盐酸戊乙奎醚对心肺转流后肺损伤的保护作用

目的探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚对心肺转流(CPB)后肺损伤的保护作用。方法 40例二尖瓣置换手术患者随机均分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组(P组)和对照组(C组),两组麻醉方法相同。P组在麻醉诱导后和升主动脉开放前分别缓慢静注盐酸戊乙奎醚0.02mg/kg;C组在同时点给予等容量的生理盐水。手术开始前(T1)和升主动脉开放后30min(鱼精蛋白中和后,T2)分别进行右肺中叶灌洗。测定肺灌洗液(BALF)中细胞因子白细胞介素-8(IL-8)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)浓度;行血气分析计算肺泡-动脉氧分压差(PA-aDO2)。结果 T2时C组BALF中IL-8、TNF-α和PA-aDO2明显高于T1时和P组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚通过抑制炎性细胞因子释放IL-8和TNF-α,减轻CPB后的肺损伤。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对心脏手术围术期应激反应的影响

目的观察盐酸戊乙奎醚对围术期应激反应的影响。方法 40例心肺转流（CPB）下行心脏瓣膜置换术患者,随机均分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组（P组）和对照组（C组）。P组CPB前10 min颈内静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.05 mg/kg,C组给予等容量生理盐水。分别于CPB前（T₁）、主动脉开放10 min（T₂）、停CPB即刻（T₃）、术后2 h（T₄）、6 h（T₅）、18 h（T₆）采集中心静脉血,测定血浆白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-10（IL-10）水平,并进行静脉血气分析和血糖、血乳酸监测。结果 T₂、T₃、T₅时P组血糖和乳酸浓度明显低于C组（P<0.05）,T₃～T₅时P组血浆IL-6水平明显低于C组（P<0.05）。结论预先给予盐酸戊乙奎醚0.05 mg/kg可减轻围CPB期应激反应,可能与整体调控神经-内分泌-免疫系统使其趋于平衡有关。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚复合乌司他丁对体外循环心脏瓣膜置换术患者肺损伤的影响

目的 评价盐酸戊乙奎醚复合乌司他丁对体外循环(CPB)心脏瓣膜置换术患者肺损伤的影响.方法 择期行CPB心脏瓣膜置换术患者60例,年龄33～64岁,体重47～81 kg,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,心功能分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,随机分为4组(n=15):对照组(C组)、乌司他丁组(U组)、盐酸戊乙奎醚组(P组)和盐酸戊乙奎醚复合乌司他丁组(PU组).CPB结束后30 min时,C组将PEEP增至8 cm H2O;U组、P组和PU组分别静脉注射乌司他丁2万U/kg、盐酸戊乙奎醚0.05 mg/kg、盐酸戊乙奎醚0.05 mg/kg和乌司他丁2万U/kg,然后将PEEP增至8 cm H2O.于CPB结束后30 min、3、6 h、术后12和24 h时,测定PaO2,计算氧合指数;于上述时点记录气道峰压和气道平台压,计算肺顺应性;于上述各时点采用ELISA法测定血清TNF-αIL-6、IL-8及IL-10的浓度;于CPB结束后6 h和术后12、24 h时行肺损伤评分.结果 与C组比较,U组、P组和PU组氧合指数和肺顺应性升高,肺损伤评分降低(P＜0.05或0.01);与U组和P组比较,PU组氧合指数和顺应性升高,肺损伤评分降低(P＜0.05).与C组比较,U组、P组和PU组血清TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8的浓度降低,IL-10浓度升高(P＜0.05或0.01);与U组和P组比较,PU组血清TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8的浓度降低,IL-10浓度升高(P＜0.05).U组和P组间上述标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚复合乌司他丁可减轻CPB心脏瓣膜置换术患者肺损伤,其机制可能与抑制炎性反应有关.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对正常人离体白细胞炎性介质的影响

目的 通过对正常人离体白细胞促炎和抗炎处理.观察盐酸戊乙奎醚对人离体白细胞炎性介质分泌的影响.方法 严格无菌抽取正常成年人静脉血10 ml,加入淋巴细胞分离液.2 000 r/min离心15 min,取出白细胞,加1 640培养液使白细胞浓度为106个/ml.平均分为五组,每组6个样本.Ⅰ组:对照组;Ⅱ组:加内毒素;Ⅲ组:加盐酸戊乙奎醚后20 min加内毒素;Ⅳ组:加内毒素1 h后加盐酸戊乙奎醚;V组:加阿托品(与盐酸戊乙奎醚等量)20 min后加内毒索.所有组加药后放置培养箱,4 h后加肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)检测试剂.结果 与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-lO水平均明显增高;与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10水平均有不同程度的下降(P<0.01),且Ⅲ组下降程度较Ⅳ组更明显(P<0.05),Ⅴ组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10水平虽有所变化,但差异无统计学意义.结论 抗胆碱药能作用于白细胞非神经性胆碱能受体,抑制白细胞炎性介质的分泌,盐酸戊乙奎醚的作用更明显,尤以提前干预为佳.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对围体外循环期大鼠肠粘膜屏障功能的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚对围体外循环(CPB)期大鼠肠粘膜屏障功能的影响.方法 雄性sD大鼠30只,体重300～400 g,随机分为5组(n=6):假手术组(S组)、CPB组、高剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(PH组)、中剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(PM组)和低剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(PL组).建立大鼠CPB模型,S组仅置管不转流,PH组、PM组、PL组和CPB组分别在预冲液中加入盐酸戊乙奎醚2、0.6、0.2 mg/kg和等容量生理盐水.停CPB后2 h取大鼠肠系膜上静脉及腔静脉血,测定血浆D-乳酸、内毒素(LPS)浓度和二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性,透射电镜下观察小肠粘膜病理学结果.结果 与S组比较,CPB组、PH组、PM组和PL组血浆D-乳酸、LPS浓度和DAO活性升高(P＜0.05);与CPB组比较,PH组和PM组血浆D-乳酸、LPS浓度和DAO活性降低(P＜0.05);与PL组比较,PM组和PH组血浆DAO活性、D-乳酸和LPS浓度降低(P＜0.05);与PM组比较,PH组血浆DAO活性和D-乳酸浓度降低(P＜0.05).PH组和PM组小肠上皮病理损伤程度较CPB组和PL组明显减轻.结论 预充液中加入盐酸戊乙奎醚0.6 mg/kg或2 mg/kg可减轻围CPB期大鼠肠粘膜屏障功能的损伤,且呈剂量依赖性.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对体外循环致大鼠急性肺损伤的影响

目的 评价盐酸戊乙奎醚对体外循环(CPB)致大鼠急性肺损伤的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠40只,4～6月龄,体重330～420 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为4组(n=10):假手术组(S组)仅进行动脉和静脉穿刺置管;急性肺损伤组(ALI组)、低剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(PL组)和高剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(PH组)建立CPB模型;PL组和PH组分别在预冲液中加入盐酸戊乙奎醚0.6和2.0 mg/kg,ALI组加入等容量生理盐水,进行CPB1h.于CPB前和CPB结束后2h采集动脉血样,进行血气分析;于CPB结束后2h时采集上腔静脉血样,测定血浆TNF-α和IL-6的浓度;取肺组织测定含水量、MDA含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-px)活性,光镜下观察病理学改变.结果 与S组比较,ALI组、PL组和PH组CPB结束后2h时PaO2降低,肺组织含水量、MDA含量和血浆TNF-α和IL-6的浓度升高,肺组织GSH-px活性降低(P＜0.05);与ALI组比较,PL组和PH组CPB结束后2h时PaO2升高,肺组织含水量、MDA含量和血浆TNF-α和IL-6的浓度降低,肺组织GSH-px活性升高(P＜0.05),病理学损伤减轻;与PL组比较,PH组CPB结束后2h时PaO2升高,肺组织含水量、MDA含量和血浆TNF-α和IL-6的浓度降低,肺组织GSH-px活性升高(P＜0.05),病理学损伤减轻更明显.结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚0.6和2.0 mg/kg可减轻CPB致大鼠急性肺损伤,且与剂量有关,其机制与抑制脂质过氧化反应和炎性反应有关.     

七氟醚后处理对换瓣术患者炎性因子及心肌超微结构的影响

目的研究七氟醚后处理对心脏瓣膜置换术患者全身炎性因子和心肌超微结构的影响。方法经心肺转流(CPB)瓣膜置换术患者随机分为七氟醚后处理组(S组)与对照组(C组),每组15例。S组于主动脉开放即刻经CPB输氧装置以2%七氟醚后处理15min,C组不做此处理采取全凭静脉麻醉。测定手术开始时(T1)、主动脉开放后0.5h(T2)、3h(T3)、24h(T4)时血浆IL-6、IL-10浓度,电镜下观察心肌超微结构的变化。结果与C组比较,S组T2～T4时血浆IL-6和IL-10的浓度降低(P<0.05);与T1时比较,T2、T3时两组血浆IL-6与IL-10浓度升高(P<0.05)。结论七氟醚后处理可以降低瓣膜置换术患者CPB后炎性因子的释放,减轻心肌超微结构的损伤,有利于心功能的恢复。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚预处理对胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患儿非通气侧肺损伤的影响

目的探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚预处理对胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患儿非通气侧肺损伤的影响。方法选取择期拟行胸腔镜下肺叶切除术的患儿共120例,性别不限,年龄2~6岁,体质量指数(BMI)17.0~24.0 kg/m2,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法将患儿分为2组,每组60例。盐酸戊乙奎醚预处理组(P组)患儿于麻醉诱导前10 min静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.05 mg/kg,对照组(C组)患儿麻醉诱导前10 min静脉注射等容量生理盐水。分别于药物干预前(T0)、单肺通气即刻(T1)、单肺通气60 min时(T2)、单肺通气结束即刻(T3)、术毕(T4)和术后24 h(T5)时抽取患儿静脉血以检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6和8(IL-6、IL-8)的水平。记录2组患儿术后24 h内肺部并发症的发生率。结果与C组比较,P组患儿T2~T5时血清TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8水平均降低(P0.05)。C组患儿术后24 h内肺部并发症的总发生率为46.7%,P组患儿为16.7%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚预处理可减轻胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患儿非通气侧肺的损伤,其机制可能与减轻炎症反应有关。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚后处理对肢体缺血-再灌注大鼠肝损伤的影响

目的探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚对肢体缺血-再灌注大鼠肝损伤的影响。方法健康雄性Wistar大鼠108只,随机分为三组:对照组(C组)、肢体缺血-再灌注组(LIR组)及盐酸戊乙奎醚组(PHC组)。用弹力橡皮筋完全阻断大鼠双后肢血流3h,PHC组在缺血177min自尾静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.15mg/kg。三组分别在再灌注即刻(T0)、1h(T1)、3h(T2)、6h(T3)、12h(T4)、24h(T5)取血和肝组织,测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)的活性,肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)的浓度;检测肝组织丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性;光镜观察肝脏病理改变。结果 T3时LIR组及PHC组血清ALT、AST活性、肝脏组织MPO活性达到高峰;肝组织SOD活性最低,T1时血清TNF-α浓度达到高峰。与LIR组比较,T1～T3时PHC组血清ALT、AST活性下降,T1时血清TNF-α浓度下降,T1～T4时血清IL-10浓度升高,T1、T3时肝组织MDA含量降低,T1～T5时SOD活性升高,T1～T3时MPO活性下降(P<0.05)。光镜下,PHC组T3时肝组织病理学改变轻于LIR组。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚后处理对肢体缺血-再灌注大鼠肝脏具有一定保护作用,其机制可能与抑制活性氧生成及炎症反应有关。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对深低温停循环全弓置换术微循环的影响

目的探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚对深低温停循环全弓置换术微循环的影响。方法选择全麻下30例深低温停循环(DHCA)选择性脑灌注行Bentall+全弓置换术患者,随机均分为两组,盐酸戊乙奎醚组(P组)和对照组(C组),P组在右锁骨下动脉完成插管后予盐酸戊乙奎醚3mg,恢复全身CPB后再给予盐酸戊乙奎醚3mg,C组予以等量生理盐水;于麻醉诱导后(T0)、中心体温(食管温)降至22°时(T1)、降主动脉远端开放即刻(T2)、降主动脉远端开放30min(T3)、CPB 3h(T4)、关胸后(T5)分别取动脉血测乳酸值、取静脉血测静脉血氧饱和度(SvO2),并记录相应时间点尿量、血管活性药物用量。结果 P组T2~T5时乳酸明显低于C组(P0.05),T2~T5时SvO2明显高于C组(P0.05),T2~T5时尿量明显多于C组(P0.05)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚对深低温停循环全弓置换术似有改善微循环水平的作用。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对梗阻性黄疸患者血浆sTM和vWF水平的影响

目的研究盐酸戊乙奎醚对梗阻性黄疸患者全身性血管内皮细胞(VEC)急性损伤的保护作用。方法择期行上腹部手术患者90例,患者随机均分为三组,术前分别肌注盐酸戊乙奎醚0.02mg/kg(P组)、东莨菪碱0.3mg(S组)和生理盐水(C组)。分别于术前、手术结束、术后6、24、72h采血动态监测三组患者血浆可溶性血栓调节蛋白(sTM)和血管性假血友病因子(vWF)的变化。结果三组患者血浆sTM和vWF水平在手术结束、术后6、24h时均高于术前(P<0.01),但P组和S组低于C组(P<0.01);P组又明显低于S组(P<0.05)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚与东莨菪碱均可减轻梗阻性黄疸导致的VEC损伤,而盐酸戊乙奎醚作用更加明显。     

Ginsenosides compound (shen-fu) attenuates gastrointestinal injury and inhibits inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with congenital heart disease

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to demonstrate that gastrointestinal mucosal injury occurs during cardiopulmonary bypass in children, increasing systemic inflammatory responses, and to determine whether shen-fu injection (the major components of which are ginsenosides compound, extract of Panax ginseng shown to have antioxidant properties) could attenuate gastrointestinal mucosal injury and subsequent inflammatory responses. METHODS: Twenty-four children undergoing heart surgery for congenital heart defects were randomly assigned to groups C (placebo control, n = 12) and G (1.35 mg/kg ginsenosides compound intravenously before and throughout the course of cardiopulmonary bypass, n = 12). Central venous blood samples were taken before cardiopulmonary bypass and at 60 and 120 minutes after aortic declamping (reperfusion). Gastric intramucosal pH was measured by perioperative tonometry. Plasma lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde, myocardium-specific creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity, diamine oxidase, lipopolysaccharide, and interleukin 6 were all measured. RESULTS: Significant decrease in gastric intramucosal pH and increase in plasma diamine oxidase were seen during reperfusion in group C, accompanied by increases in plasma levels of malondialdehyde, lipopolysaccharide, interleukin 6, and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (P < .01 vs before cardiopulmonary bypass). Shen-fu injection significantly attenuated these changes (P < .05). Consequently, fewer patients in group G (2/12) than in group C (7/12) needed postoperative inotropic support. Postoperative intensive care unit stay was shorter in group G than in group C. A tight positive correlation was seen between diamine oxidase and interleukin 6 at 60 minutes after aortic declamping and between diamine oxidase and lipopolysaccharide at 120 minutes after aortic declamping (r = 0.79, P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Ginsenosides compound may attenuate gastrointestinal injury and inhibit inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with congenital heart disease.     

The effects of methylprednisolone on complement, immunoglobulins and pulmonary neutrophil sequestration during cardiopulmonary bypass.

In this study, the authors administered high dose (30 mg/kg body weight i.v.) methylprednisolone before cardiopulmonary bypass to observe the effects on complement, immunoglobulins and pulmonary neutrophil sequestration. Fifty patients undergoing valve replacements were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups: group I (20 patients) served as control and did not receive methylprednisolone, group II (30 patients) received methylprednisolone. Blood samples for complements (C3c and C4) were taken, before cardiopulmonary bypass, at 5, 10 and 30 min intervals from the end of cardiopulmonary bypass, after reversal of heparin with protamine infusion, and after skin closure. Blood samples for immunoglobulins were taken before cardiopulmonary bypass, 30 min after onset of cardiopulmonary bypass and after skin closure. After onset of cardiopulmonary bypass, all C3c and C4 levels decreased in both groups. There was a significant decrease in C4 levels at end of cardiopulmonary bypass and after protamine infusion in group I compared with group II (P < 0.05). C3c levels in group I decreased significantly compared with group II after 30 min of cardiopulmonary bypass and after protamine infusion (P < 0.05). All immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels were decreased in both groups, but the decrease in IgG was statistically significant after skin closure in group I compared with group II (P < 0.05). Pulmonary neutrophil sequestration was higher in the control group compared with the methyl-prednisolone group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, methylprednisolone administration before cardiopulmonary bypass may prevent the harmful effects of complement activation, immunoglobulin denaturation and neutrophil sequestration in the pulmonary capillary system.     

戊乙奎醚对心肺转流中患者血浆sTM和vWF水平的影响

目的研究戊乙奎醚(长托宁)对心肺转流(CPB)全身性血管内皮细胞(VEC)急性损伤的保护作用。方法30例择期瓣膜置换手术患者随机分为两组,每组15例。观察组术前肌注戊乙奎醚0.02mg/kg和吗啡0.01mg/kg;东莨菪碱组术前肌注东莨菪碱0.3mg和吗啡0.01mg/kg。分别于术前、CPB前、CPB后30min、停CPB、手术结束、术后1d和3d采血测血浆可溶性血栓调节蛋白(sTM)和血管性假血友病因子(vWF)的变化。结果两组血浆sTM和vWF在CPB后30min至术后1d均显著增高(P<0.01),术后3d恢复到术前水平。观察组患者CPB期间至术后3d的所有指标均低于对照组。结论CPB可导致全身性VEC急性损伤,戊乙奎醚可以显著减轻CPB导致的VEC损伤。     

长托宁术前用药对心率及维库溴铵肌松作用的影响

Objective To investigate the effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on heart rate (HR) and veeuronium-induced relaxation.Methods Sixty female patients were randomly assigned to three groups (n=20):0.01 mg/kg penehyclidine hydrochloride (group C),0.01 mg/kg atropine (group A) and 1ml normal saline (group N).These drugs were injected intramuscularly 20 minutes before anesthesia induction.Midazolam,fentanyl,propofol and vecuronium were given intravenously for induction.Muscle relaxation was monitored.Results HR increased in group A at 15 min and 20 min after injection(P＜0.05),and was faster than that in group C and group N at 10,15,20 min after injection,and 1 min after induction (P＜0.05).There were no differences in onset time,noresponse period,clinical relaxation duration and recovery time of vecuronium-induced relaxation among three groups.Conclusion 0.01 mg/kg penehyclidine hydrochloride is able to stabilize heart rate,and does not affect vecuronium-induced relaxation.     

Whole blood ionized magnesium: age-related differences in normal values and clinical implications of ionized hypomagnesemia in patients undergoing surgery for congenital cardiac disease

OBJECTIVES: We sought to (1) determine reference values for whole blood ionized magnesium concentrations in newborns, children, and young adults and (2) evaluate the frequency and clinical implications of ionized hypomagnesemia in patients undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. METHOD: We prospectively measured ionized magnesium concentrations in 299 subjects (113 control subjects and 186 patients undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease). Subjects were categorized by age. In the surgical group blood samples were obtained before bypass, during bypass (cooling and rewarming), after bypass, and during admission to the intensive care unit. Ionized hypomagnesemia was defined as ionized magnesium level 2 standard deviations below the mean of control subjects in the same age group. Patients were analyzed, controlling for cardiopulmonary bypass time. RESULTS: In the control group ionized magnesium concentrations differed by age. Neonates and adults showed lower ionized magnesium concentrations compared with those of other age groups. Infants exhibited the highest ionized magnesium concentration. In the surgical group patients older than 1 month showed a higher proportion of ionized hypomagnesemia compared with that found in neonates at baseline (P <.001), after bypass (P =. 03), and at admission to the intensive care unit (P =.02). Controlling for cardiopulmonary bypass time, patients older than 1 month who were hypomagnesemic during bypass showed longer intubation time (P =.001) and longer intensive care stay (P =.01) and tended to have a higher pediatric severity of illness score on intensive care admission (P =.14) compared with patients without ionized hypomagnesemia. CONCLUSIONS: There are age-related differences in normal ionized magnesium concentrations. Ionized hypomagnesemia is a common and clinically relevant occurrence among patients older than 1 month of age undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease.     

The safety and efficacy of ten percent pentastarch as a cardiopulmonary bypass priming solution. A randomized clinical trial.

Ten percent pentastarch is a low-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch with greater oncotic pressure and shorter intravascular persistence than 6% hetastarch. To evaluate its safety and efficacy as a component of cardiopulmonary bypass priming solution, we prospectively studied 90 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or valve replacement necessitating cardiopulmonary bypass (bubble oxygenator and moderate systemic hypothermia). Sixty patients were randomized to receive 75 gm of either 10% pentastarch (group P) or 25% albumin (group A), and 30 patients received lactated Ringer's solution alone (group C). Intravascular colloid osmotic pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass was highest with either of the colloid primes (15-minute measurement: group P, 15.7 +/- 2.2 mm Hg (mean +/- standard deviation); group A, 15.2 +/- 2.0 mm Hg; group C, 11.3 +/- 1.7 mm Hg; p less than 0.05, groups P and A compared with group C). This was associated with a lower volume requirement during cardiopulmonary bypass to maintain the venous reservoir (group P, 333 +/- 318 ml; group A, 483 +/- 472 ml; group C, 1332 +/- 1013 ml; p less than 0.05, groups P and A compared with group C). Urine output during cardiopulmonary bypass was similar in each group. Net intraoperative fluid balance was lowest in the colloid groups (groups P and A, 5.7 +/- 1.4 L; group C, 6.9 +/- 1.3 L; p less than 0.05, groups P and A compared with group C). Cardiac index shortly after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass was greatest in group P (group P, 3.2 +/- 0.9; group A, 2.8 +/- 0.8; group C, 2.7 +/- 0.6 dyne.sec.cm-5; p less than 0.05, group P compared with group C). Changes in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients, shunt fraction, and effective compliance were similar in all groups. During cardiopulmonary bypass, pentastarch appeared to cause the greatest degree of hemodilution, as suggested by the lowest hemoglobin, factor VII and IX levels and platelet count. The activated partial thromboplastin time was significantly prolonged during and immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass in group P relative to groups A and C (p less than 0.05), although there were no significant differences in the activated clotting time before cardiopulmonary bypass, during cardiopulmonary bypass, or after heparin neutralization. As well, clinical indices of hemostasis, including mediastinal drainage, red cell, platelet, and fresh frozen plasma requirements, and reoperation for excessive postoperative bleeding, were similar. We conclude that pentastarch, when used in cardiopulmonary bypass prime, is as safe as either albumin or Ringer's solution alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Beating heart revascularization with or without cardiopulmonary bypass: evaluation of inflammatory response in a prospective randomized study

OBJECTIVE: On-pump beating heart coronary artery surgery provides the opportunity to examine the isolated effect of cardiopulmonary bypass. This prospective randomized study compares the early clinical outcomes and inflammatory response of patients undergoing elective on-pump and off-pump beating heart coronary artery bypass grafting. METHOD AND PATIENTS: Thirty-seven consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting were recruited from a pool of 73 patients, with 19 patients randomized to on-pump beating heart surgery and 18 patients to off-pump coronary bypass surgery. Intraoperative events and postoperative outcomes were recorded. Plasma levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were measured before the operation, intraoperatively, after the operation, and 4, 24, and 48 hours thereafter. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in clinical outcomes between the 2 groups. The operating time was longer and consumption of platelets was greater for the on-pump beating heart group. There was no postoperative mortality or major complication in either group. There was significant elevation in the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha during and immediately after the operations in the on-pump beating heart group when compared with the off-pump group. Levels of interleukin-8 (P =.01) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P =.0004) remained significantly elevated 4 hours after the operation in the on-pump beating heart group. The level of vascular adhesion molecule dropped significantly during the operation but was elevated 4 hours (P =.026) after the operation in the on-pump beating heart group. CONCLUSION: The use of cardiopulmonary bypass alone without global myocardial ischemia secondary to aortic crossclamping and cardioplegic cardiac arrest can trigger intense inflammatory responses.