原发性醛固酮增多症患者代谢综合征的患病情况

该文评价原发性醛固酮增多症（原醛症）患者中代谢综合征的患病率。方法：检测180例原醛症（PA）及29例原发性高血压患者（EH）的腰围，血压，血脂，空腹血糖，血、尿醛固酮，血、尿电解质，基础及激发血浆肾素活性，这些指标的结果与在我院进行健康体检的58例人群（对照组，C）的结果进行比较。     

低血钾与正常血钾原发性醛固酮增多症患者的临床特征

背景随着血浆醛固酮与肾素活性比值被普遍用于原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛)的筛查,原醛的确诊率较以往明显提高,更多的正常血钾原醛患者被检出.目的 了解正常血钾与低血钾原醛患者临床特征的差异.方法 回顾性分析2005-2010确诊的住院原醛患者,以血钾3.5 mmol/L为分割点,分为正常血钾组和低血钾组,比较两组患者临床生化...     

原发性醛固酮增多症患者代谢综合征的患病情况

目的 评价原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛症)患者中代谢综合征的患病率.方法 检测180例原醛症(PA)及29例原发性高血压患者(EH)的腰围、血压、血脂、空腹血糖、血、尿醛固酮、血、尿电解质、基础及激发血浆肾素活性,这些指标的结果与58例在我院进行健康体检的人群(对照组,C)的结果进行比较.结果 (1)对所有研究对象进行代谢综合征相关指标的筛查,PA、EH及C3组代谢综合征的患病率分别为40.6%(73/180)、13.8%(4/29)及13.8%(8/58).(2)原醛症组代谢综合征的各项指标,如收缩压及舒张压高于原发性高血压及对照组,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇低于其余两组,腰围、甘油三酯及空腹血糖高于对照组.(3)PA、EH及C3组代谢综合征相关症状患病率比较以高血压最常见(分别为99.4%、100.0%、48.3%),高甘油三酯血症(分别为37.2%、24.1%、22.4%)及低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症(分别为37.8%、20.7%、22.4%)次之,腹型肥胖(分别为26.7%、17.2%、15.5%)及高血糖(分别为25.6%、10.3%、12.1%)最低.(4)伴或不伴代谢综合征的原醛症患者的血、尿醛固酮,PRA基础、激发值及血钾比较均无统计学差异.结论 原发性醛固酮增多症患者代谢综合征的患病率升高.     

原发性醛固酮增多症的分型诊断

目的 探讨用于原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛症)分型诊断检查方法的价值.方法 收集本院近7年来57例临床确诊的原醛症患者[醛固酮瘤22例,特发性醛固酮增多症(特醛症)26例,原发性肾上腺增生9例],检测患者的血电解质、血浆肾素活性及血、尿醛固酮,将结果与19例原发性高血压患者对照.再通过肾上腺CT、体位激发试验及肾上腺静脉采血检查对原醛症患者分型并随访.结果 (1)醛固酮瘤患者血压及血、尿醛固酮较特醛症患者高,血钾及血浆肾素活性则低,而原发性肾上腺增生患者临床及生化改变介于两者之间.肾上腺CT检查在原醛症分型诊断中的符合率为醛固酮瘤86.4%,特醛症73.1%,原发性肾上腺增生22.2%;肾上腺静脉采血检查以两侧醛固酮之比作为判定标准时符合率为86.4%、80.8%和77.8%,以醛固酮与皮质醇之比为判定标准则符合率分别为95.5%、92.3%及100.0%.(2)醛固酮瘤及原发性肾上腺增生患者术后随访血醛固酮均下降,血压恢复正常者分别为22.7%及44.9%,血钾恢复正常者为83.3%及100.0%,而特醛症患者随访中各项测值无明显变化,另有33.3%诊断时血钾正常的患者随访中出现低血钾.结论 原醛症的分型诊断需依靠多种检查手段综合分析,单纯依赖影像学检查或体位激发试验并不可靠,肾上腺静脉采血检查可作为影像学检查的补充,用两侧醛固酮与皮质醇的比值分析较单纯比较两侧醛固酮之比更为可靠;醛固酮瘤及原发性肾上腺增生患者术后临床及生化测值均得以明显改善,而特醛症患者随访中无明显变化.     

88例原发性醛固酮增多症临床回顾分析

目的提高对原发性醛固酮增多症（简称原醛）的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析88例原醛患者的临床资料。结果血压水平、血浆醛固酮浓度（PAC）升高,血浆肾素活性（PRA）、血清钾离子浓度下降。醛固酮瘤占84．09％,特发性醛固酮增多症（简称特醛症）占15．91％。95．45％患者的血浆醛固酮／血浆肾素活性比值（ARR）〉20。醛固酮瘤患者具有更高的血浆醛固酮水平及更低的血浆肾素活性和血清钾离子浓度。结论ARR是原醛的重要筛查方法;卧立位试验及CT有助于肾上腺皮质腺瘤和增生的鉴别。     

原发性醛固酮增多症的内分泌功能诊断

原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛症)是继发性高血压最常见的原因之一,以低肾素和高醛固酮血症为特征,血浆醛固酮/肾素比值(ARR)是筛查原醛症的可靠指标.而口服高钠负荷试验、生理盐水试验、氟氯可的松抑制试验或卡托普利试验中的任何一项均可作为ARR阳性患者的确诊试验;肾上腺静脉插管采血(AVS)是原醛症分型诊断的金标准.     

原发性醛固酮增多症的筛查和诊断

自1955年Conn报道首例原发性醛固酮增多症（原醛）患者以后的30多年中,原醛一直被认为是一种少见病。1957年上海瑞金医院诊断了我国首例原醛患者,1957—1985年我院内分泌科住院患者中的原醛患病率为2％。从上世纪90年代起,由于普遍采用血浆醛固酮／血浆肾素活性比值（ARR）作为原醛筛查指标,发现原醛不是少见病。在我科住院患者中,原醛已成为继发性高血压中最常见的病因。     

原发性醛固酮增多症筛查中血浆醛固酮/肾素活性比值的影响因素

血浆醛固酮水平/肾索活性比值(ARR)是筛查原发性醛固酮增多症的实用指标.由于影响肾素和醛同酮分泌的因素众多,ARR切点值变异范围较大,至今仍然是一个缺乏标准化的指标.本文综述这些因素,旨在临床上提高ARR的诊断效力.     

不同病因高血压患者血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮水平的差异

该文回顾分析并比较原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛)、原发性高血压(essential hypertension,EH)和嗜铬细胞瘤3种不同病因高血压患者血浆肾素活性(plasma renin activity,PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(angio-tensinⅡ,AngⅡ)、醛固酮水平的差异及探讨运用醛固酮与PRA的比值(aldosterone/PRA,ARR)的不同切点在高血压人群中筛查原醛的敏感性和特异性。     

原发性醛固酮增多症

原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism,简称原醛)是指由于肾上腺皮质自主性醛固酮分泌增多而导致以高血压、低血浆肾素活性(PRA)、高醛固酮血症和低钾血症为特征的临床综合征,是继发性高血压常见病因之一。原醛最常见的病因是特发性醛固酮增多症和肾上腺腺瘤,分别占65%和3     

原发性醛固酮增多症患者血浆肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统异常对糖代谢的影响

目的探讨原发性醛固酮增多症（PA）患者血浆肾素血管紧张素-醛同酮系统变化对糖代谢的影响及其可能的机制。方法收集55例PA患者以及年龄和BMI相匹配的原发性高血压（EH）患者50例的I临床资料进行分析,PA患者根据血糖水平分为正常血糖组、空腹血糖受损和糖耐量减低组和糖尿病组。结果PA组的糖代谢异常发生率高于EH组（43．6％vs20．0％,P〈0．05）。PA患者中糖尿病组的血浆卧、立位醛固酮水平低于血糖正常组（P〈0．05）,而肾素活性和血管紧张素水平组间比较均无显著差异,立位醛固酮与肾素比值也无显著差异。结论PA患者糖代谢异常发生率高于EH患者。在血浆肾素-血管紧张素醛固酮系统中,糖代谢异常与醛固酮水平明显相关,与血管紧张素水平无关。     

原发性醛固酮增多症左心室肥厚及相关影响因素分析

目的探讨原发性醛固酮增多症（原醛）患者的并发症情况,分析原醛患者左心室肥厚的相关因素。方法对93例原发性醛固酮增多症（原醛组）患者及同期住院的84例原发性高血压（原高组）患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果（1）与原高组患者相比,原醛组患者血钙水平更低（P〈0．05）,但脂代谢异常程度较轻。（2）原醛组患者左心室肥厚较原高组患者严重,相关分析显示,原醛组患者的左心室质量与低血钾病程（r=0．983,P〈0．01）、立位醛固酮水平（r=0．993,P〈0．01）呈显著正相关,而与血钾（r=-0．993,P〈0．01）呈显著负相关。结论原醛组患者与原高组患者相比血钙水平更低,左心室肥厚更严重,但脂代谢异常程度较轻;原醛组患者的左心室质量与低血钾病程、立位醛固酮水平和血钾水平具有相关性。     

The metabolic syndrome in primary aldosteronism

Patients with hypertension have a high prevalence of concurrent metabolic abnormalities (eg, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia). Clustering of these risk factors, defined as the metabolic syndrome, is associated with a high cardiovascular risk profile. This review summarizes current knowledge about the prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in primary aldosteronism, and discusses the possible pathophysiological link between aldosterone and individual components of the metabolic syndrome, other than hypertension. Impaired glucose metabolism due to insulin resistance appears to be the major contributor to metabolic dysfunction in primary aldosteronism. Experimental observations support the possibility that aldosterone could act directly on insulin receptor function. The potential proadipogenic role of aldosterone and its negative effect on insulin sensitivity through production of cytokines remains to be investigated. Higher rates of cardiovascular events reported in primary aldosteronism could be due in part to the increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in this disorder.     

The metabolic syndrome in primary aldosteronism

Patients with hypertension have a high prevalence of concurrent metabolic abnormalities (eg, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia). Clustering of these risk factors, defined as the metabolic syndrome, is associated with a high cardiovascular risk profile. This review summarizes current knowledge about the prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in primary aldosteronism, and discusses the possible pathophysiological link between aldosterone and individual components of the metabolic syndrome, other than hypertension. Impaired glucose metabolism due to insulin resistance appears to be the major contributor to metabolic dysfunction in primary aldosteronism. Experimental observations support the possibility that aldosterone could act directly on insulin receptor function. The potential proadipogenic role of aldosterone and its negative effect on insulin sensitivity through production of cytokines remains to be investigated. Higher rates of cardiovascular events reported in primary aldosteronism could be due in part to the increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in this disorder.     

醛固酮瘤患者术前和术后高血糖患病率观察

目的 探讨醛固酮瘤（APA）患者高血糖患病率及其术后变化. 方法 检测APA组血压、血醛固酮（S-Ald）、尿醛固酮（U-Ald）、血浆肾素活性（PRA）基础和激发值,与原发性高血压（EH）和对照组比较.APA组行肾上腺肿瘤摘除术后随访激素及糖代谢指标,与术前比较. 结果 APA组葡萄糖及胰岛素曲线下面积（AUCg,AUCi）高于EH、对照组,胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）高于对照组.APA组高血糖者44.6％,高于EH、对照组.根据OGTT结果将APA组分为APA合并高血糖（A）亚组和APA未合并高血糖（B）亚组,A亚组S-Ald高于B亚组.APA患者08：00 S-Ald与2hPG、AUCg呈正相关,血钾与2 hPG、AUCg呈负相关.APA组术后S-Ald、U-Ald、FPG、2hPG、AUCg及AUCi均较术前下降,血钾升高.术后患者高血糖患病率35.4％. 结论 APA患者高血糖患病率升高,其原因与醛固酮高分泌有关.     

Single dose captopril as a diagnostic test for primary aldosteronism

Most diagnostic tests for primary aldosteronism use maneuvers to expand the extracellular fluid volume, thereby suppressing the renin-angiotensin system. This results in a decline in plasma aldosterone concentrations in normal subjects and essential hypertension (EH) patients, but not in patients with primary aldosteronism. Captopril blocks angiotensin II synthesis and might be used as a diagnostic test for primary aldosteronism. We have measured plasma aldosterone concentrations 2 h after the administration of 25 mg captopril in 9 normotensive subjects, 10 patients with EH, and 12 patients with primary aldosteronism while they were ingesting an unrestricted diet. The plasma aldosterone concentration decreased to less than 15 ng/dl in all normotensive subjects and in 9 of 10 patients with EH, but remained greater than 15 ng/dl in 4 of 5 patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism and in all patients with an aldosterone-producing adenoma. The aldosterone to renin ratio was greater than 50 in 4 of 5 patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism and in all adenoma patients, but less than 50 in all normotensive subjects and EH patients. A nomogram comparing the plasma aldosterone concentration with the aldosterone to renin ratio clearly separated primary aldosteronism patients from EH patients.     

Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in primary aldosteronism

CONTEXT: Patients with hypertension have a high prevalence of concurrent metabolic abnormalities, including obesity, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. Clustering of these cardiovascular risk factors, defined as metabolic syndrome, causes a more pronounced target organ damage. Aldosterone excess has been found to be associated with glucose disorders and may contribute to cardiovascular damage. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence and the characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in a group of patients with hypertension due to primary aldosteronism compared with patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition of the metabolic syndrome was used. Eighty-five patients with primary aldosteronism and 381 patients with essential hypertension were studied. Most patients were not receiving antihypertensive therapy during the investigation. RESULTS: Blood glucose and systolic blood pressure were higher (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) and duration of hypertension was longer (P < 0.05) in primary aldosteronism than in essential hypertension. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in primary aldosteronism than in essential hypertension (41.1% vs. 29.6%; P < 0.05). Distribution of single components of the metabolic syndrome other than hypertension showed a higher prevalence of hyperglycemia in primary aldosteronism than in essential hypertension (27.0% vs. 15.2%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm a negative effect of aldosterone excess on glucose metabolism and suggest that the recently reported higher rates of cardiovascular events in primary aldosteronism than in essential hypertension might be due to increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the former condition.     

原发性醛固酮增多症与原发性高血压的糖脂代谢比较

目的:比较原发性醛固酮增多症与原发性高血压的糖脂代谢特征。方法:431例已确诊的原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)患者,其中256例行肾上腺静脉取血,分为原醛单侧组(LPA,n=147)、原醛双侧组(NLPA,n=109)。同时入选与性别、年龄、及高血压病程相匹配的同期住院原发性高血压(EH)患者200例为对照组。收集各组的临床资料和生化指标,计算PA检出率并分析糖脂代谢特点。结果:(1)PA检出率为10.54%(431/4100);(2)体重指数、腰围PA组较EH组高;(3)血三酰甘油LPA组高于NLPA组和EH组,高密度脂蛋白NLPA较EH组低;(4)血糖水平、血胰岛素各点及胰岛素抵抗指数均PA组高于EH组,且NLPA组高于LPA组;(5)体重指数可增加LPA组危险性(OR值=2.24,P=0.024);(6)三酰甘油与尿醛固酮呈显著正相关,体重指数与卧位醛固酮水平呈正相关,各点胰岛素水平和胰岛素抵抗指数均与醛固酮水平和尿醛固酮呈显著正相关。结论:与EH患者相比,PA糖脂代谢异常程度重,其中LPA脂代谢以及NLPA组糖代谢异常更为严重。     

Diagnostic value of the post-captopril test in primary aldosteronism

Primary aldosteronism is a disorder with hypertension, hypokalemia, increased plasma aldosterone, and suppressed renin activity. A random plasma aldosterone/renin activity (PA/PRA) >65 (conventional units ratio [CUR] >30) has been proposed as a screening test. We have retrospectively determined the value of the post-captopril plasma aldosterone/renin activity (CAPT PA/PRA) test for the diagnosis of patients with primary aldosteronism whose PA/PRA was <65. We considered the CAPT PA/PRA test to be positive for primary aldosteronism if either the plasma aldosterone concentration did not drop below 0.33 nmol/L (12 ng/dL) or the ratio was >26 (CUR >12). We found 6 patients with a random PA/PRA of 21 to 60 (CUR 10 to 28), yet with an abnormal post-captopril test criteria for primary aldosteronism. Five had an abnormal saline suppression test, and all 6 were confirmed by a combination of diagnostic localization with computerized axial tomography, iodocholesterol scan, adrenal venous sampling, and/or surgery. Four had idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia, and 2 had an aldosterone-producing adenoma. One other patient had an abnormal random plasma aldosterone/renin activity ratio of 99 (CUR 46), a negative saline infusion study, and was determined to have essential hypertension. In summary, the CAPT PA/PRA, but not the random PA/PRA, correctly diagnosed 6 patients with primary aldosteronism in our institution. An additional patient with essential hypertension was incorrectly diagnosed as having primary aldosteronism by the PA/PRA test. We conclude that the simple addition of 25 mg of captopril, taken orally 2 hours before sampling, enhances the accuracy for diagnosing patients with primary aldosteronism.     

Primary aldosteronism and essential hypertension: Assessment of cardiovascular risk at diagnosis and after treatment

Background and aimsPrimary aldosteronism (PA), the most frequent form of secondary hypertension, is characterized by a higher rate of cardiovascular (CV) events than essential hypertension (EH).Aim of the study was to evaluate the cardiovascular risk according to the ESH/ESC 2007 guidelines, in patients with PA and with EH, at diagnosis and after treatment.Methods and resultsWe prospectively studied 102 PA patients (40 with aldosterone producing adenoma-APA and 62 with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism-IHA) and 132 essential hypertensives at basal and after surgical or medical treatment (mean follow-up period 44 months for PA and 42 months for EH).At baseline evaluation the stratification of CV risk was significantly different: the predominant risk category was the high CV risk (50% in total PA, 53% in PA matched for blood pressure values and 55% in EH), but the very high risk category was twice in PA than in EH patients (36% in total PA and 33% in matched PA vs. 17% in EH, p < 0.05). The worse risk profile of PA was due to a higher prevalence of glycemic alterations, metabolic syndrome and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (p < 0.05).After adequate treatment, the CV risk was significantly reduced becoming comparable in PA and in EH patient due to a reduction of hypertension grading, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, hypertension persistence and LVH (p < 0.05).ConclusionPatients with PA present a high CV risk, which is in part reversible after specific treatment, due both to the reduced blood pressure values and to the improvement of end-organ damage.