于术后4、8、20、24、48 h观察病人的视觉模拟评分（VAS评分）、镇痛药的使用剂量、PCA的按压次数及不良反应.结果随着舒芬太尼浓度的增加,VAS评分、镇痛药用量、PCA按压次数逐渐下降,PCA按压次数比逐渐上升,术后4、8 h A组的VAS评分高于B组和C组（P〈0.05或0.01）,术后20 h A组的VAS评分高于C组（P〈0.01）.术后4 h A组的镇痛药用量及PCA按压次数高于C组（P〈0.05）.A组术后镇静、恶心、呕吐及皮肤瘙痒发生率低于C组（P〈0.05）.结论舒芬太尼与罗比卡因复合应用于术后病人PCEA中的镇痛效果明确,不良反应发生率低.0.4 μg/ml舒芬太尼与0.125%罗比卡因相配伍在获得满意镇痛效果的同时,引起相对少的不良反应,更适合在临床应用中推广.     

帕瑞昔布钠对妇科术后舒芬太尼PCA效果的影响

目的 探讨帕瑞昔布钠对妇科术后舒芬太尼镇痛效应的影响.方法 选择择期在腰-硬联合麻醉下行子宫全切或次全切除术的患者60例,随机均分为帕瑞昔布钠组(A组)和生理盐水组(B组).手术结束前30 min静注帕瑞昔布钠40 mg(稀释成2 ml)或生理盐水2 ml,术毕即开始进行PCIA.术后入麻醉后恢复室观察至少30 min,PCIA期间持续监测患者SpO2、血压、脉搏等生命体征.采用VAS评估术后2,4,8,12,24,48 h两组患者疼痛程度;记录48 h舒芬太尼总用量,PCA总按压次数和有效按压次数,同时观察术后各时点患者Ramsay镇静评分以及恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等不良反应.结果 与B组比较,A组术后各时点VAS降低、舒芬太尼总用量、PCA总按压次数和有效按压次数均减少(P＜0.05);两组Ramsay镇静评分、不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义.结论 静注帕瑞昔布钠用于妇科术后镇痛可以增强舒芬太尼PCA的镇痛效应.     

曲马多复合不同剂量舒芬太尼在患儿术后静脉镇痛中的应用

目的 探讨舒芬太尼联合曲马多用于患儿术后镇痛的安全性、有效性和最佳剂量.方法 选择气管插管全麻下择期手术患儿60例,行术后静脉镇痛,随机均分为三组:A组,曲马多10mg/kg+舒芬太尼1.6 μ g/kg+托烷司琼0.2 mg/kg;B组,曲马多10 mg/kg+舒芬太尼2.0 μg/kg+托烷司琼0.2 mg/kg;C组,曲马多10 mg/kg+舒芬太尼2.4 μg/kg+托烷司琼0.2mg/kg.术毕清醒拔管后开启镇痛泵,负荷量2 ml,持续量2 ml/h,PCA 1.5 ml,锁定时问15 min.术后镇痛效果不佳时,单次静推曲马多0.5～1.0 mg/kg作为补救措施.分别于术后2、4、8、12、24、48 h采用VAS评分法和Ramsay镇静评分法评估患儿术后疼痛程度和镇静程度;记录术后48 h舒芬太尼和曲马多总用量、PCA总按压次数和有效按压次数;同时观察术后恶心呕吐(PONV)、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生情况.结果 术后2、4、8、1 2、24、48hB、C组VAS评分均明显低于、Ramsay镇静评分明显高于A组(P＜0.05),C组Ramsay镇静评分明显高于B组(P＜0.05).C组PONV发生率明显高于A、B组(P＜0.05).与A组比较,B组和C组舒芬太尼总用量增加、曲马多总用量减少、PCA总按压次数减少、有效按压率增加(P＜0.05).结论 曲马多复合舒芬太尼用于患儿术后静脉镇痛安全、有效,最佳镇痛方案是曲马多0.2 mg/kg+舒芬太尼2.0μg/kg+托烷司琼0.2 mg/kg,镇痛及镇静效果满意,不良反应发生率低.     

氟比洛芬酯复合舒芬太尼用于老年患者术后镇痛的效果

目的 探讨氟比洛芬酯复合舒芬太尼用于老年患者术后镇痛的安全性和有效性,并找出合适的用药方法.方法 行择期上腹部手术患者60例,年龄65～85岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为四组.A组:术毕缝皮时静注氟比洛芬酯50 mg,术后PCA镇痛液中含舒芬太尼100 μg.B组:术后PCA镇痛液中含氟比洛芬酯150 mg,舒芬太尼75 μg.C组:术毕缝皮时静注氟比洛芬酯50 mg,术后PCA镇痛液中含氟比洛芬酯150 mg,舒芬太尼50 μg.D组:术毕缝皮时不给予氟比洛芬酯,术后PCA镇痛液中含舒芬太尼100 μg.分别记录苏醒后、术后4、8、12、24 h VAS评分,Ramsay镇静评分,术后不同时点PCA泵按压次数、实际有效按压次数,术后24 h舒芬太尼累积用量以及不良反应,记录苏醒时间、拔管时有无躁动、咽痛.结果 与A、C组比较,T0～T2时B、D组VAS评分明显升高(P<0.05).与B、C组比较,T1、T2时A、D组Ramsay评分明显升高(P<0.05).与A、C组比较,B、D组PCA实际、有效按压次数明显增多(P<0.05).与C组比较,术后24 h内A、B、D组舒芬太尼用量明显增多(P<0.05).结论 老年患者行上腹部手术术毕缝皮时静注氟比洛芬酯50 mg,术后PCA镇痛液中含氟比洛芬酯1.50 mg/ml、舒芬太尼0.50 μg/ml,术后镇痛效果好,不良反应少.     

纳布啡与舒芬太尼在后腹膜镜术后镇痛效果的比较

目的观察和比较纳布啡和舒芬太尼在后腹膜镜下肾囊肿去顶术后镇痛中的临床效果。方法选择全身麻醉下后腹膜镜手术患者60例,男38例,女22例,年龄55～78岁,BMI 18～25 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组,每组30例。术后所有患者均行PCIA,其中,纳布啡组镇痛药配方为纳布啡100 mg+托烷司琼10 mg;舒芬太尼组为舒芬太尼100μg+托烷司琼10 mg;均用生理盐水稀释至100 ml,背景输注速度2 ml/h,单次剂量1 ml,锁定时间15 min。记录给药后2、4、8、16、32 h和48 h的VAS疼痛评分和Ramsay镇静评分,镇痛泵按压次数,镇痛满意率以及术后不良反应发生情况。结果两组VAS疼痛评分、镇痛泵按压次数差异无统计学意义。与舒芬太尼组比较,给药后8～48 h纳布啡组Ramsay镇静评分明显升高(P0.05),镇痛效果满意率明显提高(P0.05)。纳布啡组恶心呕吐发生率明显低于舒芬太尼组(P0.01)。两组低血压和心动过缓的发生率差异无统计学意义。结论纳布啡用于后腹膜镜术后静脉镇痛效果与舒芬太尼相当,但不良反应更少,患者满意度更高。     

舒芬太尼复合纳布啡用于假体隆乳术后镇痛效果观察

目的:观察舒芬太尼复合纳布啡用于假体隆乳术后镇痛镇静效果和不良反应。方法:选择择期行假体隆乳整形术就医者90例,均采用全身麻醉,术后行静脉自控镇痛。根据静脉自控镇痛药物配比不同,分为纳布啡组(N组)、舒芬太尼组(S组)和舒芬太尼+纳布啡组(SN组)三组,每组30例。观察就医者术后2h、6h、12h、24h时的生命体征,比较各时间点就医者疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、Ramsay镇静评分、自控镇痛次数、镇痛效果及不良反应发生率。结果:N组各时间点VAS评分明显高于S组和SN组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);SN组各时间点的Ramsay评分明显高于N组和S组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);N组各时间点药物用量,按压次数均高于S组、SN组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);S组与N组、SN组比较,恶心、呕吐、头晕等不良反应发生率明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:舒芬太尼复合纳布啡用于假体隆乳术后静脉自控镇痛,可提供较好的镇痛镇静效果,不良反应发生率低,值得临床推广。     

氟比洛芬酯复合不同剂量舒芬太尼用于胃肠外科患者术后静脉自控镇痛效果比较

目的观察氟比洛芬酯复合不同剂量舒芬太尼在胃肠手术患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)中的效果和安全性。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期行胃肠外科手术患者100例,术后行PCIA,背景剂量2 ml/h,按压剂量2 ml/次,负荷量2 ml,锁定时间15 min,药液量100 ml分别含舒芬太尼150μg(A组)、舒芬太尼50μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(B组)、舒芬太尼100μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(C组)、舒芬太尼150μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(D组)。观察并记录术后即刻(T0)、2 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、12h(T3)、24 h(T4)患者镇痛评分(VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分、PCIA泵按压次数及不良反应。结果 C、D组在T2~T4时VAS评分和PCIA泵按压次数明显低于A、B组(P<0.05),T1~T3时B、C组Ramsay评分显著低于A、D组(P<0.05)。术后24 h内A、D组恶心的发生率明显高于B、C组(P<0.05)。结论氟比洛芬酯200 mg复合舒芬太尼100μg/ml静脉自控镇痛可为胃肠外科患者术后提供良好的镇痛效果且不良反应少。     

地佐辛用于老年患者术后自控静脉镇痛的临床研究

目的研究地佐辛用于骨科手术老年患者术后自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的临床疗效。方法 80例老年骨科手术患者,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机均分为地佐辛组(D组)和舒芬太尼组(S组)。D组选用地佐辛40mg+生理盐水至100ml;S组选用舒芬太尼100μg+生理盐水至100ml。均采用PCA泵(100ml)以LCP模式(负荷剂量3ml+持续剂量2ml/h+PCA每次0.5ml)进行镇痛。观察术后4、8、20、24和48h患者VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分,记录术后48h内患者有效PCA按压次数。结果综合镇痛质量,D组与S组差异无统计学意义;D组恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、嗜睡、呼吸抑制、低血压等发生率明显低于S组(P<0.01)。结论地佐辛、舒芬太尼PCIA用于老年骨科手术患者术后镇痛均可获得满意的效果,地佐辛较舒芬太尼的不良反应少,似乎适合老年骨科手术患者术后自控静脉镇痛。     

氢吗啡酮复合纳布啡用于胃肠道手术后PCIA的效果

目的评价氢吗啡酮复合纳布啡用于胃肠道手术后病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的效果。方法择期行胃肠道手术病人600例,年龄18～80岁,BMI≤35 kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级。按随机数字表法将病人分为2组(n=300):氢吗啡酮组(H组)和舒芬太尼组(S组)。术后48 h内采用PCIA,H组配方为氢吗啡酮10 mg+纳布啡40 mg;S组配方为舒芬太尼100 μg+纳布啡40 mg。2组药物均加生理盐水稀释至100 ml,背景剂量1 ml/h,单次剂量0.5 ml。记录病人术后48 h内VAS评分、镇痛有效按压次数、镇痛泵用药量、不良反应及术后恢复情况。结果 2组术后48 h内VAS评分、镇痛泵用药量和镇痛泵有效按压次数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与S组比较,H组术后48 h内头晕、恶心、呕吐发生率降低,首次下床时间缩短(P<0.05)。结论氢吗啡酮复合纳布啡用于胃肠道手术后PCIA的效果优于舒芬太尼复合纳布啡。     

舒芬太尼复合纳布啡用于剖宫产术后自控静脉镇痛的效果

目的研究舒芬太尼复合纳布啡用于剖宫产术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的效果。方法选择2016年1月至2017年3月于本院行剖宫产手术的初产妇150例,年龄20～35岁,体重54～89kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机将产妇分为三组,每组50例。舒芬太尼组(S组):舒芬太尼2μg/kg+托烷司琼10mg;纳布啡组(N组):纳布啡2mg/kg+托烷司琼10mg;舒芬太尼复合纳布啡组(SN组):舒芬太尼1μg/kg+纳布啡1mg/kg+托烷司琼10mg。记录术后1、3、6、9、12、24和36h静息和咳嗽时的疼痛VAS评分及镇静Ramsay评分;PCIA实际按压次数;恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制等不良反应的发生情况。结果三组静息时VAS评分、镇静Ramsay评分和呼吸抑制发生率差异无统计学意义;SN组咳嗽时VAS评分明显低于S组和N组(P0.05)。SN组PCIA实际按压次数明显少于S组、N组(P0.05)。N组和SN组恶心呕吐发生率明显低于S组(P0.05)。结论舒芬太尼复合纳布啡用于剖宫产术后PCIA可获得满意的镇痛效果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.