复方甘菊利多卡因凝胶对喉罩通气患儿术后口咽部并发症的影响

目的 观察和评估复方甘菊利多卡因凝胶对全麻喉罩通气患儿术后口咽部并发症的影响。方法 选择2021年7—9月全麻下使用喉罩通气的患儿117例,男81例,女36例,年龄6～12岁,BMI 10～30 kg/m²,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,MallampatiⅠ—Ⅲ级。将患儿随机分为三组：石蜡油组(A组,n=39)、复方利多卡因乳膏组(B组,n=40)和复方甘菊利多卡因凝胶组(C组,n=38)。A组、B组和C组分别将石蜡油、复方利多卡因乳膏和复方甘菊利多卡因凝胶均匀涂抹于喉罩罩头正反面。记录喉罩拔除后1、6、24、48 h咽喉痛评分和声音嘶哑评分。记录喉罩拔除即刻、喉罩拔除后1、6、24、48 h口腔黏膜炎评分。记录喉罩拔除即刻呛咳、喉痉挛、躁动、恶心呕吐以及苏醒期舌麻、保护性咽反射受限等不良反应发生情况。结果 与A组比较,喉罩拔除后1、6 h, B组和C组术后咽喉痛等级发生率明显降低(P<0.05),喉罩拔除后1 h, B组和C组声音嘶哑等级发生率明显降低(P<0.05),喉罩拔除即刻、喉罩拔除后1、6 h, C组口咽黏膜炎等级发生率明显降低(P<0.05),...     

复方利多卡因乳膏在气管插管全麻中的应用

目的:观察复方利多卡因乳膏应用于气管插管全麻,对抑制插管应激反应和术后咽喉痛的效果.方法:60例ASAI～II级拟施气管插管全麻择期手术患者随机均分为两组.对照组(I组)和实验组(II组)分别将石蜡油和复方利多卡因乳膏均匀涂于气管插管的套囊及前端,麻醉诱导后行气管内插管.分别记录诱导前、插管前、插管即刻及插管后3min时患者的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR).并记录是否有术后咽喉痛及性质.结果:I组在插管即刻和插管后3min较插管前SBP、DBP、HR明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而II组病人插管即刻和插管后3min上述指标较插管前无显著差异(P>0.05).组间比较,I组插管后SBP、DBP、HR均较II组明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).I组患者术后咽喉痛、喉部异物感的发生率显著高于II组 (P<0.01).结论:复方利多卡因乳膏可以有效抑制气管插管全麻所引起的插管应激反应和术后咽喉痛.     

复方利多卡因乳膏对小儿先天性心脏病快通道麻醉拔管反应的影响

目的观察复方利多卡因乳膏对小儿先天性心脏病快通道麻醉围拔管期的影响。方法择期行单纯小儿房室缺修补手术者60例,随机分为复方利多卡因乳膏组(L组)和石蜡油组(C组),每组30例。观察并记录诱导前、拔管前、拔管即刻、拔管后1、3、5minSBP、DBP和HR,记录术毕至自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间、清醒时间以及拔管时呛咳、躁动、屏气及术后咽喉疼痛、声音嘶哑等不良反应。结果两组麻醉药物用量差异无统计学意义。与C组比较,各时点L组SBP、DBP降低、HR减慢(P<0.05),呛咳、屏气及躁动、术后咽痛的发生率明显低于C组(P<0.05)。结论复方利多卡因乳膏可有效抑制小儿先天性心脏病快通道麻醉时气管拔管反应,有利于维护麻醉苏醒期间血流动力学的稳定和减少呼吸并发症。     

改良喉罩全麻用于老年患者纤维支气管镜检查的效果

目的 评价改良喉罩全麻用于老年患者纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)检查的可行性和安全性.方法 行纤支镜检查的老年患者80例,随机均分为全麻改良喉罩通气组(Ⅰ组)和局麻组(Ⅱ组).Ⅰ组静注芬太尼1 μg/kg、丙泊酚1～1.5 mg/kg和琥珀胆碱1～1.5mg/kg后插入改良喉罩,纤支镜从接头的风帽口插入;Ⅱ组局麻后检查.记录检查前、插喉罩时、插镜中(过声门)、活检时、检查结束和拔喉罩时SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2,记录体动、呛咳、憋气、低氧血症等不良反应、术后对检查的痛苦记忆和满意度.结果 与检查前比较,各时点Ⅰ组患者SBP、DBP明显降低、HR明显减慢(P＜0.05),插镜中(过声门)活检时、检查结束Ⅱ组SBP、DBP明显升高、HR明显增快(P＜0.05);插镜中(过声门)、活检时Ⅱ组SpO2明显降低(P＜0.05).与Ⅱ组比较,插镜中(过声门)、活检时和检查结束Ⅰ组患者SBP、DBP明显降低、HR明显减慢和SpO2明显升高(P＜0.05).Ⅰ组体动、呛咳、憋气、低氧血症、检查中断、痛苦记忆发生率明显低于Ⅱ组(P＜0.05),满意度明显高于Ⅱ组(P＜0.05).结论 改良喉罩全麻应用于老年患者纤支镜检查安全可行,是一项值得推广的技术.     

喉罩通气全身麻醉在腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝手术中的应用效果

目的探讨喉罩通气全身麻醉在腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝手术中的应用效果。方法选取行腹腔镜手术治疗84例腹股沟斜疝患儿,根据麻醉方式分为2组,各42例。对照组行气管插管全麻;观察组行喉罩通气全麻。对比2组麻醉诱导前(T_0)、喉罩通气/插入气管通气即刻(T_1)、拔管后即刻(T_2)的心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)变化情况。统计2组拔管时间、复苏时间及并发症发生率。结果 2组T_0时段HR、SBP、DBP水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),T_1、T_2时段观察组HR、SBP、DBP水平优于对照组,且观察组拔管时间、复苏时间均少于对照组,并发症发生率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论喉罩通气全身麻醉用于腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝手术,对患儿循环系统影响小,术后苏醒时间短,安全性高。     

改良Proseal喉罩与改良普通喉罩在无痛纤维支气管镜检查中的气道管理

目的比较改良Proseal喉罩和改良普通喉罩在无痛纤维支气管镜检查中气道管理的效果。方法选择行纤维支气管镜检查患者40例,随机均分为两组:改良Proseal喉罩组(P组)和改良普通喉罩组(L组)。全麻诱导后徒手插入喉罩,接麻醉机,控制或辅助通气。记录两组麻醉前(T0)、插入喉罩即刻(T1)、插入喉罩3min(T2)的SBP、DBP、HR和SpO2,同时记录喉罩插入时间和并发症,并进行喉罩通气评估、纤维支气管镜评估和气道密封压测定。结果两组患者喉罩插入时间及各时点的SBP、DBP、HR和SpO2差异均无统计学意义;P组气道密封压明显高于L组(P<0.01);P组喉罩通气、纤维支气管镜评分优良率均为100%,明显高于L组的85%、80%(P<0.01);术毕P组1例喉罩粘血,明显少于L组的7例(P<0.05)。结论改良Proseal喉罩在气密性、通气评估、纤维支气管镜评估等方面好于改良普通喉罩,但对血流动力学的影响两者无明显差异。     

Supreme喉罩在老年病人麻醉中的应用

目的 探讨Supreme喉罩在老年病人麻醉中使用的安全性及有效性.方法 择期腹部手术全麻患者100例,年龄65～93岁,随机均分为喉罩组(S组)及气管插管组(T组).全麻诱导后插入Supreme喉罩/气管导管.记录一次插入成功率及所需时间;记录两组患者麻醉诱导前(T1)、插入前(T2)、插入时(T3)、拔除喉罩/气管导管前(T4)及拔除喉罩/气管导管时(T5)的SBP、DBP及HR;术中SpO2、PETCO2和气道峰压(Ppeak);观察术中误吸、拔除喉罩/气管导管时呛咳及拔除喉罩/气管导管后低氧血症、咽喉疼痛情况.结果 与T组比较,S组喉罩一次插入成功率较高(P<0.05)、插入时间明显缩短(P<0.01);T3、T5时SBP、DBP、HR波动不明显;拔除喉罩后低氧血症及咽喉痛发生率减少(P<0.01),且无呛咳病例.两组术中SpO2、PETCO2和Ppeak均在正常范围内,均无误吸发生.结论 Supreme喉罩操作简便易行,插入/拔除操作对血流动力学无明显影响,不引起呛咳,术后不良反应少,可安全有效地用于老年患者全麻气道管理.     

i-gel喉罩用于肥胖患者的气道管理

目的评估i-gel喉罩用于肥胖患者气道管理的安全性。方法择期全麻手术患者60例,BMI30kg/m2,年龄18～65岁。随机均分为i-gel喉罩组(I组)和气管插管组(E组)。记录插入气管导管或喉罩所需时间、插入次数、成功率、拔管时间、苏醒时间;测量喉罩气道密封压(OLP),纤维支气管镜检查喉罩对位情况;记录入室后、插管前、插管即刻、拔除前、拔管即刻的HR、SBP、DBP及术后不良反应发生情况。结果 I组插入时间明显短于E组(P0.01),喉罩首次置入成功率明显高于E组(P0.05);I组插管(喉罩)即刻、拔管(喉罩)即刻HR明显慢于E组,SBP、DBP明显低于E组(P0.05)。I组拔管(喉罩)时间、苏醒时间短于E组(P0.05)。OLP为(28.7±6.5)cm H2O,所有患者OLP均大于Ppeak,喉罩对位良好。I组呛咳、咽痛明显低于E组(P0.01),两组均未发生反流。结论肥胖患者全麻手术中i-gel喉罩与气管插管通气效果相同,但插管期和拔管期应激反应更小,不良反应更少,且简便快捷。     

喉罩通气和气管插管全麻用于腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝手术的效果比较

目的比较喉罩通气和气管插管全麻用于腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝(斜疝)手术的效果。方法收集2016-09—2019-04间在郑州大学附属儿童医院接受腹腔镜手术的80例斜疝患儿为研究对象。将2016-09—2017-12间入院的36例患儿作为对照组,行气管插管全麻。将2018-01—2019-04间入院的44例患儿作为喉罩组,行喉罩通气全麻。观察2组患儿麻醉诱导前(T_0)、喉罩/气管插入通气即刻(T_1)、喉罩/气管插入通气5 min后(T_2)、拔管后1 min(T_3)的心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)。比较2组拔管时间、苏醒时间及拔出气管导管(喉罩)时呛咳、声音嘶哑等不良反应。结果 2组T_0时段HR、SBP、DBP水平差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组T_1、T_2、T_3时SBP、DBP、HR水平较T_0时波动幅度较大,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。喉罩组T_1、T_2、T_3时SBP、DBP、HR水平与T_0波动幅度较小,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。喉罩组术后拔管时间及麻醉苏醒时间均短于对照组,呛咳、声音嘶哑等不良反应率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与气管插管全麻比较,喉罩通气全麻用于腹腔镜小儿斜疝手术,患儿术中血流动力学稳定,且不良反应少。     

SLIPA喉罩和气管插管全麻在腹腔镜胆囊手术中的应用比较

目的 观察SLIPA喉罩与气管插管对患者血流动力学和气道阻力的影响.方法 择期全麻下腹腔镜胆囊手术患者60例,随机均分为SLIPA喉罩组(A组)和气管插管组(B组),记录插入喉罩/气管导管前(T0)、插入喉罩/气管导管后1 min(T1)、3 min(T2)和拔喉罩/气管导管前(T3)、拔喉罩/气管导管后1 min(T4)、3 min(T5)的SBP、DBP、HR和SpO2,同时在8 ml/kg潮气量下监测T1～T3时的平均气道压(Pmean)、气道峰压(Ppeak)和PETCO2,并观察有无反流误吸情况及术后咽喉部并发症.结果 与T0时相比,B组T1、T3、T4时SBP、DBP明显升高,HR明显增快,且相应时点均高于A组(P＜0.05);A组在T1、T2时的Pmean、Ppeak低于B组(P＜0.05);术后咽部不适患者B组(9例)明显多于A组(2例)(P＜0.05).结论 SLIPA喉罩通气用于腹腔镜胆囊手术时,患者应激反应小,术后咽喉部并发症少.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.